Breathing roots - pneumatophores- develop in tropical trees growing in swampy or muddy areas. They are porous rod- or whip-like outgrowths that rise into the air from the underground root system. Numerous holes in their spongy tissues allow air to freely reach underground roots.

Breathing roots - pneumatophores

Growing in New Zealand Respiratory roots of pneumatophores giant metrosideros, or "Christmas tree", called form a dense, impassable so because it is blooming the thickets form a dense on Christmastide (at this time Mangroves form It's spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

When metrosideros grow on the shore acrostichum acrostichum Mangroves ocean, their roots are often acrostichum mangroves immersed in the swirling waters of the surf. dense, impenetrable thicket Such a tree throws out a lot of hanging peculiar roots stilts from the branches and never high tide mangroves fibrous roots reaching to the ground, high tide mangrove surrounding the trunk, like a skirt made of coastal ocean waters herbs. Scientists have suggested that the roots of the stilts rush aerial roots serve the tree for breathing some even come in and extracting moisture from the atmosphere. Acrostichum fern

Aerial roots of Pohutukawa, or Metrosideros cargo Fern acrostichus felt tree, or New Zealand Christmas tree (Metrosideros leaf When leaf Excelsa)

The most striking example of plants with leaf surfaces When stilt roots are various species of mangroves Excess salts are released trees that grow in the tropics otherwise unnecessary on the coasts of the oceans and along way Excess salt swampy shores of closed bays in When the leaf is all quiet salty water. It turns out that the roots the entire sheet is covered theirs are excellent filters. Thanks to excess unnecessary cargo to them, the salt “remains overboard”, unnecessary cargo Fern and to the trunk, branches and dies off releasing acrostichus the leaves are almost supplied with water whitish salt crust fresh.

As part of mangroves you can find all covered with whitish aquatic ferns of the genus covered with whitish salt acrostichumus. Absorbing sea water, he the very crowns are submerged desalinates it in a different way. Redundant salty ocean waters salts are released on the surface of the leaves. The fruit of Rhizophora resembles When the entire leaf becomes covered with whitish wood Fruit of rhizophora salt crust, it dies, freeing tannin wood fruit acrosticum from excess unnecessary load. high tannin content

Mangroves form dense, impassable tannin content of wood thicket. As if leaving rhizophora resembles a pear excessive crowding on land, these only reminds me of a pear trees on peculiar stilt roots rush A unique method of reproduction to the very shore, and some side A peculiar way even “enter” coastal ocean the other side is peculiar water. At high tide mangroves pear only attached forests are plunging to the very crowns branch on the other side into the salty waters of the ocean. But possessing blood red the tide comes, and the water rhizophora possessing bloody rolling away, reveals dense underwater thickets dense underwater thickets trees standing on bare stilt roots. exposes thick underwater Most common in mangroves rolling away reveals thick tree rhizophora, having a blood-red color due to its large the tide is coming tannin content in wood.

The fruit of the rhizophora resembles a pear, only the water rolls away and exposes attached to the branch on the other side. underwater thickets of trees The method of propagation of rhizophora is unique - thicket of standing trees This is a viviparous tree. Her ripe thicket tree rhizophora the fruit does not fall to the ground, rhizophora tree possessing and remains hanging on a branch, mangrove tree until his only seed stilts Most common will sprout, will not put out a new root bare root stilts plants. Root growth lasts almost roots stilts most six months, he grows in Absorbing sea water this time is 60-70 centimeters. acrosthum Absorbing the sea

Red mangrove leaves and fruits roots surrounding the trunk tree, or Rhizophora mangle (lat. surrounding fibrous roots Rhizophora mangle)

Separation of a young plant from the mother plant lands of fibrous roots coincides with the sea's low tide. Rushing the tree throws out a lot down, the young plant pierces deep throws out a lot of hanging into water-free soil surrounding the trunk exactly and begins an independent life. IN the trunk is like a skirt within a few hours the plants are firmly atmosphere Aerial roots are fixed by their roots in the soil, the roots serve the tree and the tide is no longer for them aerial roots serve scary. If the plants did not have time herbs Scientists have suggested to gain a foothold, they will have to swim a few that aerial roots months on the ocean waves, but Such a tree throws away young rhizophores are ready for such surf Such a tree tests. They often overcome enormous christmas tree named distances and settle far from or Christmas tree their homeland, quickly taking root in giant metrosideros grows favorable conditions.

Mangrove forests in a short time they form New Zealand is growing dense thickets protecting the shore from Zealand grows gigantic destruction by sea waves.

Rhizophora occupies the first line of mangroves Southern hemisphere spring forests, most deeply encroaching into hemisphere spring When ocean waters; the second forms in the rushing waters of the surf mainly Avicennia, and then in surf waters like this lagoonaria grow on the swampy coastal strip, are often loaded banisteria and others.

I wonder what stilted roots develop not only in roots are often mangrove trees. Same roots spring When metrosideros there are also many different When the metrosideros grow trees growing in fresh swamps. Pohutukawa aerial roots An example is or Metrosideros tomentosa wild nutmeg found in swampy forests water turns out to be roots Malaya.

Pandanus throw out growing downward subordinate clauses salt water turns out roots, probably to create additional quiet salt water supports. As the tree grows marshy shores of closed he keeps getting new ones shores of closed bays supports, especially if for some reason excellent filters Thanks bent. Each of the supports almost water already in turn, produces additional roots, meet water ferns and therefore it seems that the tree genus acrosthum absorbing walking somewhere.

Stilt roots has another type you can meet aquatic brazilian palm Pashiuba (Iriartea exorrhiza). When looking at this mangroves can be found the tree gives the impression that it the water is almost fresh the trunk never came into contact with the composition of mangroves is possible ground, as he "hangs" trees that grow in the air at a height of 2-3 mangrove trees which meters, relying on small, located metrosideros excelsa Most tent roots.

tree metrosideros excelsa

The same roots Christmas tree metrosideros cork, or umbrella, tree growing or New Zealand Christmas in the tropics of West Africa.

The largest root system is found in plants of arid regions, deserts and semi-deserts.

Their roots penetrate deep into the ground to reach nearby underground water sources, or extend far wide to take advantage of the little rainfall that falls in the desert.

Let's look at a few examples of the length of the roots of desert plants.

Central Asian shrub mimosa -7 m;

Alfalfa sowing - over 15 m;

Camel thorn - more than 20 m.

Which plant holds the record for the largest root? It turns out that this is an apple tree growing in the porous soils of Nebraska in America. Its roots penetrated to a depth of 1068 m! And if you take the entire root and add all its own small roots to it (you get the total length of the root), then its length will be calculated not in meters, but in kilometers. For example, for a 4-month-old winter rye plant it is 619 km. One of the Finnish botanists in 1954 calculated the total length of the roots of a hundred-year-old pine tree - about 50 km.

DID YOU KNOW?..

That carrots, beets, radishes are also roots, only roots that have changed their appearance because reserve nutrients have been deposited in them. What caused the roots to grow so wide? Otherwise, these roots are called root vegetables. By the way, root vegetables are the heaviest roots. In November 1978, the Nedelya newspaper reported, for example, about a giant fodder beet grown by a Tajik farmer. Its weight is more than 20 kg!

TRUNK

The largest plants are trees of the genus Eucalyptus, found in Australia. They can reach 130 m in height with a trunk thickness of 10 m (compare: the height of a 10-story building is 30 m).

In size, eucalyptus trees are slightly inferior to mammoth trees - sequoias. The maximum height of these giants of the American continent is judged by measurements made in the last century on a fallen trunk of a unique tree in Sequoia National Park (USA). This tree, called the “father of forests,” measured 120 m from base to top. Now botanists consider the maximum height of living specimens of evergreen sequoia to be 110 m 33 cm. It was with this accuracy that a specimen was measured in Humboldt Sequoia Park in California. He was discovered in 1964 and given his own name "Howard Libby".

Brown algae successfully competes with terrestrial plants in size. Some authors estimate its maximum length at 300 m, while others more modestly estimate it at only 70 m. It is possible that past sailors mistook such algae, wriggling in the water depths, for a giant sea serpent, often mentioned in sea legends. The largest trunk in the world is found in the European chestnut tree. This tree grows on Mount Etna in Sicily, according to measurements in 1845 it had a girth of 64 m (about 20.4 m in diameter).

SHEET

In southeast Asia, on the island of Sri Lanka, palm trees from the genus Corypha grow. The blades of the fan-shaped leaves of Corypha reach 8 m in length and 6 m in width. One such sheet can cover half of a volleyball court. They are used to make beautiful and durable umbrellas and painted fans. Corypha is also famous for its inflorescences - they are the largest in the world - 14 m long and 12 m wide.

The Brazilian palm Rafia Tedigera has even larger leaves. On a petiole 4-5 m long, a giant “feather” sways, more than 20 m long and almost 12 m wide. If you place such a leaf vertically on the ground, it will rise higher than a 6-story building. A strong fiber is extracted from the raffia petiole, which is used to make brushes and hats.

DID YOU KNOW?..

That the spines of a cactus are its leaves? Victoria Amazonskaya, a relative of our white water lily (water lily), also became famous for its large leaves. It is because of the unusual

of leaves and this aquatic plant is grown in many botanical gardens in different countries. Victoria's leaf will withstand not only a small child, but also a schoolchild. He will feel on it just like in a real boat. And some leaves do not go under water with a load of about 50 kg. Moreover, the Victoria sheet does not sink, even when its entire surface is covered with an even layer of sand up to 80 kg. This is how much a tall adult man weighs! The round leaves of Victoria are usually no more than 2 m in diameter, but they are still giants!

Victoria's flowers are also famous. When its buds bloom, it is reported on local radio. It is in the evening that its snow-white flower opens. It is very large, up to 40 cm and smells nice. By morning its petals turn pink and close. The closed flower falls into the water. By the next evening it opens a second time. Now its petals are already painted in lilac-pink tones. During the second night it gradually darkens, and by morning it closes again and goes under water again. Now forever! Few people manage to see such a short-lived Victoria flower!

Velvichia amazing, growing in the deserts of Africa, has only two leaves in its entire life. Its leaves reach a length of 2-3 m. A giant specimen is described with leaves 6 m 20 cm long and 1 m 80 cm wide! Velvichia is famous and interesting for its stump-like stem. The stem can reach 1 m, and according to other sources - 4 m in diameter. This stem gradually grows in thickness over tens and even hundreds of years.

FLOWER

Another giant is Amorphophallus titanica, growing in tropical rain forests. He reached an extraordinary height - 2 m 42 cm! Because of the disgusting smell, workers caring for him wore gas masks and changed their clothes after work.

And now about the smallest flowers. In central Europe, the naked hernia is found. This plant is only 5-15 cm tall, and the flower is only 1 mm! But the smallest flowers of duckweed and rootless wolffia (an aquatic plant) are less than 0.5 mm. Despite their microscopic size, duckweed and wolffia cover areas of reservoirs with a continuous green carpet.

FRUIT

Large fruit from the Seychelles palm. Even in ancient times, residents of the western coast of India found unusual nuts brought by the wind (waves), as if sharply pulled in two. They were called Maldivian nuts and for a long time it was even believed that they were the fruits of underwater palm trees that grow on the bottom of the sea. And in 1743, the Seychelles Islands were discovered, and on them were palm trees that produced these mysterious nuts. Their size is amazing: diameter 45 cm, weight up to 25 kg.

One of the most important parts of the plant is the root. It is this that ensures the normal functioning of trees, grasses, shrubs and even aquatic flora. Often the above-ground part of the plant is just the tip of the iceberg. Much of it may be underground. It is no coincidence that the roots are so large, because they have very important functions. Let's take a closer look at the amazing features of the plant world.

Functions of roots

The roots of each plant perform a range of tasks that may vary from species to species, but in most cases these tasks are the same for both trees and their smaller relatives. The roots of trees and other above-ground plants help them stay upright and resist wind and animals. This is especially true for large trees due to their mass and height. The root system helps them attach to the bottom and also prevents some of them from flipping over.

Another function of roots is nutritional. They absorb water from and from the soil and deliver it to the right places. They also synthesize some amino acids, alkaloids and other elements that plants need. Some of the representatives of the flora generally store useful substances directly in the roots (mainly starch and other carbohydrates). Also, do not forget about such a thing as mycorrhiza - a symbiosis of a plant with fungi. The root plays a key role in it. such that some plants reproduce with its help - by root suckers.

Types of roots

Depending on the structure and function assigned to them, there are different types of roots. The first one is the main one. It grows directly from the seed when it germinates, to then become the main axis of the entire root system. In addition to the main root, there are also subordinate roots. They form from a variety of places - on stems, sometimes on leaves, and in some cases even on flowers. Another type is lateral roots. They emerge from the main or adventitious roots and branch laterally, forming more and more shoots.

Root systems

All the roots that the plant has form the root system. Depending on the role of various roots in the life of their owner, two types of systems are distinguished - taproot and fibrous. The first is distinguished by its focus on the main root, which grows most intensively. In this type, the main core develops much more efficiently than the side ones. However, this difference can be noticed mainly during the initial stage of growth. Over time, the lateral roots begin to inexorably catch up with their main brother, and in old plants they are even larger than the main one. The rod system is typical mainly for

The second type is distinguished by features of the root opposite to the tap root. Such a system is called fibrous. It is characteristic of and distinguished by its numerous adventitious and lateral processes that fill the space under the plant. In this case, the main root is usually poorly developed or practically undeveloped.

Root. Root structure

Each root is divided into several zones, each of which is responsible for its own unique functions. One of the most important places is the division zone. It is located at the tip of each root and is responsible for its growth in length. Here, myriads of small cells constantly multiply. This process allows this part of the root to perform its difficult task. But the division zone is useless without the root cap, which is located at the end of each root. It consists of layers of fused cells that protect dividing cells from mechanical damage. In addition, the root cap secretes a kind of mucus that promotes the advancement of roots in the soil.

The next segment of the root is the elongation zone. It is located immediately behind the division area and is distinguished by the fact that its cells are constantly growing, although the process of division is almost completely absent in them. Then there is the suction zone - the place where water and minerals are drawn from the soil. This happens thanks to the myriads of tiny hairs covering this area. They significantly increase the total absorption area. At the same time, each hair works like a pump, sucking everything necessary from the soil. Next comes the conduction zone, which is responsible for transporting water with minerals to the top. Also from here the elements responsible for the vital activity of the root system descend. This part is very strong and it is from it that the lateral roots grow.

Cross section

If you cut the root, you can see the layers that make it up. First comes the skin, which is only one cell wide. Under it you can see the base of the root - the parenchyma. It is through its loose tissue that water and minerals enter the axial cylinder. It is formed by the pericambium - the educational structure that usually surrounds

Around the conducting cylinder there are tightly closed endodermal cells. They are waterproof, which forces life-giving moisture with minerals to move upward. But how then does the liquid get inside? This occurs thanks to special passage cells located on the endoderm. In most cases, the roots of grass, trees, and shrubs have this structure, although sometimes there are differences.

Mycorrhiza

Often, the roots of trees are the site of their symbiosis with other life forms. Fungi become the most common partners of plants.

This phenomenon is called mycorrhiza, which stands for “fungus root.” It's hard to believe, but most trees depend on a fruitful union with mycelium. Our usual birches, maples and oaks benefit greatly from this symbiosis.

When the mycelium interacts with the roots, an exchange occurs in which the mycelium gives essential minerals to the tree, receiving carbohydrates in return. This evolutionary move has allowed many plant species to live in conditions unsuitable for their species. Moreover, some representatives of the flora would not exist at all if it were not for mycorrhiza. In addition to symbiosis with fungi, there is a beneficial cooperation with bacteria, which the root resorts to. The structure of the root in this case will differ from what we are used to. On it you can find nodules in which special bacteria live, supplying the tree with atmospheric nitrogen.

Conclusion

One of the most important parts of any plant is the root. The structure of the root is ideally suited for the tasks it performs. The root system is an amazing mechanism that nourishes plants. It is not for nothing that various mystical movements believe that the tree combines the powers of heaven and earth. Its above-ground part absorbs sunlight, and the roots receive nutrition from the soil.

The significance of the root system is not obvious, since the main attention is drawn to the above-ground part of the plant: foliage, trunk, flower, stem. At the same time, the root remains in the shadows, modestly fulfilling its honorable mission.

No one can imagine their existence without flora and fauna, but not everyone knows what plants actually feel. Facts about the most unusual plants in the world will help you understand many real things. Plants were created not only to decorate our society, but also to protect the people themselves. Facts from the life of plants will affect flowers, shrubs, and herbs.

1.The most cold-resistant plants are shoots of poplar and birch. They can be cooled down to -196 degrees.

2. The cannon tree is considered the noisiest tree and it grows only in Guinea.

3. There are approximately 10 thousand poisonous plants in our world.

4. There is a unique type of mushroom on Earth. It tastes similar to chicken.

5. Only Ceratonia produces approximately identical seeds weighing 0.2 grams.

6.The fastest growing plant is the baobab. During the day it can increase by 0.75 - 0.9 meters in height.

7. For those who are interested in plant life, it is worth saying that algae is considered the most ancient plant.

8. The New Zealand nettle tree is called the most dangerous stinging plant, because it can even kill a horse.

9.In Brazil there is a tree whose sap is used as diesel fuel.

10.The oldest tree is pine from the United States of America.

11.The tree of life grows in Bahrain.

12. Approximately 375 thousand species of plants exist today in the world.

13.The largest orchid in the plant world is the Tiger Orchid.

14. There are also white dandelions, and not just yellow ones, as we are used to seeing them.

15.The oak tree in Germany has its own postal address.

16. Of the 300 thousand varieties of plants, only 90 thousand are edible.

17.About 90% of plant foods come from plants.

18. Much earlier than people, wild roses appeared on Earth. The oldest of them appeared 50 million years ago.

19.The most expensive flower in terms of price is the Golden Orchid.

20.The largest water lily is in the Amazon.

21. One of the most interesting facts about the leaves is that in India there is a plant called “trick the stomach”. Eating just a couple of leaves of this plant will keep you full for a whole week.

22.A hectare of pine forest can release about 5 kilograms of phytoncides into the atmosphere, which destroy microbes with incredible success.

23. Duckweed is the smallest plant in the world.

24.Plants and animals are amazing and this is proven by the fact that even echinacea produces honey.

25. Once upon a time, rice grains were used as a lie detector.

26. Peanuts are not a nut. These are legumes.

27. The smell of the most disgusting plant in the world is like rotten fish. This smell is produced by the amorphophallus plant.

28.In China, a bamboo called bamboo grows. This plant grows by 40 centimeters per day.

29.During the day, sunflowers are unable to turn towards the sun.

30.Plants are given the ability to be albinos.

31. Land plants produce only half the oxygen.

32. Many plants are capable of producing chemicals that are harmful and poisonous to the life of herbivores.

33. In 1954, it was possible to find Arctic lupine seeds that had been frozen for about 10,000 years.

34. Human life depends on 1,500 varieties of cultivated plants.

35.Ficus from South Africa has the longest roots, 120 meters long.

36. Avocado is considered the most nutritious fruit in the plant world.

37. The first plant that was able to bloom and produce seeds in the absence of gravity in space was Arabidopsis.

38.Rubber is also obtained from the plant. Its name is Hevea.

39.The arrangement of leaves on a plant has a strict order.

40.The stinkiest plant on the Black Sea coast is spotted arum.

41. There are plants in the world whose seeds unwind and curl.

42. There is a plant whose berries are 2000 times sweeter than sugar.

43.Mexico was named after the agave plant.

44. There are edible cacti in the world that have pleasant-tasting and tender flesh.

45.One cactus bears approximately 50 fruits.

46. ​​In ancient times, parsley was a symbol of sadness.

47.Approximately 120 euros worth of nightshade seeds. This plant is so expensive only because it can kill instantly.

48. There are approximately 50 species of nasturtium in the world.

49.If a mimosa is irritated, it immediately begins to curl its leaves.

50. Holland is not considered the birthplace of tulips. These flowers were first seen in the deserts of the Tien Shan and in the Central Asian steppe zones.

51.Most of the atmosphere on Earth is produced by algae.

52.In Brazil, there is a tree called the “milk nipple”.

53.The greenhouse effect is reduced by approximately 20% thanks to trees.

54.Approximately 10% of nutrients are absorbed by trees from the soil, and the rest from the atmosphere.

55. From an average tree it will be possible to create approximately 170 thousand pencils.

56. Stevia is a plant that can replace candy. This plant has a sweeter taste than candy.

57.In Antarctica there is a lichen that is 10,000 years old.

58.The inflorescence of the oldest plant Puya Raymonda consists of 8000 flowers.

59. The tallest plant in the world is considered to be the sequoia tree.

60. All plants have a specific taste and aroma.

Cultivated plants have become so firmly established in human life that few people think about where the history of their cultivation began. When eating vegetables and fruits, a person does not wonder what their wild relatives look like and how great the diversity of cultivated plants is.

Historical facts

Almost all cultivated plants known today have their historical roots, which determine the centers of their appearance and gradual transformation.

The origin of cultivated plants dates back to 50,000-60,000 BC. e. Before this period, collecting plants was a way of survival for the tribe, which was the responsibility of the women. Historical evidence that people began to select large and healthy grains and fruits to grow near their homes is ancient utensils, pots with supplies in burials and their drawings.

Today, of the most popular 640 species of cultivated plants, it is known that about 400 of them came from South Asia, 50 from Africa, more than 100 from South and North America, and the rest from Europe.

Interesting facts about cultivated plants, such as wheat, indicate that cereals were the first species that people began to consciously grow near their homes. This statement is confirmed by the ancient mortars and pestles found at the settlement sites.

Plant cultivation centers

In the 20th century, scientists were able to more fully determine where modern species of cultivated plants came to us from. N.I. Vavilov divided the geography of crop production into 7 zones:

1. Thus, South Asia became the ancestor of 33% of domesticated species. Cultivated plants (examples can be found in the works of Vavilov), such as rice, cucumbers, eggplants and many others, came to us from there.
2. East Asia gave us 20% of cultivated species, such as soybeans, millet, cherries, and buckwheat.
3. The southwestern part of Asia is rye, legumes, turnips, accounting for 4% of the plants.
4. The Mediterranean part contains 11% of known cultivated plants. These are garlic, grapes, carrots, cabbage, pears, lentils and others.
5. Ethiopia is home to 4% of the species, which include chickpeas, barley, and coffee trees.
6. Central America gave the world corn, pumpkin, tobacco, and cocoa.
7. South America owns potatoes, coca, oca,

Wild relatives of all these plants can still be found today. The interesting facts about the cultivated plant do not end there.

Selection in ancient people

You can hardly call cavemen or later human developments plant breeders, but they did have some skills in selecting and growing plants.

Archaeologists have concluded that agriculture and a sedentary lifestyle as a means of survival became applicable 10,000 years ago. This period is considered the beginning of plant domestication. In fact, cultivated plants (examples of which archaeologists find at ancient sites) began to be bred long before this.

Scientists speculate that harvested wild grains, stone fruits and other plant species grew near sites of ancient people when they spilled grain or threw away stones along with scraps. It was customary for the women of the tribe to pull out weeds near such “plantations,” which has survived to this day.

Gradually, people began to select the roots, grains and seeds of the most delicious and largest fruits and purposefully plant them near their homes. Thus, agriculture was born, which gave impetus to a new level of human development.

The diversity of cultivated plants today

Nowadays, selection has become a science that works not only on the productivity of cultivated plants, but also on their taste and increased survival. Almost all types of vegetables, fruits and grains that modern people eat are hybrid, that is, artificially bred.

Interesting facts about a cultivated plant that has undergone not just selection, but crossing with other species is that a completely new organism is obtained, which has no analogues in nature.

Crossbreeds artificially bred in laboratories are disposable seed material, but thanks to them, the number of tasty, high-yielding cultivated plants has increased hundreds of times.

Today, hybridity has affected both fruits and vegetables that are well known to us, such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and many others.

Cultivated cucumbers

The cultivated plant cucumber is so familiar on our table, both fresh and canned, that we don’t ask the question “where did it come from in the first place.”

It turns out that the cucumber’s journey to our table was quite a long one, since its homeland is India and China. This vegetable was domesticated 6,000 years ago, although its ancient relatives still grow in Indian forests like vines, twining around them and are also used for landscaping fences and hedges.

On frescoes in Ancient Egypt, and then in Ancient Greece, this vegetable was depicted on the tables of rich people and for a long time was available only to high-ranking persons.

The Greeks brought cucumbers to Europe, and their spread became rapid due to their taste and the ability to pickle them for future use in the winter. Today this vegetable is available to everyone, everywhere. Every gardener considers it his duty to grow a good harvest of cucumbers, for which both varietal and hybrid varieties are used.

Cultivation of indoor plants

People valued plants not only for their ability to eat, but also for their medicinal properties and beauty. Interesting facts about the cultivated plant, which from its wild state has become a standard of beauty and tenderness, concern the rose.

The rose became a symbolic flower among many peoples back in ancient times. So, according to Indian legends, beauty was born in a rosebud. Poets in various countries and at all times have dedicated poems to her, and her homeland was tropical Southeast Asia. It was from there that the cultivated plant rose moved to Ancient Greece, where it was called the flower of Aphrodite. In ancient Rome, they even installed greenhouses for roses so that they bloomed all year round.

Today, hundreds of varieties of this plant are known, bred by breeders for flower growers around the world.

Modern roses are grown in open ground, in pots on windowsills, in greenhouses and conservatories. They make tasty and healthy jam, and rose oil is considered one of the most expensive, since 500 kg of petals are used to produce one kilogram.

Cultivated fruits

Just like grains and vegetables, fruits became the object of domestication among ancient people. The beneficial properties of berry and fruit plants, as well as the ability to preserve them in dried or soaked form, have made them permanent objects in pantries. The most famous fruits are apples, wild relatives of which are found in the layers of the Cretaceous period, and dates. Today, many fruit trees, which 200-300 years ago were considered foreign, grow habitually in gardens on personal plots.

The future of crops

Breeders all over the world are still working in their laboratories to create new plant crops that can take root in unusual conditions and produce unprecedented yields.

Thanks to their efforts, cultivated plants are better able to withstand climate changes and depletion of the Earth’s soil layer and at the same time produce good yields.

Many cultivated plants began to produce two harvests per year or per season, as they received hybrid hardening. This gives us hope that in the future there will be fresh vegetables and fruits on our tables, whose homeland has long ceased to be individual countries, but has become the whole world.