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A Brief History of the Earthly Life of Jesus Christ

A Brief History of the Earthly Life of Jesus Christ

09.12.2023 Radiators

Name: Jesus Christ (Jesus of Nazareth)

Date of Birth: 4 BC e.

Age: 40 years

Date of death:'36

Activity: central figure in Christianity, Messiah

Jesus Christ: biography

The life of Jesus Christ is still the subject of speculation and gossip. Atheists claim that its existence is a myth, but Christians are convinced of the opposite. In the 20th century, scientists intervened in the study of the biography of Christ and made strong arguments in favor of the New Testament.

Birth and childhood

Mary, the future mother of the holy child, was the daughter of Anna and Joachim. They gave their three-year-old daughter to the Jerusalem monastery as God's bride. In this way, the girls atone for the sins of their parents. But, although Mary swore an oath of eternal fidelity to the Lord, she had the right to live in the temple only until she was 14 years old, and after that she was obliged to get married. When the time came, Bishop Zachary (confessor) gave the girl as a wife to the eighty-year-old old man Joseph, so that she would not break her own vow with carnal pleasures.


Joseph was upset by this turn of events, but did not dare disobey the priest. The newly-minted family began to live in Nazareth. One night, the couple saw a dream in which the Archangel Gabriel appeared to them, warning that the Virgin Mary would soon become pregnant. The angel also warned the girl about the Holy Spirit, which would descend for conception. That same night, Joseph learned that the birth of a holy baby would save the human race from hellish torment.

When Mary was pregnant, Herod (king of Judea) ordered a census, so subjects had to report to their place of birth. Since Joseph was born in Bethlehem, the couple headed there. The young wife had a hard time with the journey, as she was already eight months pregnant. Due to the crowd of people in the city, they did not find shelter for themselves, so they were forced to go outside the city walls. Nearby there was only a barn built by shepherds.


At night, Mary is delivered of her son, whom she names Jesus. The birthplace of Christ is considered to be the city of Bethlehem, located near Jerusalem. The situation with the date of birth is not clear, since sources indicate conflicting figures. If we compare the reign of Herod and Caesar Augustus of Rome, then this happened in the 5-6th century.

The Bible states that the baby was born on the night when the brightest star lit up in the sky. Scientists believe that such a star was a comet that flew over the Earth in the period from 12 BC to 4 BC. Of course, 8 years is not a small discrepancy, but due to the passage of time and contradictory interpretations of the Gospel, even such an assumption is considered to be on target.


Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7, and Catholic Christmas on December 26. But, according to religious apocrypha, both dates are incorrect, since the birth of Jesus occurred on March 25-27. At the same time, the pagan Day of the Sun was celebrated on December 26, so the Orthodox Church moved Christmas to January 7. The confessors wanted to wean parishioners from the “bad” holiday of the Sun by legitimizing a new date. This is not disputed by the modern church.

Eastern sages knew in advance that a spiritual teacher would soon descend to Earth. Therefore, having seen a Star in the sky, they followed the glow and came to a cave, where they discovered the holy baby. Entering inside, the wise men bowed to the newborn as if they were a king and presented gifts - myrrh, gold and incense.

Immediately, rumors about the newly-minted King reached Herod, who, angry, ordered the destruction of all the babies of Bethlehem. In the works of the ancient historian Josephus, information was found that two thousand children were killed on the bloody night, and this is by no means a myth. The tyrant was so afraid for the throne that he even killed his own sons, to say nothing of other people’s children.

The holy family managed to escape from the wrath of the ruler by fleeing to Egypt, where they lived for 3 years. Only after the death of the tyrant, the couple and their child returned to Bethlehem. When Jesus grew up, he began to help his betrothed father in carpentry, which is how he later earned his living.


At the age of 12, Jesus comes with his parents to Jerusalem for Easter, where he spends 3-4 days having spiritual conversations with the scribes who interpreted the Holy Scriptures. The boy amazes his mentors with his knowledge of the Laws of Moses, and his questions baffle more than one teacher. Then, according to the Arabic Gospel, the boy withdraws into himself and hides his own miracles. Evangelists do not even write about the child’s future life, explaining this by saying that zemstvo events should not affect spiritual life.

Personal life

Since the Middle Ages, controversy about the personal life of Jesus has not subsided. Many people were worried about whether he was married or whether he left any descendants behind him. But the clergy tried to reduce these conversations to a minimum, since the son of God could not become addicted to earthly things. Previously, there were many Gospels, each of which was interpreted in its own way. But the clergy tried to get rid of the “wrong” books. There is even a version that references to the family life of Christ are not specifically included in the New Testament.


Other Gospels mention the wife of Christ. Historians agree that his wife was Mary Magdalene. And in the Gospel of Philip there are even lines about how Christ’s disciples were jealous of their teacher for Mary for a kiss on the lips. Although in the New Testament this girl is described as a harlot who took the path of correction and followed Christ from Galilee to Judea.

At that time, an unmarried girl did not have the right to accompany a group of wanderers, unlike the wife of one of them. If we remember that the risen Lord first appeared not to the disciples, but to Magdalene, then everything falls into place. The apocrypha also contains references to the marriage of Jesus, when he performed the first miracle by turning water into wine. Otherwise, why would he and Our Lady worry about food and wine at the wedding feast in Cana?


In the time of Jesus, unmarried men were considered strange and even ungodly, so there was no way an unmarried prophet would become a Teacher. If Mary Magdalene is the wife of Jesus, then the question arises as to why he chose her as his betrothed. Political trends are probably involved here.

Jesus could not become a contender for the throne of Jerusalem as an outsider. Having taken as a wife a local girl belonging to the princely family of the tribe of Veniamin, he already became one of his own. The child born to the couple would have become a prominent political figure and a clear contender for the throne. Perhaps this is why persecution arose, and subsequently the murder of Jesus. But the clergy present the son of God in a different light.


Historians believe that this was the reason for the 18-year gap in his life. The Church tried to eradicate heresy, although a layer of indirect evidence remained on the surface.

This version is also confirmed by a papyrus released by Harvard University professor Carin King, in which the phrase is clearly written: “ Jesus said to them, “My wife...”

Baptism

God appeared to the prophet John the Baptist, who lived in the desert, and commanded him to preach among sinners, and to baptize those who wanted to be cleansed of sin in the Jordan.


Until the age of 30, Jesus lived with his parents and helped them in every possible way, and after that an insight descended on him. He strongly desired to become a preacher, telling people about divine phenomena and the meaning of religion. Therefore, he goes to the Jordan River, where he is baptized by John the Baptist. John immediately realized that this very youth was in front of him - the son of the Lord, and, perplexed, objected:

“I need to be baptized by You, and You come to me?”

Jesus then went into the desert, where he wandered for 40 days. Thus, he prepared himself for the mission to atone for the sin of the human race through an act of self-sacrifice.


At this time, Satan is trying to hinder him through temptations, which became more sophisticated each time.

1. Hunger. When Christ was hungry, the tempter said:

“If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become bread.”

2. Pride. The devil took the man to the top of the temple and said:

“If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, because the angels of God will support you and you will not stumble on the stones.”

Christ rejected this too, saying that he did not intend to test the power of God for his own whim.

3. Temptation by Faith and Wealth.

“I will give you power over the kingdoms of the earth, which is given to me, if you worship me,” Satan promised. Jesus answered: “Get thee behind Me, Satan, for it is written: God is to be worshiped and only served.”

The Son of God did not give in and was not tempted by the gifts of Satan. The rite of Baptism gave him strength to fight the sinful instructions of the tempter.


12 apostles of Jesus

After wandering through the desert and fighting the devil, Jesus finds 12 followers and gives them a piece of his own gift. Traveling with his disciples, he brings the word of God to the people and performs miracles so that people believe.

Miracles

  • Turning water into fine wine.
  • Healing the paralyzed.
  • The miraculous resurrection of Jairus's daughter.
  • Resurrection of the son of the Nain widow.
  • Calming the storm on Lake Galilee.
  • Healing of the Gadarian demoniac.
  • The miraculous feeding of the people with five loaves.
  • Walking of Jesus Christ on the surface of the water.
  • Healing of the Canaanite daughter.
  • Healing of ten lepers.
  • The miracle on Lake Gennesaret is the filling of empty nets with fish.

The Son of God instructed people and explained each of his commandments, inclining them to God’s teaching.


The Lord's popularity grew every day and masses of people rushed to see the miraculous preacher. Jesus bequeathed the commandments, which later became the foundations of Christianity.

  • Love and honor the Lord God.
  • Don't worship idols.
  • Do not use the name of the Lord in empty conversations.
  • Work six days, and pray on the seventh.
  • Respect and honor your parents.
  • Don't kill another or yourself.
  • Do not violate marital fidelity.
  • Do not steal or appropriate other people's property.
  • Don't lie and don't be jealous.

But the more Jesus won people's love, the more the nobles of Jerusalem hated him. The nobles were afraid that their power would be shaken and conspired to kill the messenger of God. Christ triumphantly enters Jerusalem on a donkey, thereby reproducing the Jewish legend about the triumphant coming of the Messiah. The people enthusiastically greet the New Tsar, throwing palm branches and their own clothes at his feet. People expect that the age of tyranny and humiliation will soon end. With such pandemonium, the Pharisees were afraid to arrest Christ and took a wait-and-see attitude.


The Jews expect from Him victory over evil, peace, security and stability, but Jesus, on the contrary, invites them to renounce everything worldly and become homeless wanderers who will preach the word of God. Realizing that nothing would change in power, people hated God and considered God a deceiver who had destroyed their dreams and hopes. The Pharisees also played an important role here, inciting a rebellion against the “false prophet.” The surrounding situation becomes more and more tense, and Jesus step by step approaches the loneliness of the Gethsemane night.

Passion of Christ

According to the Gospel, the passion of Christ is usually called the torment endured by Jesus in the last days of his earthly life. The clergy have compiled a list of the priority of the passions:

  • Entry of the Lord into the Jerusalem Gates
  • Supper in Bethany, when the sinner washes Christ’s feet with myrrh and her own tears, and wipes them with her hair.
  • God's son washing the feet of his disciples. When He and the apostles came to the house where it was necessary to eat Passover, there were no servants to wash the guests’ feet. Then Jesus himself washed the feet of his disciples, thereby teaching them a lesson in humility.

  • Last Supper. It was here that Christ predicted that the disciples would abandon him and betray him. Soon after this conversation, Judas left the supper.
  • The road to the Garden of Gethsemane and prayer to the Father. At the Mount of Olives, he calls out to the Creator and asks for deliverance from his impending fate, but receives no answer. In deep sadness, Jesus goes to say goodbye to his disciples, expecting earthly torment.

Trial and crucifixion

Descending from the mountain in the dead of night, he informs them that the traitor is already close and asks his followers not to leave. However, at the moment when Judas arrived with a crowd of Roman soldiers, all the apostles were already fast asleep. The traitor kisses Jesus, ostensibly greeting him, but thereby showing the guards the true prophet. And they put Him in shackles and take Him to the Sanhedrin to administer justice.


According to the Gospel, this happened on the night from Thursday to Friday of the week before Easter. The first to interrogate Christ was Annas, Caiaphas' father-in-law. He expected to hear about witchcraft and magic, thanks to which crowds of people follow the prophet and worship him as a deity. Having achieved nothing, Annas sent the captive to Caiaphas, who had already gathered elders and religious fanatics.

Caiaphas accused the prophet of blasphemy for calling himself the son of God and sending him to the prefect Pontius. Pilate was a just man and tried to dissuade those gathered from killing the righteous man. But the judges and confessors began to demand that the culprit be crucified. Then Pontius offered to decide the fate of the righteous man to the people gathered in the square. He announced: “I consider this man innocent, choose for yourself, life or death.” But at that moment, only the prophet’s opponents gathered near the court, shouting about crucifixion.


Before his execution, Jesus was beaten with whips by 2 executioners for a long time, torturing his body and breaking the bridge of his nose. After the public punishment, he was put on a white shirt, which was immediately soaked in blood. A crown of thorns was placed on his head, and a sign on his neck with the inscription: “I am God” in 4 languages. The New Testament says that the inscription read: “Jesus of Nazareth - King of the Jews,” but it is unlikely that such a text would fit on a small board, and even in 4 dialects. Later, Roman priests rewrote the Bible, trying to keep silent about the shameful fact.

After the execution, which the righteous man endured without making a sound, he had to carry a heavy cross to Golgotha. Here the hands and feet of the martyr were nailed to a cross, which was dug into the ground. The guards tore off his clothes, leaving him in only a loincloth. At the same time that Jesus was being punished, two criminals were hanged on either side of the slanted crossbar of the crucifixion. In the morning they were released, and only Jesus remained on the cross.


At the hour of Christ’s death, the earth shook, as if nature itself rebelled against the cruel execution. The deceased was buried in a tomb, thanks to Pontius Pilate, who was very sympathetic to the innocent, executed man.

Resurrection

On the third day after his death, the martyr rose from the dead and appeared in the flesh to his disciples. He gave them the last instructions before his ascension to heaven. When the guards came to check if the deceased was still there, they found only an open cave and a bloody shroud.


It was announced to all believers that the body of Jesus was stolen by his disciples. The pagans hastily covered Golgotha ​​and the Holy Sepulcher with earth.

Evidence for the Existence of Jesus

By familiarizing yourself with the Bibles, primary sources and archaeological finds, you can find real evidence of the existence of the Messiah on earth.

  1. In the 20th century, during excavations in Egypt, an ancient papyrus was discovered containing verses from the Gospel. Scientists have proven that the manuscript dates back to 125-130 years.
  2. In 1947, ancient scrolls containing biblical texts were found on the shores of the Dead Sea. This discovery proved that parts of the first Bible are closest to its modern sound.
  3. In 1968, during archaeological research in the north of Jerusalem, the body of a man crucified on a cross was discovered - John (son of Kaggol). This proves that then criminals were executed in this way, and the Bible describes the truth.
  4. In 1990, a vessel containing the remains of the deceased was found in Jerusalem. On the wall of the vessel there is an inscription engraved in Aramaic that reads: “Joseph, son of Caiaphas.” Perhaps this is the son of the same high priest who subjected Jesus to persecution and trial.
  5. In Caesarea in 1961, an inscription was discovered on a stone associated with the name of Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judea. He was called a prefect, and not a procurator, like all subsequent successors. The same record is in the Gospels, which proves the reality of biblical events.

Science was able to confirm the existence of Jesus, confirming with facts the stories of the Testament. And even a famous scientist said in 1873:

“It is extremely difficult to imagine that this vast and wonderful universe, just like man, arose by chance; this seems to me the main argument in favor of the existence of God.”

New religion

He also predicted that at the turn of the century a New Religion would arise, bringing light and positivity. And now his words began to come true. The new spiritual group was born quite recently and has not yet received public recognition. The term NRM was introduced into scientific use as a contrast to the words sect or cult, which obviously carry a negative connotation. In 2017, in the Russian Federation there are more than 300 thousand people associated with any religious movement.


Psychologist Margaret Theler has compiled a classification of NRMs, consisting of a dozen subgroups (religious, eastern, interest-based, psychological and even political). New religious movements are dangerous because the goals of the leaders of these groups are not known for certain. And also the bulk of the groups of the new religion are directed against the Russian Orthodox Church and pose a hidden threat to the Christian world.

The life story of Jesus Christ

In the traditional, even orthodox family of the wealthy and noble Joseph, who was not a carpenter, but, as they would say today, an architect, a boy was born who could have been considered illegitimate, but this did not happen. And the boy left such a significant mark on history, practically turning a new page in it.

The consequences of his every word and deed remind him of him after a thousand years. He brought into the world an idea that united millions and stood the test of thousands of years.

The names that He gave to his disciples became the names of millions, the commandments that He left became the basic moral law. Faith in Him has given and continues to give strength to many, many. Two truths, seemingly completely inappropriate at that cruel time, illuminated the lives of many generations of people.

The main thing he did during his lifetime was to tell people two things.

THERE IS SOMEONE WHO LOVES EVERYONE AND KNOWS AND EMPATHATES EVERYONE.

THE ONLY TRUE VALUE IN LIFE IS LOVE AND IT IS STRONGER THAN DEATH.

But it's not just that Jesus taught it. That's how he lived and died. The description of the life and death of Jesus is set out in the four books of the Bible that open the New Testament - the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The authenticity of the Gospels, translated from Greek as “Good News”, or in modern language as “Good News”, has been verified by hundreds of thousands of researchers who lived long before us and by our contemporaries. They are the main sources of information about Christ. The authority of the books has been confirmed by many generations of ancestors; these are reliable, but not the only sources of information about Jesus. There is also an oral Tradition, the authenticity of which cannot be verified, but it does not contradict the Gospels. There is also a lot of apocryphal (authorship or authenticity of which has not been established) literature, but in it it is difficult to separate the author’s fiction from the true facts.

Jesus' mother, Mary, was from a priestly family, in which she was raised in the spirit of piety and religiosity. As a child, she, like many girls from noble families, was brought to the Hebrew Temple of Jerusalem, where she lived and performed work on the temple. This service continued until the novices came of age, after which they were married off. Mary, while in Jerusalem, made a vow (promise to God) of celibacy and virginity, devoting herself entirely to prayers and serving God.

Although this decision did not entirely correspond to ancient Jewish standards of life. Like all novices at the temple, Maria, upon reaching adulthood, was obliged to start a family. But, by virtue of her vow, she did not enter into a marriage union, but became an eternal bride.

In Palestine, the wedding ceremony consisted of two phases - betrothal and wedding. When engaged, a young man and a girl exchanged rings, thereby becoming bride and groom, but not husband and wife. Very often a boy and a girl got engaged, even in early childhood, on the initiative of the parents of both parties. This was necessary in dynastic marriages, in cases where parents wanted to preserve property and social status, and for a number of other reasons.

Among the Jews, betrothal was practiced in order to preserve the land plot belonging to a family from one clan. Mary became engaged to Joseph, an elderly man at that time. Moreover, they were relatives.

Both Mary and Joseph came from the royal family of David, from different branches of it. Joseph was only Mary's betrothed, or groom, and she, remaining a bride all her life, kept the vow of virginity and service to God, which she made in her youth. According to Jewish laws, the betrothed could not marry for as long as they wanted and be bound by bonds of mutual obligations, so that no one could woo someone else’s bride, and the groom was obliged to remain faithful. Only the next stage of the marriage relationship, the wedding, made the bride and groom husband and wife.

Thus, in modern times such a relationship could be called a fictitious engagement. That is, being Joseph's bride, Mary could not marry and follow her desire to serve God. And Joseph, a worthy man and relative, knowing and respecting the vow of his bride Mary, was her groom all his life. Joseph and Mary did not enter into the second stage of marriage - wedding. Mary lived in Joseph's house as his bride, which was quite normal and socially acceptable in Israel at that time.

The birth of the first child took place under extraordinary circumstances. While in a state of prayer, Mary saw Archangel Gabriel appearing before her in human form, who told her that she would have a child, and she would not break this vow. The Archangel asked Mary to name the baby Jesus, saying that he would save the entire Jewish people. And Maria felt pregnant, without the participation of a man.

This fact has been subject to doubt and ridicule, however, the achievements of modern medicine have shown that it is possible. The genetic information contained in a woman’s egg can change under the influence of internal factors, which in itself is sufficient for the appearance of an embryo. True, this happens extremely rarely, but it is possible.

Some time later, Joseph heard in a dream the voice of God, Yahweh, who informed him about Mary’s pregnancy and ordered him not to divorce her, but to recognize the child and give him the name Jesus. According to the laws of Palestine at that time, a bride who did not comply with the rules of betrothal was severely punished, her child was declared illegitimate and deprived of all rights, and the betrothal was dissolved.

Joseph believed. Mary and Joseph hid their pregnancy. Just at this time, a population census was taking place in the Roman Empire to more accurately collect taxes. The census also took place in Palestine. Every Jew, regardless of place of residence, had to register at the place of his ancestral land plot. And since Joseph and Mary were from the family of David, they went to Bethlehem, a city that belonged to the royal family. The journey took some time. Joseph and Mary stopped for the night on the outskirts of Bethlehem, in one of the caves where cattle were driven for the night.

Jesus was born there. The circumstances of the birth were unusual. Angels appeared to the shepherds who were near the cave and told them that the One Whom everyone was waiting for had been born. The shepherds went to worship the baby as the great king, the savior of the Jews.

It must be assumed that Mary and Joseph lived for some time in Bethlehem, perhaps this was required by the census, or maybe for some other reason. Knowing the ancient prophecy about the birth of a king, wise men from the East (astronomer sages) arrived in Palestine, their path indicated by a comet moving across the sky. They turned to Herod, the ruler of Judea, with a request to worship the royal child. Herod did not have direct rights to the throne, so he sought popularity among the people and restored the ancient Jewish temple. He carefully destroyed all pretenders to the throne and their relatives. This man's thirst for power was so great that he did not spare his family members, sending them to execution at the slightest suspicion. Having learned from the magi about the birth of a king in Judea, Herod became very worried.

The Magi went to Bethlehem to find the baby and give Him royal honors. They brought Christ gold, incense and myrrh (incense), which were presented only to the king, as a symbol of his royal dignity. The moment the Magi worshiped the baby Jesus in Bethlehem is depicted in the mosaic that decorated the floor of the cave where the Christian temple was built. The 7th century Persian invasion of Palestine, which destroyed Christian churches, did not touch the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaic depicting the Magi in ancient Persian clothes amazed the conquerors so much that the church was not touched. An ancient mosaic still adorns the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, being the oldest in Palestine.

The prophecy of the Magi frightened the king so much that Herod ordered the soldiers to exterminate all the babies of Bethlehem, from two years old and younger, it must be assumed that Mary and Joseph lived in the city for about that long, or rather less than that.

But it was impossible to take further risks, and, following visions and advice from above, Mary and Joseph fled to Egypt. The family stayed in the land of the pharaohs, then a Roman province, for several years, until Herod died.

After his death, Mary and Joseph came to the small town of Nazareth. Jesus spent his childhood and youth there, about whom little is known. One day Jesus, as a twelve-year-old child, went with his parents to the Holy City. Lost in the crowd, He accosted the talking elders, teachers of the Jewish people. When his mother and father found Him, they saw the boy surrounded by learned men listening to him attentively.

Until the age of thirty, Jesus lived at home with his parents, and after this age he went out to preach. Why didn’t Jesus do anything or teach anything until he was thirty? The thing is that, according to Jewish laws, a young man reached adulthood at thirty years old and only from that moment had the right to read and publicly interpret the Torah (the Pentateuch of Moses). Until the age of thirty, he did not have the right to publicly discuss religious topics and have followers and students.

An enormous amount has been said and written about the personality of Jesus Christ. Information about His life, teaching, death and resurrection is sometimes very contradictory. Some modern authors wrote about Him as an ordinary person, and some even doubted His existence. Denial of the personality of Jesus Christ was the state ideology of the USSR throughout the existence of the Union.

The idea of ​​Jesus as simply a man, a philosopher and a healer runs like a red thread through all Soviet literature. A particularly clever move was to attract the talented and religiously educated Mikhail Bulgakov to this goal. But the Master simply told the reader the story of how he was forced to do this. It was clear to the reasonable ones. Actually, there are much more facts confirming His life than those denying this circumstance. Could His Church and teachings have existed if He had been a mythical person? Unlikely. Christ existed just as Buddha, Mohammed and Moses existed.

Things that belonged to Jesus have also been preserved - this is the famous Shroud of Turin, the authenticity of which no one doubts, the tip of the spear with which Jesus was pierced on the cross (it is located in Georgia), part of the robe (underwear) located in Russia, the crossbar in Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified.

In Jerusalem there is a tomb where He was buried and from where He rose again. Once a year, on Easter, the Heavenly Fire appears in the tomb of Christ. By the way, this fact is rarely discussed - it is too obvious.

The Greek Orthodox patriarch descends into the tomb with bunches of candles in his hands, prays and, suddenly, the candles light up by themselves. The Patriarch is checked the day before by government officials for the presence of flammable substances, so the possibility of falsification is excluded. This phenomenon repeats itself year after year for almost two thousand years.

The event of the birth of Christ was so significant and beyond doubt that it was used as the basis for European chronology. More than two thousand years have passed since the appearance of Jesus, but the whole world remembers this event.

Who was Jesus from birth to death? Every person sooner or later asks himself this question. And the answer to it is at the same time very simple and complex. He was and is the God-man. A simple word, a simple concept that raises a lot of questions for the uninitiated into this mystery. There have been many deified people in the history of mankind - these are pharaohs, and Roman emperors of the pre-Christian era, and Alexander the Great, as he was revered in Asia, and other great personalities of antiquity.

How was the divine-human essence of Jesus manifested? In life and death, and also in what follows after death. After death and burial, Jesus was resurrected, something that no one before Him could do. This happened on the third day after death. Much has been said about this, however, it is worth repeating the known facts. After execution on the cross, Christ died, like all people. He was buried in a tomb carved into the rock.

At that time, the Jews had a custom of burying their dead in artificially carved caves, in which they placed the body wrapped in a special blanket. According to Eastern tradition, the body was anointed with precious oils and incense, wrapped and placed in a cave. The entrance was securely closed with a large stone, which one person was unable to move. Christ was buried according to these traditions.

The disciples expected his resurrection, and those who executed him, the initiators of the execution - the Jewish high priest, the Pharisees and the scribes (guardians of the safety of the Holy texts), assigned special guards to guard the cave. The stone that blocked the entrance to the cave fell, the warriors saw the light and fled in horror. This was seen by many soldiers and some random witnesses (a certain doctor is known to have observed the event and left notes about it).

Jewish leaders and elders paid the soldiers money to keep them silent about what happened. The soldiers were asked to say that they fell asleep, and at that time the disciples stole the body. This rumor was spread among the Jews and many believed it.

According to legend, on the same day the inhabitants of Jerusalem saw the dead ancient saints who, having been resurrected, walked through the streets of the city. These events shook the whole of Palestine. Many Jews realized that the deceased was no ordinary person.

After his resurrection, for forty days, Jesus appeared to many of his disciples, followers and ordinary people. More than two thousand people saw him at once. He talked, He was touched, He moved and ate food, like all living people, to prove that He was not a ghost or a vision. After this time, Christ ascended to heaven, blessing those present with his right hand. There were too many witnesses to this incident to claim a mass hallucination.

Christ left people the Spirit of truth, the Comforter, who is now active in the world. Therefore, all decisions of Church Councils begin with the words: “It has pleased the Holy Spirit and us...”, thereby confirming the presence among us of the Third Hypostasis of the Divine. The fact of Jesus' resurrection gave birth to Christianity.

The first miracle that Jesus performed, calling himself Christ (the Anointed One), was turning water into wine. Jesus and His mother. Mary was invited to a wedding in the village of Cana of Galilee, where He changed water into wine by the power of the Divine. Soon listeners and disciples began to gather around Jesus, who went with Him from city to city and listened to his sermons. Accompanied by twelve disciples, Christ walked through Judea and the surrounding area. Everywhere they brought the sick to Him, and He healed them with the touch of His hands.

News about Jesus spread throughout Palestine, many wanted to listen to what the Teacher said and see His face.

The Gospel says that Jesus Christ had brothers and sisters. Based on this, some interpreters have concluded that Joseph and Mary had more children. This is not true, it’s just that Jews at that time did not have a division in the family into siblings, cousins, second cousins, and so on. They were all called brothers and sisters, regardless of the degree of relationship. Therefore, the words of the Gospel about the brothers and sisters of Jesus do not mean relatives, but second cousins. According to Holy Tradition, one of the twelve apostles, Jacob Zbedee, was Christ's second cousin.

The disciples and followers of Jesus believed that He was the Messiah promised to Israel. People expected a manifestation of royal power from Him and hoped that an anti-Roman war was about to begin, from which the Jews would emerge victorious, and the whole world would fall at their feet. The apostles believed that after Christ reigned, they would receive court titles and become confidants of the new king.

The people followed Jesus everywhere, waiting only for the word to proclaim Him king. Several times they wanted to crown Christ (anoint him as king) against his wishes. Anointing was performed only on kings and prophets and meant their special position, chosenness among others. This was a special rite, during which precious fragrant oil was poured onto the head of the initiate, which symbolized the special favor and love of the Divine for this person.

The king thus enthroned acted and governed the people in the name of God Yahweh, he had power by virtue of the transfer of it directly through the anointing. The prophet also received the prophetic gift through this ritual. The anointed prophet spoke on behalf of God, and the anointing itself was performed by another prophet. Any supernatural actions performed by the prophet were perceived as the result of anointing. They said about a person who performed miracles: “he is the Anointed One.” However, the manifestation of the prophetic gift was not mechanical, depending on the rite of anointing. Often, prophets received their gift from God himself, and people, seeing the manifestation in them of the prophetic gift and the ability to perform miracles, said “he is God’s Anointed One.” Christ was precisely the Anointed One of God, since what he performed surpassed all the miracles of the prophets who lived before.

He raised the son of a widow from Nain from the dead, revived his friend Lazarus, who had already been buried for several days, and from whom the smell of a corpse had already begun to emanate, and healed the blind and lame from birth. All this, and much more, indicated to the people that Yehoshua of Nazareth was the Anointed One (Christ in Greek). The word “Christ” was neither a surname nor a nickname, it was a middle name, a name that could only be worn by the God-man, the Messiah. The Jews incorrectly imagined the Messiah, the One who was to come to them, but until His death they believed that this was Christ, the Anointed One of God.

Performing the miracle of feeding five thousand people with five loaves and two fish, Christ pronounced the Beatitudes, which complemented the Ten Commandments of Moses. With His preaching He made such an impression on the people that they were ready to proclaim Him king of Judea, against their will.

So that general enthusiasm would not capture the disciples, Jesus sent them on a boat to the opposite shore of Lake Galilee. In the evening, a storm began, and the boat began to be overwhelmed by waves. Christ walked to the disciples on the water and reached them at the moment when the boat was overtaken by a storm. He ordered the excitement to subside and then the wind died down and the waves subsided. Seeing what had come, the disciples realized that God was in front of them.

By this, Christ made it clear to the apostles that He was the bearer of the divine nature, but not as the Jews expected Him. This happens - people wait and believe in salvation, but when it comes in a simple, close and understandable form, they do not believe that they are worthy of it.

Christ repeatedly convinced his disciples and followers that he was the Messiah, but not the one the Jews expected Him to be. He is the Son of God, but not named, as the prophets spoke about themselves, but a real Son, flesh of the flesh of God (if such a comparison is appropriate). It was extremely difficult for a devout Jew to comprehend this fact. In their view, the Divine had nothing in common with the world, and God could not become a man. And, although this was predicted many times by the ancient prophets, the Jews did not believe that Yehoshua, who lived with them, was the formidable Yahweh.

The Gospel of Matthew begins with the genealogy of Jesus, which was expressed in the words: “Jesus, as everyone thought, was the son of Joseph...”. In order to dispel these and similar thoughts, Christ performed miracles that were inaccessible to the prophets, even Moses. When He and his disciples were on Mount Tabor, sacred to the Jews, He was transformed - Christ’s clothes became white, and his face radiated light. This was inaccessible to anyone, and the disciples were confused; before them was God in human form.

During the beginning of Christ's public activity, John the Baptist preached in Palestine. According to ancient prophecies, He preceded the Savior. John baptized in the name of the coming Messiah. When Jesus came to him with a request for baptism, John refused with fear, recognizing Him as the Anointed of God, and wanted to be baptized by Him himself.

Baptism took place in the waters of the Jordan River, during which the heavens opened and the Spirit of God descended on Christ in the form of a white dove. At the same time, a voice came from heaven: “This is My beloved Son, listen to Him.” This shocked everyone present. Who is the One whom John himself worships, the greatest, according to the Jews, the prophet of the Jewish people. He could not be anyone other than God Yahweh.

The religious situation in Palestine in the 1st century was in an extremely confused state. The ancient Jewish faith of God Yahweh was divided into two opposing sects - the Pharisees, zealots of the letter of the Law, and the Sadducees, a fashionable religious movement among the top of Jewish society that denied one of the traditional doctrines of Judaism - the resurrection of the dead.

In the religious environment of Palestine, there was an institution of scribes, special people, whose entire activity was to preserve ancient texts in the original state of the Torah and the Writings of the Prophets. The copying of the scrolls of sacred books was done manually. It was a long and painstaking process.

Copying the scroll of the Pentateuch of Moses took years. After this, the new scroll was compared with the old one. This was done by a special commission of competent people. There were special methods for checking text. It was calculated how many of these or other letters each book contained, so it was possible to count all the letters in a new scroll and compare the number with the standard. The letter center of each book was determined; a certain letter must appear in the middle of the text; if another letter was encountered, the new scroll was destroyed. The scribes knew how many letters were in each line of text and in each word. The text was checked simultaneously by up to seventy people.

In addition to the literal correspondence of the new text to the old, the scribes also passed on to each other the rules for reading words and expressions. The Hebrew alphabet had only twenty-two consonants and no vowels at all. Only consonants were written, and the vowels between them were memorized.

Without knowing the correct reading of the word, one could read it in any way, substituting any vowels at will. This is the main idea of ​​those who study Kabbalah - those who study these texts without inspiration and enlightenment, that is, scientific or divine intuition, will understand little in them - the meaning will remain hidden, and the knowledge will remain dead.

Jews memorized texts and passed them on to each other. In ancient times, a lot of information was transmitted orally, but only exceptional things were written down. The scribes, who devoted their whole lives to rewriting the Holy Books, treated their contents exclusively literally, denying the imagery, emotionality and sometimes the meaning of the books of the Old Testament. The scribes attached a special mystical meaning to each letter, the inviolability of the texts was preserved by the Jews, and the meaning of the contents became dim and lost.

By the time Jesus preached, most Jews did not know the true content of the Pentateuch of Moses and the Prophets; they were content with the comments of the Pharisees and scribes, who had unquestioned authority in religious matters. Sometimes a minor error in the interpretation of a text grew over the centuries into ordinary stupidity. The scribes and Pharisees believed that on Saturday, the day when God finished the creation of the world and rested from work, people were also not allowed to do anything, taking the words of Scripture literally. On this day, the Jew could only pray. He could not produce new things or undertake any business, he could not move beyond a certain distance, which was firmly known.

Christ opposed the literal perception of dogma. Thus, while on the Sabbath in the synagogue (the house of worship of the Jews), Jesus healed a man whose arm was paralyzed. The Pharisees began to murmur and be indignant at such actions because they were committed on the Sabbath.

Christ compared the Pharisees to freshly whitened tombs, beautiful on the outside, but containing dust and corruption on the inside. He told the Pharisees that they were people who strain out a mosquito and do not notice a camel, criticized the scribes who trembled over trifles, unimportant things, while the main thing passed their attention.

But, as you can see, the very existence of sacred knowledge, not accessible to everyone, and human nature cannot help but create idols. Christ sought through his actions, words and miracles to lead people to the original, correct faith in God.

Jesus pointed out to the people prophecies that were being fulfilled in many ways. Constantly being with people, He gave up everything in life in their name. Christ did not extend his actions exclusively to Jews; he healed, instructed and benefited people of all nations, of different social and social status. He renounced the royal throne, family, property, pride and pride. He was with everyone and for everyone, demonstrating by personal example and a high way of life the ideal of fulfilling the Commandments of God Yahweh. When visiting the Jerusalem Temple, he fulfilled all the requirements of the Law, accepted customs and norms of behavior.

Christ called to worship God not formally, in observance of rituals, but in the heart, in the spirit. He argued that God is more pleased with prayer from people rather than sacrifice. Every word of Jesus' sermons called people to love each other. With his whole life, with every movement, He radiated love and mercy, did not refuse anyone and did not avoid anyone. Christ was love itself. And this was incomprehensible to God - after all, He is omnipotent, and could have everything he wanted and not be persecuted!

This manner of behavior of Jesus caused bewilderment among the priests. Instead of becoming a king, Christ traveled with vagabonds and beggars, without having a corner of his own. He performed miracles possible only to God, without fulfilling the Pharisees' instructions. How did He dare, thought the scribes, to forgive sins, to heal on the Sabbath, to disperse the merchants in the temple?

With this, the Lord exposed their errors, took away their authority and respect of the people, and deprived them of popularity. All the theories and fabrications of the theology of the scribes collapsed from the simple arguments of Jesus. The Sadducees and Pharisees felt that a little more and all people would follow Him.

And most importantly, having learned about the resurrection of Lazarus, who died and stayed in the tomb for four days, the Pharisees realized that before them was the true God-Man, Christ, the God of Yahweh, incarnate in man. It would seem that their expectations had come true; they saw and heard God, whose words they were entrusted to keep. Numerous prophecies about Christ were fulfilled, supernatural events took place, surpassing the laws of nature, but the Pharisees and scribes stubbornly did not notice them, and, finally, having seen them, they were perhaps afraid.

It was probably difficult for the priests to understand the renunciation of blessings that service in the temple or the throne of the king promised. Some considered Christ a dangerous madman, others considered him an adventurer, and still others were afraid of His wrath. These third ones realized that their service was a mistake, and did not expect mercy from the strict Yahweh. They never understood that His essence is love.

They did not need Christ, they did not want to see the God-Man. He abolished their existence, they became unnecessary. The thirst for power they possessed turned out to be stronger than faith. Being in the temple every day they got used to the presence of God and no longer felt love for Him; everything was overshadowed by the thirst for money and power. Realizing that Jesus Christ was the Messiah for whom they were waiting, the scribes came to the idea of ​​killing Christ.

Three years later, after the start of public ministry, Christ traveled, like all Jews, to Jerusalem for the Easter holiday. Not wanting to draw attention to himself, Jesus rode a donkey, choosing the mode of transportation of the common people. However, the news of his arrival spread like lightning and everyone wanted to see him. The people, deciding that Jesus had come to the city to be crowned on the throne of Judea, greeted Him as a king, covering the path with palm branches. The whole city was in motion.

The people did not understand that the Kingdom of Christ is a spiritual, invisible Kingdom, it is a society of people who love God, and not a powerful power. The words of the prophecy that all the nations of the Earth would submit to Christ were taken literally, although this was said in a figurative sense. It was about faith in Christ, that all people and nations could be members of His Kingdom, and that Christianity would spread everywhere. The Word of God will be heard everywhere, which is what happened later.

After the magnificent meeting, Jesus withdrew from the people, eager for confirmation of their chosenness of God. The Jews expected power over the whole world, victory over Rome, but instead they heard words about death and the faithful fulfillment of the Commandments of God. The only solution to this situation was the death of Christ.

The death of Jesus did not occur out of ignorance, but with full understanding of what was happening. This was an attempted Deicide.

Having entered Jerusalem, Christ was already condemned to death. Those who were threatened by the coming of Jesus with exposure tried to justify the murder, but did not find not only the reason, but also the reason for committing the crime. To all the tricky questions, He gave such answers that the questioners did not have the fortitude to ask subsequent questions.

The high priest sent soldiers several times to seize Jesus, but they returned without fulfilling the order, which was unprecedented for that time. To the question: “Why didn’t you bring Him?”, they answered: “Never has a man spoken like He.” A solution was found when one of Christ’s disciples, Judas Iscariot, keeper of the treasury of the apostles, decided to sell his Teacher.

During the Last Supper, Christ told Judas that it would be he who would betray Him. Jesus could not force Judas to change his mind, He only told him: “Look, you are walking a dangerous path, be careful.” But Judas, knowing that the Teacher knew about his intention, still betrayed Christ. For his betrayal he received thirty pieces of silver, the price of a slave in Palestine.

The people, and even the Romans, saw nothing wrong with what Jesus preached. We were talking specifically about that part of the clergy that combined the power of the church with political power.

The high priest could not give a direct order to kill Christ; He must have been guilty, since the murder of an innocent person was a serious crime in which the high priest himself turned out to be a criminal. Therefore, a trial was necessary. However, for a long time the court could not find any violation in the activities of Jesus that would warrant death. Finally, a reason was found.

It was primitive and reminiscent of the reasons and accusations that the Inquisition later used. They found witnesses who heard Jesus say: “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will rebuild it again.” With these words, Jesus prophetically predicted his death and resurrection in three days, but the Jews, seizing on them, accused Christ of calling for the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. For the final verdict, the approval of the Roman authorities was necessary.

Christ was sent to Pontius Pilate, Caesar's governor in Judea. He did not find anything worthy of death, which he reported to the people. Then people from the crowd, bribed by the priests, began to shout that Jesus was the king of the Jews, and, therefore, the enemy of the emperor.

Pontius Pilate, under the threat of an uprising, was forced to confirm the sentence, ordering the guilt of Jesus Christ “King of the Jews” to be nailed to the cross, the instrument of execution. Pilate tried in every possible way to cancel the sentence; on Easter, the Jews had the custom of granting freedom and life to one condemned person.

Pilate himself offered to release Jesus, because he knew that He was betrayed out of envy. But it turned out that they preferred the famous murderer, Barrabas, who was pardoned.

Pilate ordered Jesus to be whipped, so that by beating the Convict, he would arouse pity for Him among the people. But this calculation did not come true either.

Finally, Pilate said to the priests: “I find no guilt in this man, I wash my hands of him, you judge him yourself.” The sign of washing one's hands in Rome meant refusal to interfere in the matter. Pontius told the Jews that he did not want to have the blood of this man on himself, since by signing an unjust verdict, he became a participant in the murder. Then the people shouted: “His blood is on us and on our children,” thereby emphasizing the fact of recognition of the murder of Christ.

Pontius Pilate and the Roman soldiers did not participate in further events. The method of execution of Jesus, crucifixion, was applied to slaves and criminals who stood up. The condemned man was nailed to the cross in such a way that he hung on his hands pierced with nails, with his feet barely resting on a special stand that protected the body from falling from the cross. Those nailed to the cross died slowly, sometimes over several days, from pain and thirst. Death was terrible and painful.

Crucified and dying on the cross, Christ, the God-man, did not demonstrate his Divine nature, although the disciples tried to fight for Him. Peter cut off the ear of the high priest's servant with a sword, however, Jesus ordered the sword to be sheathed, since violence cannot be defeated by violence.

The tragic death of Jesus is described in the Gospels. After Christ was taken into custody, His disciples fled, everyone was seized with fear. There was no one near the cross except His Mother, John, his beloved disciple and the women who accompanied Him everywhere. Hot Peter, who swore that anyone could leave Christ, but not him, refused to meet Jesus three times during the night.

It turned out that no one could compare with Him in strength of spirit, and this was frightening, and the fact that He forgave everyone for their betrayal and did not ask for protection was so unusual that to this day we, people, cannot fully understand it.

The triumph of the Resurrection of Jesus was accomplished; it was the result of life and the result of death. Christ was the first living person to defeat death and give everyone who loves Him salvation from eternal death - hell. The resurrected Christ was seen by many people over the course of forty days. The Jews who crucified Christ, having ascertained His resurrection, bitterly repented of what had been done. The apostles, having gathered again, preached to the Jews the Risen Christ who had conquered death. Jews were baptized en masse, forming the first Christian community in the city of Jerusalem. The official authorities found out about this, and the apostles began to be persecuted. Despite this, the apostles continued to preach public sermons not only in Israel, but also abroad: in Greece, Asia Minor, Italy, India, England, Scandinavia, Eastern and Central Europe. This marked the beginning of the spread of Christianity.

The events discussed are related to the human nature of Christ; the Divine essence of Jesus will be considered in a separate chapter. It is always easier for people to comprehend the human, and in parallel with it the Higher. In one person of Jesus two natures were combined, Divine and human, and this combination is so close that it is not possible to consider both essences separately. We did this in order to make it easier to understand the person of Jesus Christ, Savior and Anointed One. The interpretation of individual events in this chapter is given from the point of view of the history and customs of the Jews of Palestine in the 1st century AD.

At present, it is no coincidence that Orthodoxy stands out as a separate independent religion. And, if in earlier times the traditions of other Christian denominations were close to the Orthodox, now the gap between Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism is quite large, so much so that it allows us to call Orthodoxy a religion. It has an individuality that sets it apart from other branches of Christianity. Protestantism split into many currents and directions, and religious societies called themselves Christians were formed in it. They are distinguished by their varied interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, their rejection of the Church as a divine-human organism, the denial of the Sacraments and the optionality of ancient rites and traditions, not to mention the lack of apostolic succession of ordination. The Catholic Church is a religious movement whose goal is to worship the pope as the vicar of God on earth and the successor of the Apostle Peter, who has the power to change the action of God's Providence.

Protestantism and Catholicism are developing in different directions. The first moves towards absolute freedom and independence in all forms of human relations, the second focuses the attention of believers on one figure, while the true Savior of mankind - Jesus Christ - is relegated to the background. Only Orthodoxy has preserved continuity, purity of doctrine and inviolability of the Sacraments. Having preserved many outdated rituals, Orthodoxy has managed to convey to modern humanity the faith of the apostolic times and the spiritual wealth of many generations of believers in Jesus. The Holy Spirit, sent by Christ and resting on the apostles, was transmitted in the Sacraments, and the right to forgive and resolve human sins has reached the present day in apostolic succession.

The Holy Spirit, acting in the world after the ascension of Jesus Christ, is really present in the saints and righteous people of whom the Orthodox Church is not lacking. Orthodoxy has preserved and selected everything that is most valuable in human culture. The achievements of the ancient world became firmly established in the traditional external forms of Orthodox Christianity. Orthodoxy, having entered various cultural layers, changed them, transforming and comprehending in them moral and spiritual values, ideals and ideas about good and evil.

It developed a special type of human relationship with God, thanks to which humanity received the opportunity in the Sacraments to find peace and peace of mind when meeting the Existing One. The joyful anticipation of the reappearance of Jesus has become the goal of Orthodoxy. In the depths of the Orthodox Church, the moral image of a believer has developed, the main value of which is love for God and people. It is love that gives birth to everything good and bright in people, gives them true happiness and the purpose of life. Orthodoxy has become the “salt of life” that protects the world from spiritual decay.

Standing out among Christian denominations, Orthodoxy differs even more from other world religions - Judaism, Islam and Buddhism. Orthodoxy is an optimistic and joyful religion, strict and severe at the same time. It requires increased attention to the spiritual baggage of each believer and moral asceticism. Believers are recognized to become saints here on earth. But, unlike other religions, holiness is not achieved through personal efforts and individual achievements. In Orthodoxy, sin cannot be atone for or compensated for in any way, as in Catholicism; it is impossible to forget about it, as in Protestantism, where all sins committed are already forgiven in advance. Sin can only be forgiven by the God-man – Jesus Christ. This is not simple mechanical forgiveness, but the result of painstaking inner work of “smart doing.”

Orthodoxy does not view the human body as a “vessel of sin” - everything created by God is harmonious and beautiful. Man is the totality of the spiritual and material, the crown of creation. In the teachings of the Church there is no chaotic attitude towards the union of a man and a woman; it is recognized as sacred and secured by the Sacrament. Only the unnatural and abnormal in human nature are condemned. The birth of children is holy and wonderful, it is the birth of new members of the Church. Human life is the greatest gift of God, which must be preserved and protected, treated as the best. According to the teachings of the Church, a person’s existence should be joyful and happy, he should see the good and beautiful in the world. However, we must fight the evil operating in the world. Orthodoxy does not propose the destruction of the carriers of evil, but the internal rebirth of each individual. Every person, without exception, is called by Christ here and now.

Christianity has overcome the Eastern perception of God as an all-powerful despot, a powerful monarch, before whose face one must tremble. Orthodoxy has developed a doctrine of man as a free, self-determining individual who cannot be subject to violence. Orthodoxy adopted the ancient Greek democratic principle of government - the Assembly or Council. At the Ecumenical Councils, the Orthodox Church developed dogmatic doctrine, defining the boundaries of human knowledge of the Divine. Conciliarity is the basis for the governance of the Church, and the Orthodox patriarchs are still first among equals. The Orthodox Church has created the current attitude towards a woman, equal in all respects to a man, diametrically opposed to the position of the powerless woman of the East.

Orthodoxy formed the Eastern European civilization, which included the states of the Balkan Peninsula and Russia. This territory has developed a special material and spiritual culture, expressed in choral singing, icon painting, unique architecture, a special type of social relations and statehood. As a system of religious views, Orthodoxy is a fairly harmonious and integral doctrine. Orthodox theology comprehensively covers worldview and ethical issues of a general and specific nature. The basic provisions of the Orthodox faith sufficiently fully respond to the moral and philosophical needs of the human mind. Orthodoxy gave birth to a whole direction of the art of words - spiritual literature. For a long time, this cultural layer was the only source of education for our ancestors.

The adoption of Orthodoxy in Rus' produced a cultural revolution that brought the Russian people closer to other Christian countries. The creation of a universal common Slavic language gave rise to a rapprochement of Slavic peoples. In general, Orthodoxy in the history of Rus' was a state-forming force; it is enough to recall the Time of Troubles, the period of the Golden Horde yoke and the process of gathering lands around the Moscow Principality. The transfer of the capital to Moscow and the move of the metropolitan there was one of the reasons for the rise of the city. The religious and political idea of ​​“Moscow – the Third Rome” became the state ideology of the most powerful state – the Russian Empire.

Orthodoxy has created a uniquely beautiful culture of worship, which includes all the richness of church hymnography and eorthology. Every action of the clergy is sacred and deeply symbolic. A special type of theology developed - in movements and symbolic actions. Orthodoxy captured in the divine service the circumstances and meaning of Jesus' life, the fact of crucifixion and resurrection from the dead. The Church's worship centers on faith in the second coming of the Lord. Special types and types of church services were developed, intended for both laity and monastics. A special religious direction was created in the Church - monasticism, associated with spiritual achievement and personal asceticism. Monasteries became spiritual lamps of unshakable faith and moral purity. There they received reading and writing skills, spiritual instructions and prayers. The main goal of the Orthodox monks was to pray for their people, for their native country, believers and equally for everyone who requires help and support.

The thousand-year stay of the Orthodox Church on Russian soil has developed a number of customs, traditions and rituals among the people, softened morals, and destroyed pagan stereotypes and ideas. The people began to value the ideals of justice, kindness and selflessness. Russian folklore was filled with images and heroes that were Christian in spirit. The culture of holding religious holidays has become an important part of Orthodox traditional rituals. Orthodoxy has created a unique time cycle, regulated by the Julian calendar, which includes a special place for each day. For a long time, the population of Russia used the old calendar, creating their own way of life.

Traditions, rituals, customs were a means of preserving the Holy Tradition among the people. The Russian people, brought up in Orthodox values, created their own culture, which carries within itself Christian moral ideals. Russian culture entered the European tradition. Russian writers, composers and artists are especially highly appreciated by the world community. They introduced into European civilization the high ideals of sacrificial love and beauty characteristic of Orthodoxy. The works of Gogol, Dostoevsky, Nabokov, Tolstoy have been translated into all European and most world languages.

Orthodoxy is not only a religion, or a collection of mandatory moral rules and rituals, it is a lifestyle, a special sense of one’s personality in the Universe. It is the hope of eternal life with Christ. In relation to world religions, Orthodoxy offers its own way of comprehending God and achieving unity with Him. Orthodoxy is a religion that has no national, age, cultural or other restrictions. It is quite versatile and flexible. Having many cultural inclusions, Orthodoxy retains its own appearance.

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Section Six The last days of the earthly life of the Lord Jesus

Lord Jesus Christ

“God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.”(John 3:16).

Jesus Christ– The Son of God, God who appeared in the flesh, who took upon Himself the sin of man, and with His sacrificial death made his salvation possible. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ is called Christ, or Messiah (Χριστός, Μεσσίας), Son (υἱός), Son of God (υἱὸς Θεοῦ), Son of Man (υἱὸς ἀνθρώπο υ), Lamb (ἀμνός, ἀρνίον), Lord (Κύριος), Servant of God ( παῖς Θεοῦ), Son of David (υἱὸς Δαυίδ), Savior (Σωτήρ), etc.

Testimonies about the life of Jesus Christ:

  • canonical Gospels (Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, Gospel of John)
  • individual sayings of Jesus Christ, not included in the canonical Gospels, but preserved in other New Testament books (Acts and Epistles of the Apostles), as well as in the writings of ancient Christian writers.
  • a number of texts of Gnostic and non-Christian origin.

By the will of God the Father and out of pity for us sinful people, Jesus Christ came into the world and became a man. By His word and example, Jesus Christ taught people how to believe and live in order to become righteous and be worthy of the title of children of God, participants in His immortal and blessed life. To cleanse our sins and defeat death, Jesus Christ died on the cross and rose again on the third day. Now, as the God-man, He dwells in heaven with His Father. Jesus Christ is the head of the Kingdom of God founded by Him, called the Church, in which believers are saved, guided and strengthened by the Holy Spirit. Before the end of the world, Jesus Christ will come to earth again to judge the living and the dead. After this will come His Kingdom of Glory, a paradise in which the saved will rejoice forever. It is foretold, and we believe that it will be so.

How they waited for the coming of Jesus Christ

IN The greatest event in the life of mankind is the coming to earth of the Son of God. God has been preparing people for it, especially the Jewish people, for many millennia. From among the Jewish people, God raised prophets who predicted the coming of the Savior of the world - the Messiah, and thereby laid the foundation of faith in Him. In addition, God, for many generations, starting from Noah, then Abraham, David and other righteous people, pre-purified the bodily vessel from which the Messiah was to take flesh. Thus, finally, the Virgin Mary was born, who appeared worthy to become the Mother of Jesus Christ.

At the same time, God directed the political events of the ancient world to ensure that the coming of the Messiah would be successful and that His blessed Kingdom would spread widely among people.

Thus, by the time of the coming of the Messiah, many pagan nations became part of a single state - the Roman Empire. This circumstance made it possible for the disciples of Christ to travel freely throughout all the countries of the vast Roman Empire. The widespread use of one universally understandable Greek language helped Christian communities scattered over long distances to maintain contact with each other. The Gospels and Apostolic Epistles were written in Greek. As a result of the rapprochement of cultures of different peoples, as well as the spread of science and philosophy, beliefs in pagan gods were greatly undermined. People began to crave satisfactory answers to their religious questions. Thinking people of the pagan world understood that society was reaching a hopeless dead end and began to express hope that the Transformer and Savior of humanity would come.

The earthly life of the Lord Jesus Christ

D For the birth of the Messiah, God chose the pure virgin Mary, from the line of King David. Mary was an orphan, and She was taken care of by Her distant relative, the elderly Joseph, who lived in Nazareth, one of the small cities in the northern part of the Holy Land. Archangel Gabriel, having appeared, announced to the Virgin Mary that She had been chosen by God to become the Mother of His Son. When the Virgin Mary humbly agreed, the Holy Spirit descended on Her, and She conceived the Son of God. The subsequent birth of Jesus Christ took place in the small Jewish town of Bethlehem, where King David, the ancestor of Christ, had previously been born. (Historians place the time of the birth of Jesus Christ at 749-754 years from the founding of Rome. The accepted chronology “from the Nativity of Christ” begins with 754 years from the founding of Rome).

The life, miracles and conversations of the Lord Jesus Christ are described in four books called the Gospels. The first three Evangelists, Matthew, Mark and Luke, describe the events of His life, which took place mainly in Galilee - in the northern part of the Holy Land. The Evangelist John complements their narratives, describing the events and conversations of Christ that took place mainly in Jerusalem.

Until the age of thirty, Jesus Christ lived with His Mother, the Virgin Mary, in Nazareth, in the house of Joseph. When He was 12 years old, He and his parents went to Jerusalem for the Passover holiday and stayed in the temple for three days, talking with the scribes. Nothing is known about other details of the Savior’s life in Nazareth, except that He helped Joseph with carpentry. As a man, Jesus Christ grew and developed naturally, like all people.

At the 30th year of his life, Jesus Christ received from the prophet. John's baptism in the Jordan River. Before beginning His public ministry, Jesus Christ went into the desert and fasted for forty days while being tempted by Satan. Jesus began his public ministry in Galilee with the election of 12 apostles. The miraculous transformation of water into wine, performed by Jesus Christ at the wedding in Cana of Galilee, strengthened the faith of His disciples. After this, after spending some time in Capernaum, Jesus Christ went to Jerusalem for the Easter holiday. Here He first aroused the enmity of the Jewish elders and, in particular, the Pharisees against Himself, by expelling the merchants from the temple. After Easter, Jesus Christ called His apostles, gave them the necessary instruction and sent them to preach the approach of the Kingdom of God. Jesus Christ himself also traveled throughout the Holy Land, preaching, gathering disciples and spreading the teaching about the Kingdom of God.

Jesus Christ revealed His Divine mission with many miracles and prophecies. Soulless nature unconditionally obeyed Him. So, for example, at His word the storm stopped; Jesus Christ walked on water as on dry land; Having multiplied five loaves and several fish, He fed a crowd of thousands; One day He turned water into wine. He raised the dead, cast out demons, and healed countless sick people. At the same time, Jesus Christ avoided human glory in every possible way. For His needs, Jesus Christ never resorted to His omnipotent power. All His miracles are imbued with deep compassion to people. The Savior's greatest miracle was His own Sunday from the dead. With this resurrection, He defeated the power of death over people and marked the beginning of our resurrection from the dead, which will occur at the end of the world.

Evangelists have recorded many predictions Jesus Christ. Some of them were fulfilled during the lifetime of the Apostles and their successors. Among them: predictions about the denial of Peter and the betrayal of Judas, about the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ, about the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles, about miracles that the apostles will perform, about persecution for the faith, about the destruction of Jerusalem, etc. Some prophecies of Christ related to the last times, begin to be fulfilled, for example: about the spread of the Gospel throughout the world, about the corruption of people and about the cooling of faith, about terrible wars, earthquakes, etc. Finally, some prophecies, such as those about the general resurrection of the dead, the second coming of Christ, the end of the world and the Last Judgment, have yet to be fulfilled.

By His power over nature and His foreknowledge of the future, the Lord Jesus Christ testified to the truth of His teaching and that He truly is the Only Begotten Son of God.

The public ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ lasted more than three years. The chief priests, scribes and Pharisees did not accept His teaching and, jealous of His miracles and success, sought an opportunity to kill Him. Finally such an opportunity presented itself. After the Savior resurrected the four-day-old Lazarus, six days before Easter, Jesus Christ, surrounded by the people, solemnly, as the son of David and the king of Israel, entered Jerusalem. The people gave Him royal honors. Jesus Christ went straight to the temple, but, seeing that the high priests had turned the house of prayer into a “den of thieves,” he expelled all the merchants and money changers from there. This angered the Pharisees and high priests, and at their meeting they decided to destroy Him. Meanwhile, Jesus Christ spent whole days teaching the people in the temple. On Wednesday, one of His twelve disciples, Judas Iscariot, invited members of the Sanhedrin to secretly betray their Master for thirty silver coins. The high priests happily agreed.

On Thursday, Jesus Christ, wanting to celebrate the Passover with His disciples, left Bethany for Jerusalem, where His disciples Peter and John prepared a large room for Him. Appearing here in the evening, Jesus Christ showed His disciples the greatest example of humility by washing their feet, which was the custom of Jewish servants. Then, lying down with them, He celebrated the Old Testament Passover. After the supper, Jesus Christ established the New Testament Easter - the sacrament of the Eucharist or Communion. Taking the bread, He blessed it, broke it and, giving it to the disciples, said: “ Take, eat (eat): this is My body, which is given for you,” then, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: “ Drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.“After this, Jesus Christ talked with His disciples for the last time about the Kingdom of God. Then He went to the suburban Garden of Gethsemane and, accompanied by three disciples - Peter, James and John, went deep into the garden and, throwing himself to the ground, prayed to His Father until he sweated blood so that the cup of suffering that lay before Him would pass.

At this time, a crowd of armed servants of the high priest, led by Judas, burst into the garden. Judas betrayed his Teacher with a kiss. While the high priest Caiaphas convened the members of the Sanhedrin, the soldiers took Jesus to the palace of Annas (Ananas); from here He was taken to Caiaphas, where late at night His trial took place. Although many false witnesses were called, no one could point to such a crime for which Jesus Christ could be sentenced to death. However, the death sentence took place only after Jesus Christ recognized himself as the Son of God and the Messiah. For this, Christ was formally accused of blasphemy, for which the law was punishable by death.

On Friday morning, the high priest went with the members of the Sanhedrin to the Roman procurator, Pontius Pilate, to confirm the verdict. But Pilate at first did not agree to do this, not seeing in Jesus guilt worthy of death. Then the Jews began to threaten Pilate with denunciation of him to Rome, and Pilate confirmed the death sentence. Jesus Christ was given to the Roman soldiers. At about 12 o'clock in the afternoon, together with two thieves, Jesus was taken to Calvary - a small hill on the western side of the Jerusalem wall - and there he was crucified on the cross. Jesus Christ accepted this execution without complaint. It was midday. Suddenly the sun darkened, and darkness spread over the earth for three whole hours. After this, Jesus Christ loudly cried out to the Father: “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me!” Then, seeing that everything was fulfilled according to the Old Testament prophecies, He exclaimed: “ It's done! My Father, I commit My spirit into Your hands!” and, bowing His head, gave up the ghost. Terrible signs followed: the curtain in the temple was torn in two, the earth shook, and the stones disintegrated. Seeing this, even a pagan - a Roman centurion - exclaimed: “ Truly He was the Son of God.“No one doubted the death of Jesus Christ. Two members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph and Nicodemus, secret disciples of Jesus Christ, received permission from Pilate to remove His body from the cross and buried him in Joseph’s tomb near Golgotha, in the garden. Members of the Sanhedrin made sure that the body of Jesus Christ was not stolen by His disciples, sealed the entrance and set up a guard. Everything was done hastily, since the Easter holiday began in the evening of that day.

On Sunday (probably April 8th), the third day after His death on the cross, Jesus Christ resurrected from the dead and left the tomb. After this, an Angel descended from heaven and rolled away the stone from the door of the tomb. The first witnesses to this event were the soldiers guarding the tomb of Christ. Although the soldiers did not see Jesus Christ risen from the dead, they were eyewitnesses of the fact that when the Angel rolled away the stone, the tomb was already empty. Frightened by the Angel, the soldiers fled. Mary Magdalene and other myrrh-bearers, who went to the tomb of Jesus Christ before dawn to anoint the body of their Lord and Teacher, found the tomb empty and were honored to see the Risen One Himself and hear the greeting from Him: “ Rejoice!“In addition to Mary Magdalene, Jesus Christ appeared to many of His disciples at different times. Some of them were even honored to touch His body and become convinced that He was not a ghost. Over the course of forty days, Jesus Christ talked with His disciples several times, giving them final instructions.

On the fortieth day, Jesus Christ, in view of all His disciples, ascended to heaven from the Mount of Olives. As we believe, Jesus Christ sits at the right hand of God the Father, that is, he has the same authority with Him. He will come to earth a second time before the end of the world, so that judge living and dead, after which His glorious and eternal Kingdom will begin, in which the righteous will shine like the sun.

About the appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ

The Saints The apostles, writing about the life and teaching of the Lord Jesus Christ, did not mention anything about His appearance. For them, the main thing was to capture His spiritual appearance and teaching.

In the Eastern Church there is a legend about “ In a miraculous image"Savior. According to him, the artist sent by the Edessa king Abgar tried several times unsuccessfully to sketch the face of the Savior. When Christ, calling the artist, put his canvas to His face, His face was imprinted on the canvas. Having received this image from his artist, King Abgar was healed of leprosy. Since then, this miraculous image of the Savior has been well known in the Eastern Church and copies of icons have been made from it. The original Image Not Made by Hands is mentioned by the ancient Armenian historian Moses of Khoren, the Greek historian Evargius and St. John of Damascus.

In the Western Church there is a legend about the image of St. Veronica, who gave the Savior going to Calvary a towel so that He could wipe His face. The imprint of His face remained on the towel, which later found its way to the West.

In the Orthodox Church it is customary to depict the Savior on icons and frescoes. These images do not attempt to accurately depict His appearance. They are more like reminders symbols, raising our thoughts to the One who is depicted on them. Looking at images of the Savior, we remember His life, His love and compassion, His miracles and teachings; we remember that He, as omnipresent, is with us, sees our difficulties and helps us. This sets us up to pray to Him: “Jesus, Son of God, have mercy on us!”

The face of the Savior and His entire body were also imprinted on the so-called “Shroud of Turin,” a long cloth in which, according to legend, the body of the Savior taken from the cross was wrapped. The image on the shroud was only seen relatively recently with the help of photography, special filters and a computer. Reproductions of the face of the Savior, made from the Shroud of Turin, have a striking resemblance to some ancient Byzantine icons (sometimes coinciding at 45 or 60 points, which, according to experts, cannot be accidental). Studying the Shroud of Turin, experts came to the conclusion that it showed a man about 30 years old, 5 feet, 11 inches tall (181 cm - significantly taller than his contemporaries), with a slender and strong build.

Bishop Alexander Mileant

“God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.”(John 3:16).

Jesus Christ– The Son of God, God who appeared in the flesh, who took upon Himself the sin of man, and with His sacrificial death made his salvation possible. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ is called Christ, or Messiah (Χριστός, Μεσσίας), Son (υἱός), Son of God (υἱὸς Θεοῦ), Son of Man (υἱὸς ἀνθρώπο υ), Lamb (ἀμνός, ἀρνίον), Lord (Κύριος), Servant of God ( παῖς Θεοῦ), Son of David (υἱὸς Δαυίδ), Savior (Σωτήρ), etc.

Testimonies about the life of Jesus Christ:

  • canonical gospels ( )
  • individual sayings of Jesus Christ, not included in the canonical Gospels, but preserved in other New Testament books (Acts and Epistles of the Apostles), as well as in the writings of ancient Christian writers.
  • a number of texts of Gnostic and non-Christian origin.

By the will of God the Father and out of pity for us sinful people, Jesus Christ came into the world and became a man. By His word and example, Jesus Christ taught people how to believe and live in order to become righteous and be worthy of the title of children of God, participants in His immortal and blessed life. To cleanse our sins and overcome, Jesus Christ died on the cross and rose again on the third day. Now, as the God-man, He dwells in heaven with His Father. Jesus Christ is the head of the Kingdom of God founded by Him, called the Church, in which believers are saved, guided and strengthened by the Holy Spirit. Before the end of the world, Jesus Christ will come to earth again to judge the living and the dead. After this will come His Kingdom of Glory, a paradise in which the saved will rejoice forever. It is foretold, and we believe that it will be so.

How they waited for the coming of Jesus Christ

IN The greatest event in the life of mankind is the coming to earth of the Son of God. God has been preparing people for it, especially the Jewish people, for many millennia. From among the Jewish people, God raised prophets who predicted the coming of the Savior of the world - the Messiah, and thereby laid the foundation of faith in Him. In addition, God, for many generations, starting from Noah, then Abraham, David and other righteous people, pre-purified the bodily vessel from which the Messiah was to take flesh. Thus, finally, the Virgin Mary was born, who appeared worthy to become the Mother of Jesus Christ.

At the same time, God directed the political events of the ancient world to ensure that the coming of the Messiah would be successful and that His blessed Kingdom would spread widely among people.

Thus, by the time of the coming of the Messiah, many pagan nations became part of a single state - the Roman Empire. This circumstance made it possible for the disciples of Christ to travel freely throughout all the countries of the vast Roman Empire. The widespread use of one universally understandable Greek language helped Christian communities scattered over long distances to maintain contact with each other. The Gospels and Apostolic Epistles were written in Greek. As a result of the rapprochement of cultures of different peoples, as well as the spread of science and philosophy, beliefs in pagan gods were greatly undermined. People began to crave satisfactory answers to their religious questions. Thinking people of the pagan world understood that society was reaching a hopeless dead end and began to express hope that the Transformer and Savior of humanity would come.

The earthly life of the Lord Jesus Christ

D For the birth of the Messiah, God chose the pure virgin Mary, from the line of King David. Mary was an orphan, and She was taken care of by Her distant relative, the elderly Joseph, who lived in Nazareth, one of the small cities in the northern part of the Holy Land. Archangel Gabriel, having appeared, announced to the Virgin Mary that She had been chosen by God to become the Mother of His Son. When the Virgin Mary humbly agreed, the Holy Spirit descended on Her, and She conceived the Son of God. The subsequent birth of Jesus Christ took place in the small Jewish town of Bethlehem, where King David, the ancestor of Christ, had previously been born. (Historians place the time of the birth of Jesus Christ at 749-754 years from the founding of Rome. The accepted chronology “from the Nativity of Christ” begins with 754 years from the founding of Rome).

The life, miracles and conversations of the Lord Jesus Christ are described in four books called the Gospels. The first three Evangelists, Matthew, Mark and Luke, describe the events of His life, which took place mainly in Galilee - in the northern part of the Holy Land. The Evangelist John complements their narratives, describing the events and conversations of Christ that took place mainly in Jerusalem.

Film “CHRISTMAS”

Until the age of thirty, Jesus Christ lived with His Mother, the Virgin Mary, in Nazareth, in the house of Joseph. When He was 12 years old, He and his parents went to Jerusalem for the Passover holiday and stayed in the temple for three days, talking with the scribes. Nothing is known about other details of the Savior’s life in Nazareth, except that He helped Joseph with carpentry. As a man, Jesus Christ grew and developed naturally, like all people.

At the 30th year of his life, Jesus Christ received from the prophet. John's baptism in the Jordan River. Before beginning His public ministry, Jesus Christ went into the desert and fasted for forty days while being tempted by Satan. Jesus began his public ministry in Galilee with the election of 12 apostles. The miraculous transformation of water into wine, performed by Jesus Christ at the wedding in Cana of Galilee, strengthened the faith of His disciples. After this, after spending some time in Capernaum, Jesus Christ went to Jerusalem for the Easter holiday. Here He first aroused the enmity of the Jewish elders and, in particular, the Pharisees against Himself, by expelling the merchants from the temple. After Easter, Jesus Christ called His apostles, gave them the necessary instruction and sent them to preach the approach of the Kingdom of God. Jesus Christ himself also traveled throughout the Holy Land, preaching, gathering disciples and spreading the teaching about the Kingdom of God.

Jesus Christ revealed His Divine mission with many miracles and prophecies. Soulless nature unconditionally obeyed Him. So, for example, at His word the storm stopped; Jesus Christ walked on water as on dry land; Having multiplied five loaves and several fish, He fed a crowd of thousands; One day He turned water into wine. He raised the dead, cast out demons, and healed countless sick people. At the same time, Jesus Christ avoided human glory in every possible way. For His needs, Jesus Christ never resorted to His omnipotent power. All His miracles are imbued with deep compassion to people. The Savior's greatest miracle was His own Sunday from the dead. With this resurrection, He defeated the power of death over people and marked the beginning of our resurrection from the dead, which will occur at the end of the world.

Evangelists have recorded many predictions Jesus Christ. Some of them were fulfilled during the lifetime of the Apostles and their successors. Among them: predictions about the denial of Peter and the betrayal of Judas, about the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ, about the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles, about miracles that the apostles will perform, about persecution for the faith, about the destruction of Jerusalem, etc. Some prophecies of Christ related to the last times, begin to be fulfilled, for example: about the spread of the Gospel throughout the world, about the corruption of people and about the cooling of faith, about terrible wars, earthquakes, etc. Finally, some prophecies, such as those about the general resurrection of the dead, the second coming of Christ, the end of the world and the Last Judgment, have yet to be fulfilled.

By His power over nature and His foreknowledge of the future, the Lord Jesus Christ testified to the truth of His teaching and that He truly is the Only Begotten Son of God.

The public ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ lasted more than three years. The chief priests, scribes and Pharisees did not accept His teaching and, jealous of His miracles and success, sought an opportunity to kill Him. Finally such an opportunity presented itself. After the Savior resurrected the four-day-old Lazarus, six days before Easter, Jesus Christ, surrounded by the people, solemnly, as the son of David and the king of Israel, entered Jerusalem. The people gave Him royal honors. Jesus Christ went straight to the temple, but, seeing that the high priests had turned the house of prayer into a “den of thieves,” he expelled all the merchants and money changers from there. This angered the Pharisees and high priests, and at their meeting they decided to destroy Him. Meanwhile, Jesus Christ spent whole days teaching the people in the temple. On Wednesday, one of His twelve disciples, Judas Iscariot, invited members of the Sanhedrin to secretly betray their Master for thirty silver coins. The high priests happily agreed.

On Thursday, Jesus Christ, wanting to celebrate the Passover with His disciples, left Bethany for Jerusalem, where His disciples Peter and John prepared a large room for Him. Appearing here in the evening, Jesus Christ showed His disciples the greatest example of humility by washing their feet, which was the custom of Jewish servants. Then, lying down with them, He celebrated the Old Testament Passover. After the supper, Jesus Christ established the New Testament Easter - the sacrament of the Eucharist or Communion. Taking the bread, He blessed it, broke it and, giving it to the disciples, said: “ Take, eat (eat): this is My body, which is given for you,” then, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: “ Drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.“After this, Jesus Christ talked with His disciples for the last time about the Kingdom of God. Then He went to the suburban Garden of Gethsemane and, accompanied by three disciples - Peter, James and John, went deep into the garden and, throwing himself to the ground, prayed to His Father until he sweated blood so that the cup of suffering that lay before Him would pass.

At this time, a crowd of armed servants of the high priest, led by Judas, burst into the garden. Judas betrayed his Teacher with a kiss. While the high priest Caiaphas convened the members of the Sanhedrin, the soldiers took Jesus to the palace of Annas (Ananas); from here He was taken to Caiaphas, where late at night His trial took place. Although many false witnesses were called, no one could point to such a crime for which Jesus Christ could be sentenced to death. However, the death sentence took place only after Jesus Christ recognized himself as the Son of God and the Messiah. For this, Christ was formally accused of blasphemy, for which the law was punishable by death.

On Friday morning, the high priest went with the members of the Sanhedrin to the Roman procurator, Pontius Pilate, to confirm the verdict. But Pilate at first did not agree to do this, not seeing in Jesus guilt worthy of death. Then the Jews began to threaten Pilate with denunciation of him to Rome, and Pilate confirmed the death sentence. Jesus Christ was given to the Roman soldiers. At about 12 o'clock in the afternoon, together with two thieves, Jesus was taken to Calvary - a small hill on the western side of the Jerusalem wall - and there he was crucified on the cross. Jesus Christ accepted this execution without complaint. It was midday. Suddenly the sun darkened, and darkness spread over the earth for three whole hours. After this, Jesus Christ loudly cried out to the Father: “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me!” Then, seeing that everything was fulfilled according to the Old Testament prophecies, He exclaimed: “ It's done! My Father, I commit My spirit into Your hands!” and, bowing His head, gave up the ghost. Terrible signs followed: the curtain in the temple was torn in two, the earth shook, and the stones disintegrated. Seeing this, even a pagan - a Roman centurion - exclaimed: “ Truly He was the Son of God.“No one doubted the death of Jesus Christ. Two members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph and Nicodemus, secret disciples of Jesus Christ, received permission from Pilate to remove His body from the cross and buried him in Joseph’s tomb near Golgotha, in the garden. Members of the Sanhedrin made sure that the body of Jesus Christ was not stolen by His disciples, sealed the entrance and set up a guard. Everything was done hastily, since the Easter holiday began in the evening of that day.

On Sunday (probably April 8th), the third day after His death on the cross, Jesus Christ resurrected from the dead and left the tomb. After this, an Angel descended from heaven and rolled away the stone from the door of the tomb. The first witnesses to this event were the soldiers guarding the tomb of Christ. Although the soldiers did not see Jesus Christ risen from the dead, they were eyewitnesses of the fact that when the Angel rolled away the stone, the tomb was already empty. Frightened by the Angel, the soldiers fled. Mary Magdalene and other myrrh-bearers, who went to the tomb of Jesus Christ before dawn to anoint the body of their Lord and Teacher, found the tomb empty and were honored to see the Risen One Himself and hear the greeting from Him: “ Rejoice!“In addition to Mary Magdalene, Jesus Christ appeared to many of His disciples at different times. Some of them were even honored to touch His body and become convinced that He was not a ghost. Over the course of forty days, Jesus Christ talked with His disciples several times, giving them final instructions.

On the fortieth day, Jesus Christ, in view of all His disciples, ascended to heaven from the Mount of Olives. As we believe, Jesus Christ sits at the right hand of God the Father, that is, he has the same authority with Him. He will come to earth a second time before the end of the world, so that judge living and dead, after which His glorious and eternal Kingdom will begin, in which the righteous will shine like the sun.

About the appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ

The Saints The apostles, writing about the life and teaching of the Lord Jesus Christ, did not mention anything about His appearance. For them, the main thing was to capture His spiritual appearance and teaching.

In the Eastern Church there is a legend about “ In a miraculous image"Savior. According to him, the artist sent by the Edessa king Abgar tried several times unsuccessfully to sketch the face of the Savior. When Christ, calling the artist, put his canvas to His face, His face was imprinted on the canvas. Having received this image from his artist, King Abgar was healed of leprosy. Since then, this miraculous image of the Savior has been well known in the Eastern Church and copies of icons have been made from it. The original Image Not Made by Hands is mentioned by the ancient Armenian historian Moses of Khoren, the Greek historian Evargius and St. John of Damascus.

In the Western Church there is a legend about the image of St. Veronica, who gave the Savior going to Calvary a towel so that He could wipe His face. The imprint of His face remained on the towel, which later found its way to the West.

In the Orthodox Church it is customary to depict the Savior on icons and frescoes. These images do not attempt to accurately depict His appearance. They are more like reminders symbols, raising our thoughts to the One who is depicted on them. Looking at images of the Savior, we remember His life, His love and compassion, His miracles and teachings; we remember that He, as omnipresent, is with us, sees our difficulties and helps us. This sets us up to pray to Him: “Jesus, Son of God, have mercy on us!”

The face of the Savior and His entire body were also imprinted on the so-called “,” - a long cloth in which, according to legend, the body of the Savior taken from the cross was wrapped. The image on the shroud was only seen relatively recently with the help of photography, special filters and a computer. Reproductions of the face of the Savior, made from the Shroud of Turin, have a striking resemblance to some ancient Byzantine icons (sometimes coinciding at 45 or 60 points, which, according to experts, cannot be accidental). Studying the Shroud of Turin, experts came to the conclusion that it showed a man about 30 years old, 5 feet, 11 inches tall (181 cm - significantly taller than his contemporaries), with a slender and strong build.

Bishop Alexander Mileant

What Jesus Christ Taught

From the book of Protodeacon Andrei Kuraev “Tradition. Dogma. Rite."

Christ did not perceive Himself as just a Teacher. Such a Teacher who bequeaths to people a certain “Teaching” that can be spread throughout the world and throughout the centuries. He does not so much “teach” as “save.” And all His words are connected with how exactly this event of “salvation” is connected with the mystery of His own Life.

Everything that is new in the teachings of Jesus Christ is connected only with the mystery of His Own Existence. The One God had already been preached by the prophets, and monotheism had long been established. Is it possible to speak about the relationship between God and man in words higher than those of the prophet Micah: “Man! Has it been told to you what is good and what the Lord requires of you: to act justly, to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God” (Mic. 6:8)? In Jesus’ moral sermon, almost any position can be identified with “parallel passages” from the books of the Old Testament. He gives them great aphorism, accompanies them with surprising and surprising examples and parables - but in His moral teaching there is nothing that is not contained in the Law and the Prophets.

If we carefully read the Gospels, we will see that the main subject of Christ’s preaching is not calls to mercy, love or repentance. The main subject of Christ's preaching is Himself. “I am the way, and the truth, and the life” (John 14:6), “Believe in God, and believe in Me” (John 14:1). “I am the light of the world” (John 8:12). “I am the bread of life” (John 6:35). “No one comes to the Father but by Me” (John 14:6); “Search the Scriptures: they testify of Me” (John 5:39).

Which ancient scripture does Jesus choose to preach in the synagogue? – Not prophetic calls for love and purity. “The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, for the Lord has anointed Me to preach good news to the poor” (Isa. 61:1-2).

Here is the most controversial passage in the Gospel: “Whoever loves father or mother more than Me is not worthy of Me; and whoever loves a son or daughter more than Me is not worthy of Me; and whoever does not take up his cross and follow Me is not worthy of Me” (Matthew 10:37-38). It does not say here - “for the sake of truth” or “for the sake of Eternity” or “for the sake of the Path”. "For me".

And this is by no means an ordinary relationship between teacher and student. No teacher has so completely claimed power over the souls and destinies of his students: “He who saves his soul will lose it; but he who loses his life for My sake will save it” (Matthew 10:39).

Even at the Last Judgment, the division is made by people's relationship to Christ, and not simply by the degree of their observance of the Law. “What have they done to me...” - To me, not to God. And the judge is Christ. There is a division in relation to Him. He does not say: “You were merciful and therefore blessed,” but “I was hungry and you gave Me something to eat.”

For justification at the Judgment, in particular, not only internal, but also external, public appeal to Jesus will be required. Without the visibility of this connection with Jesus, salvation is impossible: “Whoever confesses Me before men, him will I also confess before My Father who is in heaven; But whoever denies Me before men, I will also deny him before My Father in heaven” (Matthew 10:32-33).

Confessing Christ before people can be dangerous. And danger will threaten not at all for preaching love or repentance, but for preaching about Christ Himself. “Blessed are you when they revile you and persecute you and slander you in every way unrighteously for me(Matt. 5:11). “And they will lead you to rulers and kings for me”(Mt 10:18). “And you will be hated by everyone for my name; but he who endures to the end will be saved” (Mt 10:22).

And the opposite: “who will accept one such child in my name, he receives Me” (Matthew 18:5). It does not say “in the name of the Father” or “for the sake of God.” In the same way, Christ promises His presence and help to those who will gather not in the name of the “Great Unknowable,” but in His name: “Where two or three are gathered in My name, there I am in the midst of them” (Matt. 18:20).

Moreover, the Savior clearly indicates that this is precisely the newness of religious life introduced by him: “Until now you have asked nothing in My name; ask and you will receive, so that your joy may be complete” (John 16:24).

And in the last phrase of the Bible there is a call: “Hey! Come, Lord Jesus!” Not “Come, Truth” and not “Overshadow us, Spirit!”, but “Come, Jesus.”

Christ asks the disciples not about what people think about His preaching, but about “Who do people say that I am?” Here the point is not in accepting a system or teaching – but in accepting a Personality. The Gospel of Christ reveals itself as the Gospel about Christ, it brings the Message of a Person, not a concept. In terms of current philosophy, we can say that the Gospel is a word of personalism, not conceptualism. Christ did not do anything that could be talked about, distinguishing and separating it from His Self.

The founders of other religions acted not as objects of faith, but as its intermediaries. It was not the personality of Buddha, Mohammed or Moses that was the real content of the new faith, but their teaching. In each case it was possible to separate their teaching from themselves. But - “Blessed is he who is not tempted about me”(Matthew 11:6).

That most important commandment of Christ, which He himself called “new,” also speaks of Himself: “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, as I have loved you.” We know how much He loved us: to the Cross.

There is one more fundamental explanation of this commandment. It turns out that the distinguishing mark of a Christian is not love for those who love him (“for do not the pagans do the same?”), but love for his enemies. But is it possible to love an enemy? An enemy is a person whom, by definition, to put it mildly, I do not like. Will I be able to love him on someone's orders? If a guru or preacher says to his flock: tomorrow from eight o'clock in the morning, begin to love your enemies - will it really be the feeling of love that will be revealed in the hearts of his disciples at ten minutes past eight? Meditation and training of the will and feelings can teach one to treat enemies with indifference and without affect. But it is inappropriate to rejoice at their success as if it were your own. Even the grief of a stranger is easier to share with him. But it is impossible to share the joy of someone else... If I love someone, any news about him makes me happy, the thought of meeting my loved one soon makes me happy... A wife rejoices at her husband’s success at work. Will she be able to greet with the same joy the news of the promotion of someone whom she considers her enemy? Christ performed his first miracle at the wedding feast. Saying that the Savior took upon Himself our sufferings, we often forget that He was in solidarity with people in our joys...

So, if the commandment to love our enemies is beyond us, why does Christ give it to us? Or does He have little knowledge of human nature? Or does He just want to destroy us all with His rigorism? After all, as the apostle confirms, the violator of one commandment becomes guilty of the destruction of the whole law. If I violated one paragraph of the law (for example, I was engaged in extortion), then in court I will not be helped by references to the fact that I have never been involved in horse theft. If I do not fulfill the commandments to love my enemies, what good does it do me to distribute property, move mountains, and even give my body to be burned? I am doomed. And I am doomed because the Old Testament turned out to be more merciful to me than the New Testament, which proposed such a “new commandment” that subjected to its judgment not only the Jews under the law, but all of humanity.

How can I fulfill it, will I find the strength to obey the Teacher? No. But - “This is impossible for men, but it is possible for God... Abide in My love... Abide in Me, and I in you.” Knowing that it is impossible to love enemies with human strength, the Savior unites the faithful with Himself, just as branches are united with a vine, so that His love may be revealed and acted in them. “God is Love... Come to Me, all you who labor and are burdened”... “The Law obliged us to do what it did not give. Grace gives what it obliges” (B. Pascal)

This means that this commandment of Christ is unthinkable without participation in His Mystery. The morality of the Gospel cannot be separated from its mysticism. The teaching of Christ is inseparable from church Christology. Only direct union with Christ, literally communion with Him, makes it possible to fulfill His new commandments.

The usual ethical and religious system is a path by which people reach a certain goal. Christ begins precisely with this goal. He speaks of the life flowing from God to us, and not of our efforts that can raise us to God. What others work for, He gives. Other teachers begin with a demand, this one with a Gift: “The Kingdom of Heaven has come to you.” But that is precisely why the Sermon on the Mount does not proclaim a new morality or a new law. It heralds the entry into some completely new horizon of life. The Sermon on the Mount does not so much set forth a new moral system as reveal a new state of affairs. People are given a gift. And it says under what conditions they may not drop it. Bliss is not a reward for deeds; the Kingdom of God will not follow spiritual poverty, but will dissolve with it. The connection between the state and the promise is Christ Himself, not human effort or law.

Already in the Old Testament it was quite clearly proclaimed that only the coming of God into the heart of a person can make him forget all past misfortunes: “Thou hast prepared with Thy goodness, O God, for the poor Thy coming into his heart” (Ps. 67:11). Actually, God has only two dwelling places: “I dwell on high in the heavens, and also in a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble and revive the hearts of the contrite” (Isa. 57:15). And yet, one thing is the consoling anointing of the Spirit, which is felt in the depths of a contrite heart, and another thing is the messianic time, when the world becomes inseparable from God... Therefore, “blessed are the poor”: the Kingdom of Heaven is already theirs. Not “it will be yours,” but “yours is.” Not because you found it or earned it, but because It itself is active, It itself found you and overtook you.

And another gospel verse, in which they usually see the quintessence of the gospel, also speaks not so much about good relationships between people, but about the need to recognize Christ: “By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.” So what is the first sign of a Christian? – No, not “to have love,” but “to be My disciple.” “So everyone will know that you are students, that you have a student card.” What is your main attribute here – having a student card or the very fact of being a student? The most important thing for others is to understand that you are Mine! And here is my seal for you. I chose you. My Spirit is upon you. May my love remain in you.

So, “The Lord, having appeared bodily to people, first of all demanded from us knowledge of Himself and taught this, and immediately attracted us to this; even more: for the sake of this feeling He came and for this He did everything: “For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth” (John 18:37). And since He Himself was the truth, He almost did not say: “Let me show myself” (St. Nicholas Kavasila). The main work of Jesus was not His word, but His being: Being-with-people; being-on-the-cross.

And Christ’s disciples—the apostles—in their sermons do not retell “the teachings of Christ.” When they go out to preach about Christ, they do not retell the Sermon on the Mount. There are no references to the Sermon on the Mount either in Peter's speech on the day of Pentecost or in Stephen's sermon on the day of his martyrdom. In general, the apostles do not use the traditional student formula: “As the Teacher instructed.”

Moreover, even about the life of Christ the apostles speak very sparingly. The light of Easter is so bright for them that their vision does not extend into the decades preceding the procession to Calvary. And even about the event of the resurrection of Christ, the Apostles preach not as a fact only of His life, but as an event in the lives of those who accepted the Easter gospel - because “The Spirit of Him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you” (Rom. 8, eleven); “But if we knew Christ according to the flesh, now we know it no more” (2 Cor. 5:16)

The apostles say one thing: He died for our sins and rose again, and in His resurrection is the hope of our life. Without ever referring to the teachings of Christ, the apostles speak about the fact of Christ and His Sacrifice and about His impact on man. Christians do not believe in Christianity, but in Christ. The apostles preach not Christ the Teaching, but Christ Crucified - a temptation for moralists and madness for theosophists.

We can imagine that all the evangelists would have been killed along with St. Stefan. Even in our New Testament, more than half of the books were written by one apostle. Pavel. Let's set up a thought experiment. Suppose all 12 apostles are killed. There are no close witnesses to the life and preaching of Christ left. But the risen Christ appears to Saul and makes him His only apostle. Paul then writes the entire New Testament. Who would we be then? Christians or Paulinists? Could Paul be called the Savior in this case? Paul, as if foreseeing such a situation, answers quite sharply: why “do they say among you: “I am Pavlov,” “I am Apollosov,” “I am Cephas,” “and I am Christ’s”? was Paul crucified for you?” (1 Cor. 1. 12-13).

This apostolic concentration on the mystery of Christ himself was inherited by the ancient Church. The main theological theme of the 1st millennium was not debates about the “teaching of Christ,” but debates about the phenomenon of Christ: Who came to us?

And at its Liturgies, the ancient Church thanks Christ for something that is not at all what modern textbooks on the history of ethics are ready to show Him respect for. In ancient prayers we will not find praises like: “We thank You for the law that You reminded us of”? “We thank You for your sermons and beautiful parables, for your wisdom and instructions”? “We thank You for the universal moral and spiritual values ​​that You preached.”

Here, for example, is the “Apostolic Constitutions” - a monument dating back to the 2nd century: “We give thanks, Our Father, for the life which You revealed to us through Jesus Your servant, for Your Servant, Whom You also sent for our salvation as a man, Whom You also deigned to suffer and die. We also give thanks, Our Father, for the honorable blood of Jesus Christ, shed for us and for the honorable body, instead of which we offer images, as He established for us to proclaim His death.”

Here is the “Apostolic Tradition” of St. Hippolyta: “We thank You, O God, through Your beloved Servant Jesus Christ, whom in the last times You sent to us as Savior, Redeemer and Messenger of Your will, Who is Your Word, inseparable from You, by Whom all things were created according to Your will, Whom You sent from heaven into the womb of the Virgin. Fulfilling Your will, He stretched out His hands to free those who believe in You from suffering... So, remembering His death and resurrection, we bring You bread and cup, giving thanks to You for the fact that You have made us worthy to appear before You and serve You.” ...

And in all subsequent Liturgies - up to the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, which is still celebrated in our churches, thanksgiving is given for the Sacrifice of the Son of God on the Cross - and not for the wisdom of the sermon.

And in the celebration of another greatest Sacrament of the Church - Baptism, we gain a similar testimony. When the Church entered into its most terrible battle - a head-to-head confrontation with the spirit of darkness, it called on its Lord for help. But - again - How did she see Him at that moment? The prayers of ancient exorcists have reached us. Due to their ontological seriousness, they have hardly changed over millennia. When beginning the sacrament of Baptism, the priest reads a unique prayer - the only church prayer addressed not to God, but to Satan. He commands the spirit of rebellion to leave the new Christian and not to touch him from now on, who has become a member of the Body of Christ. So by what God does the priest conjure the devil? “Forbids you, devil, the Lord, who came into the world and took up residence in men, so that he may destroy your torment and destroy men, who on the tree conquer the opposing forces, who destroy death by death and abolish the possessing power of death, that is, you, the devil...” And for some reason there is no call here: “Fear the Teacher, who commanded us not to resist evil by force”...

So, Christianity is a community of people who are struck not so much by some parable or by the high moral demand of Christ, but by a collection of people who have felt the mystery of Golgotha. In particular, this is why the Church is so calm about “biblical criticism” that reveals insertions, typos or distortions in biblical books. Criticism of the biblical text can seem dangerous for Christianity only if Christianity is perceived in the Islamic manner - as a “religion of the Book”. “Biblical criticism” of the 19th century was capable of generating anti-church triumphalism only if criteria that were important for Islam and, partly, Judaism were transferred to Christianity. But even the religion of Ancient Israel was built not so much on some teaching inspired from Above as on the historical event of the Covenant. Christianity, moreover, is not faith in a book that fell from the sky, but in a Person, in what she said, did, experienced.

What is important for the Church is not so much the authenticity of the retelling of the Founder’s words, but rather His life, which cannot be faked. No matter how many insertions, omissions or defects crept into the written sources of Christianity, this is not fatal for him, for it is not built on a book, but on the Cross.

So, has the Church changed the “teachings of Jesus”, transferring all its attention and hope from the “commandments of Christ” to the very person of the Savior and the Mystery of His Being? Protestant liberal theologian A. Harnack believes that - yes, she has changed. In support of his idea that in the preaching of Christ ethics is more important than the Person of Christ, he cites the logic of Jesus: “If you love Me, keep My commandments,” and from it he concludes: “Making Christology the main content of the Gospel is a perversion, this is clear speaks the sermon of Jesus Christ, which in its main features is very simple and puts everyone directly before God.” But you love Me and the commandments are also Mine...

The Christocentrism of historical Christianity, which is so obviously different from the moralistic reading of the Gospel by people of little religion, is not liked by many of our contemporaries. But, as in the 1st century, Christianity is now ready to arouse antipathy among the pagans with clear and unequivocal evidence of its faith in the One Lord, Incarnate, Crucified and Risen - “for us for man and for our salvation.”

Christ is not only the means of Revelation through which God speaks to people. Since He is the God-man, He is also the subject of Revelation. And moreover, He turns out to be the content of Revelation. Christ is the One who enters into communication with man, and the One about whom this communication speaks.

God did not just tell us from afar certain truths that He considered necessary for our enlightenment. He Himself became a man. He spoke about His new, unheard-of closeness with people in each of His earthly sermons.

If an Angel flew from Heaven and announced some news to us, then the consequences of his visit could well be contained in these words and in their written recording. Anyone who accurately remembered the angelic words, understood their meaning and conveyed them to his neighbor would exactly repeat the ministry of this Messenger. The messenger is identical to his commission. But can we say that Christ’s commission came down to words, to the announcement of certain truths? Can we say that the Only Begotten Son of God performed the ministry that any of the angels and any of the prophets could have performed with no less success?

- No. The ministry of Christ is not limited to the words of Christ. The ministry of Christ is not identical with the teaching of Christ. He is not only a prophet. He is also a Priest. The ministry of the prophet can be completely recorded in books. The ministry of a Priest is not words, but action.

This is the question of Tradition and Scripture. Scripture is a clear record of the words of Christ. But if the ministry of Christ is not identical to His words, it means that the fruit of His ministry cannot be identical to the Gospel recording of His sermons. If His teaching is only one of the fruits of His ministry, what are the others? And how can people become heirs of these fruits? How the teaching is transmitted, how it is recorded and stored is clear. But – the rest? What was superverbal in the ministry of Christ cannot be conveyed in words. This means there must be another way to participate in the ministry of Christ, besides Scripture.

This is Tradition.

1 Let me remind you that, according to the interpretation of Clement of Alexandria, in this word of Christ we are talking about being ready to refuse to follow social prejudices (naturally, even if these prejudices encourage parents to raise their son in the spirit of opposition to the Gospel).
“The miracles of Christ could be apocryphal or legendary. The only and main miracle, and, moreover, completely indisputable, is He himself. To invent such a Person is as difficult and incredible, and it would be wonderful, as to be such a Person” (Rozanov V. Religion and Culture. vol. 1. M., 1990, p. 353).
3 For a more detailed analysis of the Christocentric passages of the Gospel, see the chapter “What Christ Preached About” in the second volume of my book “Satanism for the Intelligentsia.”

Christianity is not made by hands, it is the creation of God.

From the book "The Un-American Missionary"

If we assert that Christ is God, that He is sinless, and human nature is sinful, then how could He be incarnate, was it possible?

Man is not initially sinful. Man and sin are not synonymous. Yes, people have transformed God’s world into the catastrophe world we know. But still, the world, the flesh, humanity in themselves are not something evil. And the fullness of love lies in coming not to the one who is good, but to the one who is bad. To believe that the incarnation will defile God is the same as saying: “Here is a dirty barracks, there is disease, infection, ulcers; How can a doctor risk going there, he might get infected?!” Christ is the Doctor Who came into the sick world.

The Holy Fathers gave another example: when the sun illuminates the earth, it illuminates not only beautiful roses and flowering meadows, but also puddles and sewage. But the sun is not defiled because its ray fell on something dirty and unsightly. So the Lord did not become less pure, less Divine because he touched man on earth and took on his flesh.

- How could a sinless God die?

The death of God is truly a contradiction. “The Son of God died - this is unthinkable, and therefore worthy of faith,” wrote Tertullian in the 3rd century, and it was this saying that later served as the basis for the thesis “I believe because it is absurd.” Christianity is truly a world of contradictions, but they arise as a trace of the touch of the Divine hand. If Christianity had been created by people, it would have been quite straightforward, rational, rational. Because when smart and talented people create something, their product turns out to be quite consistent and of logical quality.

The origins of Christianity were undoubtedly very talented and intelligent people. It is equally certain that the Christian faith turned out to be full of contradictions (antinomies) and paradoxes. How to combine this? For me, this is a “certificate of quality,” a sign that Christianity is not made by hands, that it is the creation of God.

From a theological point of view, Christ as God did not die. The human part of His “composition” passed through death. Death occurred “with” God (with what He accepted at earthly Nativity), but not “in” God, not in His Divine nature.

Many people easily agree with the idea of ​​the existence of one God, the Most High, the Absolute, the Supreme Mind, but categorically reject the worship of Christ as God, considering it a kind of pagan relic, the worship of a semi-pagan anthropomorphic, that is, human-like, deity. Aren't they right?

For me, the word “anthropomorphism” is not a dirty word at all. When I hear an accusation like “your Christian God is anthropomorphic,” I ask you to translate the “accusation” into understandable, Russian language. Then everything immediately falls into place. I say: “Excuse me, what are you accusing us of? Is it that our idea of ​​God is humanoid, human-like? Can you create for yourself some other idea of ​​God? Which? Giraffe-shaped, amoeba-shaped, Martian-shaped?”

We are people. And therefore, whatever we think about - about a blade of grass, about space, about an atom or about the Divine - we think about it humanly, based on our own ideas. One way or another, we endow everything with human qualities.

Another thing is that anthropomorphism can be different. It can be primitive: when a person simply transfers all his feelings and passions to nature and to God, without understanding this action. Then it turns out to be a pagan myth.

But Christian anthropomorphism is aware of itself, it is noticed by Christians, thought out and conscious. And at the same time, it is experienced not as inevitability, but as gift. Yes, I, a man, have no right to think about the Incomprehensible God, I cannot claim to know Him, much less express it in my terrible scanty language. But the Lord, out of His love, condescends to clothe Himself in images of human speech. God speaks in words that are understandable to the nomadic nomads of the 2nd millennium BC (which were the Hebrew forefathers Moses, Abraham...). And in the end, God even becomes Man Himself.

Christian thought begins with the recognition of the incomprehensibility of God. But if we stop there, then religion, as a union with Him, is simply impossible. It will be reduced to desperate silence. Religion acquires the right to exist only if this right is given to it by the Incomprehensible Himself. If He Himself declares His desire to be found. Only when the Lord Himself goes beyond the boundaries of His incomprehensibility, when He comes to people, only then can the planet of people acquire religion with its inherent anthropomorphism. Only Love can transcend all boundaries of apophatic decency.

There is Love - that means there is Revelation, the outpouring of this Love. This Revelation is given to the world of people, beings who are quite aggressive and incomprehensible. This means that we must protect the rights of God in the world of human self-will. This is why dogmas are needed. Dogma is a wall, but not a prison, but a fortress. She keeps gift from barbarian raids. Over time, the barbarians will become the guardians of this gift. But first gift you have to protect yourself from them.

And this means that all the dogmas of Christianity are possible only because God is Love.

Christianity claims that the head of the Church is Christ Himself. He is present in the Church and leads it. Where does this confidence come from and can the Church prove it?

The best proof is that the Church is still alive. Boccaccio’s “Decameron” contains this proof (it was transplanted onto Russian cultural soil in Nikolai Berdyaev’s famous work “On the Dignity of Christianity and the Unworthiness of Christians”). Let me remind you that the plot is as follows.

A certain French Christian was friends with a Jew. They had good human relations, but at the same time the Christian could not come to terms with the fact that his friend did not accept the Gospel, and he spent many evenings with him in discussions on religious topics. In the end, the Jew succumbed to his preaching and expressed a desire to be baptized, but before Baptism he wished to visit Rome to look at the Pope.

The Frenchman had a clear idea of ​​what Renaissance Rome was, and in every possible way opposed his friend’s departure there, but he nevertheless went. The Frenchman met him without any hope, realizing that not a single sane person, seeing the papal court, would want to become a Christian.

But, having met his friend, the Jew himself suddenly started talking about how he needed to be baptized as soon as possible. The Frenchman couldn’t believe his ears and asked him:

Have you been to Rome?

Yes, he was,” answers the Jew.

Have you seen dad?

Have you seen how the pope and the cardinals live?

Of course I saw it.

And after that you want to be baptized? - asks the even more surprised Frenchman.

Yes,” the Jew answers, “it’s precisely after everything I’ve seen that I want to be baptized.” After all, these people are doing everything in their power to destroy the Church, but if, nevertheless, it lives, it turns out that the Church is not from people, it is from God.

In general, you know, every Christian can tell how the Lord controls his life. Each of us can give a lot of examples of how God invisibly leads him through this life, and even more so it is obvious in managing the life of the Church. However, here we come to the problem of Divine Providence. There is a good work of art on this topic, it is called “The Lord of the Rings”. This work tells how the invisible Lord (of course, He is outside the plot) arranges the entire course of events in such a way that they lead to the triumph of good and the defeat of Sauron, who personifies evil. Tolkien himself clearly stated this in his comments to the book.

Reliable historical evidence about the life of Jesus Christ is presented in ancient manuscripts dating back to the 1st century AD. These manuscripts are now known to us as the Gospels, and thanks to the work of many scholars they have become available to us today in all languages ​​of the world.

Biography of Jesus Christ recorded in the Gospels.

There are four Gospels that describe the years of Jesus Christ’s life on Earth, from birth to death and subsequent events. The author of the first Gospel is Matthew. He was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, and therefore was an eyewitness to most of the events in His life. The second Gospel was written by Mark; he outlined the biography of Jesus Christ from the words of Peter, one of Jesus’ closest disciples.

The author of the third Gospel, Luke, was a good historian and did thorough research before writing his Gospel. He had the opportunity to interview various people who had personally witnessed events related to the life of Christ. Therefore, his life story contains many details that are not mentioned in the other Gospels.

John was the last to write his Gospel. He was one of the three closest disciples of Jesus, and therefore was a direct eyewitness to the events he described. John was familiar with the contents of the three other Gospels, so he tried to present details from the biography of Jesus Christ that other authors do not mention.

Thus, we have four historical documents telling about the life of Christ from different points of view. By studying them and comparing them with each other, we can get the most complete picture of the personality of Jesus.

Brief description of the life of Jesus Christ.

This section of the site provides a brief description of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, based on all four Gospels. The column on the right (or below) contains links to all articles in this section. It is best to read them in order, starting with the first article. To learn more about Jesus, it is of course better to read the Gospels themselves. And these articles can only serve as a kind of introduction to them.

Even though the ancient manuscripts of the Gospels were written a long time ago, many millions of modern people around the world continue to learn through them the eternal spiritual truths taught by Jesus. After all, the Gospels are not just historical documents of antiquity. Through the words written in them, God Himself reveals himself to people. And contact with the person of Jesus Christ can transform the life of any person who is open to it.

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