Purpose of the expedition

Make the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet. Deliver and pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographical observations and scientific research along the expedition route.

Expedition composition

Ships:

Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Purchased in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but it endured all the difficulties of sailing around the world.

Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. Endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807.

Emperor Alexander I personally inspected both sloops and allowed the military flags of the Russian Empire to be raised on them. The emperor accepted the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the costs of operating the other were covered by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev. Which ship was taken by whom is not specified.

Personnel

Head of the expedition Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.

Age at start: 32 years.

He is also the captain of the expedition's flagship, the sloop Nadezhda.

On board the Nadezhda were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev

mysteriously, the famous brawler and duelist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also ended up on the expedition.

Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Krusenstern’s condition.

The total number of the team is 65 people.

Sloop "Neva":

Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Age at start – 30 years.

The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.

In the holds of both ships there were iron products, alcohol, weapons, gunpowder, and many other things for delivery to Russian America and Kamchatka.

Start of the first Russian round-the-world expedition

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. On the way we stopped at Copenhagen, then to the small English port of Falmouth, where the ships were caulked again.

Canary Islands

The expedition approached the archipelago on October 19, 1803. They stayed in the harbor of Santa Cruz for a week and on October 26 headed south.

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships flying the Russian flag “Nadezhda” and “Neva” crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to maritime tradition, a celebration of Neptune was held.

South America

The shores of Brazil appeared on December 18, 1803. We stopped at the harbor of the city of Destero, where we stayed for a month and a half to repair the mainmast of the Neva. Only on February 4, 1804, both ships moved further south along the South American coast.

Cape Horn

Before rounding Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed on a meeting place, since both understood that in this place the ships would be easily scattered by bad weather. The first option for the meeting was Easter Island, the alternate was Nukagiwa Island. "Nadezhda" safely rounded Cape Horn and on March 3, 1804 entered the Pacific Ocean.

Nukagiwa

They missed Easter Island in strong winds, so Kruzenshtern went straight to the alternate meeting place on Nukagiwa Island, where he arrived on May 7, 1804. Along the way, the islands of Fetuga and Uaguga from the Marquesas group were mapped. On May 10, the Neva also approached Nukagiwa. A week later, both ships set sail towards the Hawaiian Islands.

Equator

Hawaiian Islands

The ships approached them on June 7, 1804. Here they had to part. The Neva, with a cargo of goods for the Russian-American Company, headed towards Alaska, towards Kodiak Island. "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka, from where it was necessary to go with the embassy to Japan and explore the island of Sakhalin. The meeting of both ships was now expected only in Macau in September 1805, where the Nadezhda would approach upon completion of the diplomatic mission, and the Neva with a cargo of furs from Russian America.

Journey of Hope

Kamchatka

The Nadezhda entered Avacha Bay on July 14, 1804. The population of Petropavlovsk at that time was about 200 people. Governor General Koshelev arrived here from Nizhnekamchatsk (then the capital of the peninsula), who in every possible way contributed to the repair of the ship and preparations for the visit to Japan. The doctor and the artist left the expedition, and the brawler Tolstoy was forcibly “written ashore.” On August 30, 1804, Nadezhda set course for Japan.

Japan

It is known from the history of Japan that any foreign ships were prohibited from entering Japanese ports. And residents of the Islands of the Rising Sun were strictly prohibited from contacting foreigners. Such forced self-isolation saved Japan from possible colonization and trade expansion by Europeans, and also contributed to the preservation of its identity. Only merchants of the Dutch East India Company were allowed to trade in the port of Nagasaki, the southernmost point of the country. The Dutch had a monopoly on trade with Japan and did not allow competitors into their possessions, hid sea charts with coordinates, etc. Therefore, Krusenstern had to guide the Nadezhda to Nagasaki almost at random, simultaneously surveying the Japanese coast.

To Nagasaki

Krusenstern's ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered Nagasaki harbor on October 8, 1804. On board the Russians were several Japanese, who had once fallen to the Russians as a result of the crash, and whom the expedition carried with them as translators.

A Japanese representative came onto the ship and asked hoo-is-hoo, they say where and why they arrived. Then the Japanese pilot helped the Nadezhda enter the harbor, where they dropped anchor. There were only Japanese, Chinese and Dutch ships in the harbor.

Negotiations with the Japanese

This topic deserves a separate story and a separate article. Let’s just say that the Japanese “blinded” the Russian “diplomatic mission” in the port of Nagasaki until April 18, 1805 - five and a half months! And Kruzenshtern and Rezanov had to go home without a sip.

The Japanese emperor “paused for a long time”, then replied through his officials that there would be no agreements with the Russians, and he could not accept the gifts of the Russian emperor - several huge mirrors in expensive frames. They say that Japan is not able to adequately thank the Russian emperor due to its poverty. Laughter, and that's all! Either the Dutch did a good job here, or the Japanese themselves did not want any contacts with Russia.

True, the Japanese administration supplied the ship with food all the time the ship was in port. And she loaded the road with food, water and plenty of salt completely free of charge. At the same time, Krusenstern was categorically forbidden to return along the western coast of Japan.

Return of "Nadezhda" to Kamchatka

Coming out of Japanese “captivity”, Kruzenshtern decided not to give a damn about the Japanese ban and went along the western coast, putting it on the map. At sea he was his own master and was not afraid of anyone - his past combat experience gave him every reason to do so. He landed on the shore several times and got to know this mysterious country as closely as he could. It was possible to establish contacts with the Ainu - residents of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

Sakhalin

The Nadezhda entered Anivu Bay in the south of Sakhalin on May 14, 1805. The Ainu also lived here and the Japanese administration commanded. Kruzenshtern was determined to explore Sakhalin in more detail, but Rezanov insisted on returning to Kamchatka as soon as possible to report to St. Petersburg on the results of his “embassy”.

Kamchatka

On June 5, “Nadezhda” returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Rezanov went ashore, sent a report to the capital, and he himself departed for Russian America to Alaska on a merchant ship. On July 5, 1805, Nadezhda again went to sea and headed for Sakhalin. But Krusenstern was unable to go around Sakhalin and determine whether it was an island or a peninsula. On August 30, the Nadezhda team entered Avachinskaya Bay of Petropavlovsk for the third time. Kruzenshtern began to prepare for a trip to Macau.

Macau

This is the name of a Portuguese colony-fortress-port on the Chinese coast. Leaving Petropavlovsk on October 9, 1805, “Nadezhda” was in Macau on November 20. The Neva was nowhere to be seen.

Travels of the Neva

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries

The trip around the world by the scientists of the Russian Empire, Lisyansky and Krusenstern, was of the greatest importance for the country and its trade routes. It ran through the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and made it possible to study the routes of communication between the countries of the world.

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich was born on November 8, 1770 in the family of a German judge Johann F. Krusenstern. At the age of 12, Kruzenshtern went to a church school, where he studied for 2 years, then entered the Naval Cadet Corps. There he remained until 1988, when the war with Sweden began.

After the outbreak of hostilities, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the ship “Mstislav”, where he fought a number of battles. After this, in 1790 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant for participation in victorious battles and excellent service. In 1993, he and Yuri Lisyansky were sent to England.

After 6 years of service in Great Britain, thanks to the experience gained there, he proposed to the emperor to sail around the world, for which he received approval.

After the expedition I.F. Krusenstern took up educational and government work. He became the director of the cadet corps, in which he studied himself. After retirement, he received the rank of general and became a distinguished member of the university in Moscow and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Also awarded many other titles. Krusenstern died in 1846.

Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich is a famous sailor and traveler, captain of the 1st rank and scientist. He was born on August 2, 1773 in the city of Nizhyn in the family of a church minister Fyodor Lisyansky.

While studying at the Naval Cadet Corps, he began to be friends with I.F. Kruzenshtern. After studying at the age of 13, he was assigned to the ship “Podrazislav”. Where he took part in many battles, and received the rank of lieutenant for numerous distinctions before his homeland. In '73 he was sent to serve in Great Britain. There he received a shell shock 4 years later and in 1997 he returned to Russia.

On March 27 of the same year, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the ship Avtroil. Then he took part in a voyage around the world, and from 1807 to 1808 he was the commander of the frigates “Conception of St. Anne” and “Emgaten”. He fought a large number of battles and retired in 1809.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky completed their trip around the world, but the latter began to describe it only after leaving military service, and personal notes were published in the form of a journal in 1812, and in 1814 they were published in the capital of Great Britain. Yu.F. died Lisyansky February 22, 1837

Preparing for a trip around the world

In 1799, ruler Paul I was presented with a plan for sailing around the world by I.F. Kruzenshtern. His goal was to organize the fur trade between the Russian Empire and China. No approval was received.

After the assassination of the ruler in 1801, the idea of ​​such a journey was supported by the Russian-North American Company, created in 1799 to develop the territory of the Kuril Islands and Alaska. And in 1802, permission was issued, and Kruzenshtern became the head.

During the voyage, it was planned to establish communication between Alaska and the European part of Russia. Also transport luggage to Alaska, and then furs to China for the purpose of sale. The company paid half of the travel expenses.

They decided to purchase the ships. In the UK they bought 2 reliable flagships: Nadezhda and Neva. Kruzenshtern became the captain of the first, and the second sailed under the leadership of Lisyansky.

Preparations for the expedition were carried out carefully. As part of it, many medicines were purchased, mainly anti-scurvy drugs. The core of the team were Russian military sailors. The vessels were equipped with modern scientific instruments. The ships set sail under the Russian Navy flag - St. Andrew's banner.

History and route map

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky might not have made a trip around the world, since the idea of ​​circumnavigating the globe appeared in the mid-18th century. from Admiral of the Navy Golovin N.F. the expedition was even planned in 1787 under the command of G.I. Mulovsky.

However, this never took place due to the death of the captain in the war with Sweden in the Battle of Öland on the ship “Mstislav”. Where young Krusenstern served as a midshipman.

A couple of days before setting sail, the expedition route was changed. An order was received to deliver N.P. Rezanov to the Japanese Embassy. with gifts and accompanying persons. They settled on the ship "Nadezhda". It later turns out that he was given the powers of the head of the voyage. This appointment came as a surprise to its participants.

Europe and the Atlantic Ocean

The journey began in 1803 from Kronstadt Bay. After stopping in Copenhagen, both ships headed to the shores of England. Then the road lay south, to the Canaries.

The expedition arrived here in October, and a couple of weeks later the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet.

Pacific Ocean

During the voyage, there was a difficult situation on the Nadezhda due to disagreements between Rezanov and Krusenstern. The first was not satisfied with the leadership style. At the beginning of winter, the ships reached the coast of Brazil, rounding Cape Horn and ending up in the Pacific Ocean; the expedition encountered a storm and the ships dispersed.

For such a case, the commanders had an agreement on meeting places, the first was on the island. Easter, second - Fr. Nuku Hiva (in the Marquesas Islands archipelago). Krusenstern's ship was carried away from the first meta to the west, and he sent it straight to the second meeting point. "Neva" came to Fr. Easter, where she stayed for several days, and then headed to Nuku Hiva. Here the ships met.

At this time, the conflict on the Nadezhda was intensifying, and the chamberlain insisted on changing the route, then the entire officer corps refused to obey him and completely followed Kruzenshtern’s orders. The situation could not be corrected even when Rezanov presented the emperor’s order.

From the Marquesas Islands, the ships sailed to the northwest and by the end of May they were in Hawaii, where the routes were divided: Lisyansky headed north to the island. Kodiak, and Ivan Fedorovich - to the northwest to the shores of Kamchatka.

To carry out the order and deliver the ambassador to Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov tried to punish Kruzenshtern with the help of commandant P.I. Koshelev, but the latter managed to eliminate the conflict and reconcile its participants.

In November, “Nadezhda” had already arrived at the shores of Nagasaki, having stayed there for many months, the team returned to Petropavlovsk. The path lay through the Korean Strait in the Sea of ​​Japan and the La Perouse Strait in Okhotsk. On September 23, the ship sailed from the coast and headed into the South China Sea, and on November 8 off the coast of Macau.

"Neva" came to the island in July 1804. Kodiak and spent more than a year there, then heading to Macau. Along the way, the ship passed by Hawaii, where they ran aground near an unknown island, which later received the name Lisyansky.

Having refloated, the ship in November bypassed the southern side of Formosa and entered the South China Sea. Here Kruzenshtern and his team were already waiting for them. A more detailed route can be seen in Fig. 1.

Fig.1. Route of the round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.

Count Fyodor Tolstoy

Krusenstern and Lisyansky traveled around the world in the company of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who set off with Ivan Fedorovich’s team on a voyage on the Nadezhda. It is not known for certain how he managed to end up there.

According to a relative, Marya Kamenskaya, he joined the expedition under the guise of his cousin, his namesake, Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, who abandoned the trip due to seasickness. Perhaps the count did this to avoid punishment in the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

On the way, Tolstoy was not burdened with official responsibilities and led a free life, sometimes committing unpredictable actions. He often became the instigator of quarrels with both ordinary crew members and the captain. He also made cruel jokes towards those he did not like.

For example, he got the priest who accompanied the ship under the command of Lisyansky drunk, and glued his beard to the deck and sealed it with a seal. To be freed, I had to cut my beard.

Or one day, when Krusenstern was not there, the count sneaked into his cabin along with the orangutan who was on board, found the traveler’s notes there and taught the monkey how to fill paper with ink. Then he left the pet alone, and he destroyed all the papers.

This behavior became the reason for Tolstoy’s repeated imprisonment. Ultimately, Kruzenshtern dropped him off while staying in Kamchatka. The further path is known only from the words of the count. He reached Sitka and stayed there for several months. Then he visited the Far East, the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals. His journey ended in St. Petersburg in August 1805.

Kamchatka

On July 14, 1804, Nadezhda entered Avacha Bay. At that time, no more than 200 people lived in Petropavlovsk. General Koshelev, the governor of Nizhnekamchatsk, which at that time was the capital of the peninsula, also arrived here. He assisted a crew member in repairing damage to the vessel and helped prepare for a visit to Japan.

An artist and a doctor also came ashore here. And Tolstoy was forcibly deported due to scandalous behavior. After 47 days, on August 30, the ship continued its journey and sailed towards Japan.

“Nadezhda” returned here after Japanese “captivity”. Although Kruzenshtern received a strict ban on this, he headed along the coast in the West and even plotted the route on the map. This is where his tough, battle-hardened character came into play. He felt confident at sea. Several times the ship landed on the shore, here it was possible to establish contact with the inhabitants of the local island of Hokkaido - the Ainans.

In the spring of 1805, the ship arrived in Sakhalin Aniva Bay, where the Japanese administration was headquartered. The exploration of these places was prevented by Rezanov, who insisted on a speedy departure to Kamchatka, where he could report on the results of the embassy visit.

On June 5 of this year, the team returned to Petropavlovsk, where the ambassador went ashore and sent a report to the emperor, and he himself headed to Alaska on a ship with a merchant. Exactly a month later, Kruzenshtern resumed his journey and headed for Sakhalin. He couldn't get around it completely. At the end of August, the ship again moored at Avacha Bay, where preparations for the road to Macau took place.

Japan

Japan is a fairly isolated country where access to foreigners was prohibited and any ships in their ports were perceived as hostile. This allowed the Japanese to preserve the originality of their culture and protect the country from colonization and trade expansion.

Trade was carried out only with the merchants of the East India Company in the port of Nagasaki. For this reason, there were no accurate maps, and Kruzenshtern walked at random, photographing the shores of Japan along the way.

On October 8, 1804, the ship arrived off the coast of Nagasaki. There were several Japanese on board who were there due to the wreck of their ships. They also acted as translators. A representative of Japan immediately arrived on the ship to obtain information about who had sailed and why. After this meeting, Krusenstern was allowed to enter the harbor with the help of a Japanese pilot.

The team had to stay here for almost six months. The Emperor of Japan did not accept Rezanov’s gifts and did not agree to enter into negotiations. All this time, the Japanese supplied the Russians with food. They also equipped them with everything they needed for the journey, but prohibited the return journey through the western shores of Japan. On April 5, 1805, the Nadezhda set sail back after the failure of its diplomatic mission.

Journey of the Neva

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky almost at the very beginning of their trip around the world separated at sea due to a storm. On July 10, 1804, "Neva" under the command of Yuri Fedorovich moored to the shores of the first permanent place of residence of Russians in America, Kodiak Island.

The ship entered the harbor from the south side, called St. Paul. This place was the administrative center. Here the team learned that the Arkhangelsk fortress, located in Sitka Bay, had been attacked by local Indians. The fortress was completely burned and the population was killed.

Here Lisyansky received a message from the Russian ruler A.A. Baranov, who arrived to recapture the fortress, asking for help. A month later, on August 15, after repairing the damage and unloading, the ship set off for the shores of Sitka.

The journey took 5 days, and on August 20 the Neva was already in place. Together, Baranov and Lisyansky developed an operation plan, where the sailors and weapons of the ships played a major role in restoring relations with the Indians. Later, not far from the fortress, a settlement was founded - Novoarkhangelsk. And on November 10, the ship set off back to Kodiak.

Also, 5 days later, the Neva entered the harbor of St. Paul, where it remained for the winter. Six months later, the ship, having filled its holds with food, water and furs, headed towards Sitka to load the furs that Baranov had collected.

On June 20, 1805, when the ship arrived, peace with the aborigines had already reigned in the new settlement, and houses had been rebuilt. Having loaded the prepared furs, Lisyansky sailed towards Macau on September 2.

China

On November 20, 1805, Krusenstern had already arrived in Macau, where he waited for the Neva until December 3. This is a Portuguese colony on the shores of China. They had to stay here for more than 2 months. The situation was not the most friendly; we had to adapt to local customs.

But the commanders showed their abilities and won the fight against the merchants and exchanged furs for popular European goods: tea, porcelain, etc.

Return

On January 31, 18006, “Neva” and “Nadezhda” began their journey home. It took place in the Sunda Strait, which led to the Indian Ocean on February 21. In April, the ships again dispersed near the Cape of Good Hope, but the captains had an agreement, if something happened, to meet off the coast of the island. Saint Helena.

"Nadezhda" led by I.F. Kruzenshtern arrived on the island on May 3, 1806. Here the commander learned about the war with the French and decided, without waiting for Lisyansky, to sail north through the northern coast of England in order to avoid meeting the French fleet in the English Channel.

At this time Lisyansky Yu.F. decided to walk from the Chinese shores to the European ones without stopping at ports. There was no longer any excess cargo on the ship, and the holds were filled with provisions. "Neva" passed by the shores of the island. St. Helena and her crew were unaware of the French military activities, so they boldly headed into the English Channel and then landed off the coast of Great Britain.

After standing there for 2 weeks, on July 13, Lisyansky headed for Russia, and on August 5 he was already there. Krusenstern arrived only on August 19.

Recognition and meaning of travel

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky made a trip around the world to fulfill certain tasks, and it absolutely justified itself from an economic point of view. Thanks to the expedition, the merchants made a large profit. And its participants received recognition, fame and wrote their names into history forever.

All participants in the trip received awards from Emperor Alexander I:

• the entire officer corps was promoted by 1 rank;
• the command was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 thousand rubles;
• lieutenants received 1 thousand rubles each;
• midshipmen for 800 rubles. unlimited maintenance;
• lower ranks were given the opportunity to resign at will and 55-70 rubles. pension;
• all participants were awarded a medal issued especially for them.

The expedition lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806, on 2 ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern. and Lisyansky Yu.F. As a result, their works were published, describing the path. The journey was of great importance both for Russian history and its science.

Interesting facts about Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky and their joint journey

Krusenstern and Lisyansky were the greatest and most interesting personalities, and life is interesting and filled with interesting facts and incidents:

The journey around the world by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern became significant in the history of Russia and the world as a whole.

It forever inscribed the names of scientists and travelers in world history, and brought economic benefits and new knowledge to the country.

Article format: Svetlana Ovsyanikova

Video on the topic: Krusenstern and Lisyansky. Trip around the world

In the footsteps of the great travelers: Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky:

On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port of Kronstadt. On their sides were the names “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, although more recently they bore other names - “Leander” and “Thames”. It was under new names that these ships, purchased by Emperor Alexander I in England, were destined to go down in history as the first Russian ships to circumnavigate the entire globe. The idea of ​​a round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was assumed that its participants would collect as much information as possible about the countries that would be on their way - about their nature and about the life of their people. And in addition, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the travelers’ route also passed.
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the sloop "Neva"

Conflicts on board

Reinforcements for the Colonists

Triumphant return

They carried out oceanological observations: they discovered inter-trade countercurrents in and; took measurements at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea; collected numerous data about, in a number of areas.

At the end of July 1803, the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the leadership, left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the Cape Verde Islands, Kruzenshtern discovered that both sloops were being carried to the east by a strong current - this is how the Intertrade Countercurrent was discovered. In mid-November, the ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific Ocean they were separated. Lisyansky, by agreement, headed to Easter Island, described the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands) he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they headed to the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different paths: Kruzenshtern in; Lisyansky - to Russian America, to Kodiak Island.

Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov testifying to his difficult situation, Yu. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander Archipelago and provided military assistance to Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these “koloshi” (as the Russians called them), incited by disguised agents of an American pirate, destroyed the Russian fortification on the island of Sitka (Baranov Island). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon moved the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the Neva’s navigator D.V. Kalinin, described Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, as well as part of the Alexander Archipelago. At the same time, to the west of the island of Sitka, D. Kalinin discovered the island of Cruz, which was previously considered a peninsula. Lisyansky named a large island north of the island of Sitka after V. Ya. Chichagov. In the fall of 1805, the Neva, with a cargo of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it connected with the Nadezhda. On the way, the uninhabited Lisyansky Island and the Neva Reef, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, were discovered, and to the southwest of them was the Kruzenshtern Reef. From Canton, where he managed to sell the furs profitably, Lisyansky made an unprecedented non-stop journey around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England) in 140 days, but at the same time was separated from the Nadezhda in weather off the southeastern coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, completing a circumnavigation of the world, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet. "Nadezhda" anchored near Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern delivered N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, who was sent as an envoy to conclude a trade agreement, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805 he returned with an envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted with him. On the way to I. Kruzenshtern followed the Eastern Passage to and photographed the western coast of the island of Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and carried out a number of determinations there of the geographical position of noticeable points. Intending to map the still poorly studied eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva and moved north along the coast with surveys. I. Kruzenshtern discovered the small Mordvinov Bay and described the rocky western and northern low-lying shores of Terpeniya Bay.

Reaching Cape Terpeniya and continuing filming to the north was prevented by thick ice (late May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to postpone descriptive work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and, through the strait that now bears his name, entered the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islands (Trap Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of the storm forced the Nadezhda to return to. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived at Peter and Paul Harbor. To continue research on the eastern coast, I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope to the Sakhalin Cape Terpeniya. Braving the storm, he began surveying further north on July 19. Next, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern coast of Sakhalin Bay; he wanted to check whether Sakhalin was an island, as it was indicated on the Russian map of the 18th century, or a peninsula, as J. F. La Perouse claimed. Having come to the conclusion that Sakhalin was a peninsula, he returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, for the first time he mapped and described about 1,500 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.

By the beginning of the 19th century. Russian possessions in the north-west of America occupied vast areas of Alaska. Russian settlements on the western coast of the continent reached the place where San Francisco is now located.

The journey overland from the center of Russia to its Far Eastern outskirts and especially to Russian America was long and difficult. All necessary cargo was then sent along rivers and by horse-drawn cart through the vast expanses of Siberia to Okhotsk, and then by sea on ships. Transporting goods was very expensive. Suffice it to say that a pound of rye flour, which cost 40-50 kopecks in the European part of Russia, brought to Alaska, was valued at 8 rubles.

The difficulty of communication also complicated the management of these territories. It happened that a government order reached Kamchatka or Alaska when it had already lost its force and was canceled in the center as outdated.

There was an urgent need to establish regular flights of Russian ships from the Baltic ports to Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean. And so, in 1802, the Naval Ministry accepted the proposal of the captain-lieutenant of the Russian fleet, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, to organize the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Kruzenshtern's whole life was connected with the sea and naval service. He studied at the Naval Cadet Corps. During the Russian-Swedish war, the young man was assigned “as a midshipman” to the ship “Mstislav”. Soon Krusenstern was promoted to midshipman, and then to lieutenant for his courage in taking an enemy ship. In 1793, the capable officer was sent to England among the “excellent young officers.”

During his long voyages on English ships, Ivan Fedorovich visited the coast of North America, India and China.

Appointed head of the round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern took as his assistant an old friend with whom he studied in the Naval Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.

He was also an experienced and educated naval officer. He began studying in early childhood in the Naval Cadet Corps. Lisyansky participated in all the main battles with the Swedish fleet and was promoted to lieutenant. Like Krusenstern, Lisyansky was sent to England to serve in the navy. He sailed on English ships off the coasts of Africa, Asia and America. Lisyansky returned to his homeland four years later.

For the round-the-world expedition, two small ships with a displacement of 450 and 370 tons were purchased. The larger of them, led by Kruzenshtern himself, was called “Nadezhda”, and the smaller one, commanded by Lisyansky, was called “Neva”.

The Maritime Ministry advised Kruzenshtern to recruit a crew for such a long and responsible voyage from experienced foreign sailors. But Ivan Fedorovich, highly appreciating the Russian sailors, rejected this proposal.

The youngest participants in the voyage were midshipman F. F. Bellingshausen, who later became famous for the discovery of Antarctica, and O. E. Kotzebue, the future circumnavigator.

The Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov was sent to Japan on the Nadezhda to establish diplomatic ties with this country.

The expedition had important scientific tasks: to explore the Far Eastern coast of Russia, check and clarify sea charts, and conduct oceanographic observations along the way (measurement of sea depths, water temperature, etc.).

In August 1803, Nadezhda and Neva left Kronstadt. The expedition was accompanied by all residents of the city and the crews of Russian and foreign ships stationed in the roadstead. Such a solemn farewell was not accidental: Russian sailors were setting off on a trip around the world for the first time.

Ten days later the ships reached Copenhagen. Here, foreign scientists were accepted into the expedition: an astronomer, two naturalists and a doctor of medicine.

On their way to England, Nadezhda and Neva encountered a severe storm, during which several foreign ships were lost. But the Russian sailors endured this baptism of fire with honor.

Russian ships, having visited England, entered the vast Atlantic Ocean.

The transition to the Southern Hemisphere was celebrated by raising the flag and firing a cannon salute. The entire crew put on full dress uniform. The sailors staged a performance: the mythical sea king Neptune greeted the sailors who arrived in his domain. Sailor Pavel Kurganov, tying a beard of tow, with a crown on his head and a trident in his hands, portrayed a sea king. He ordered that those who crossed the equator for the first time be subjected to sea baptism. With cheerful laughter and jokes, the sailors bathed all participants in the voyage, except for the captains - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, who had previously sailed in the Southern Hemisphere.

This maritime holiday has become traditional in the Russian fleet since the voyage of the Nadezhda and Neva.

Approaching the shores of Brazil, Russian sailors updated the map.

At the end of December 1803, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” entered the harbor of St. Catherine Island. This small island is separated from the mainland of South America by a narrow strait.

Russian sailors saw a lot of unusual things. The island was covered with luxurious tropical vegetation. Here January is the hottest month.

In the forest, sailors caught unprecedented colorful parrots, monkeys, and once even brought an alligator onto the ship Neva. Naturalists collected rich zoological and botanical collections in the tropical forests.

The ships remained in the harbor for six weeks: two damaged masts were replaced on the Neva.

The expedition then headed to the tip of South America, rounded Cape Horn and entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The weather was cloudy. A strong wind blew. It was raining lightly. There were often thick fogs over the sea. Soon the ships lost sight of each other.

"Neva", as agreed earlier, went to Easter Island, and "Nadezhda", changing the route, went to the group of Marquesas Islands.

In mid-May, Nadezhda approached Nukuhiva Island. It was a fertile corner of the earth, covered with coconut palms; Breadfruit grew in the forests.

Three days later, the Neva arrived at the island. Lisyansky told Kruzenshtern that during a three-day stay at Easter Island, he clarified the coordinates of this island and drew up a map of it.

The expedition stayed at Nukuhiva Island for ten days. The most friendly relations were established with the local residents. The islanders helped Russian sailors stock up on fresh water and various products. Krusenstern and Lisyansky made the first geographical description of the island.

Lisyansky compiled a short dictionary of the language of the islanders. He was helped in this by the Englishman Roberts and the Frenchman Carby, shipwrecked sailors; Having lived on the island for many years, they knew perfectly well the customs, life and language of the local residents.

Naturalists collected rich collections, which included many new plants unknown to European scientists. Members of the expedition made sketches of the area, and one of them recorded songs of the island's inhabitants.

At the end of May, the ships crossed the equator for the second time - this time from south to north.

“Nadezhda” went from the Hawaiian Islands to the shores of Kamchatka, and “Neva” - to Alaska.

In mid-July, Nadezhda anchored off Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The ship remained in this harbor for six weeks. During this time, goods were unloaded, provisions were replenished and the ship was put in order.

Fulfilling the task of the Russian government to visit Japan, the ship headed south. The voyage took place in difficult conditions: there was fog and heavy rain. Not far from Japan, the Nadezhda was caught in a terrible typhoon.

“You must have the gift of poetry in order to vividly describe its fury,” Kruzenshtern later wrote.

And in the hour of great danger, when, in the words of the head of the expedition, “the ship was left without sails at the mercy of the fierce waves, which, as it seemed, threatened to engulf it every minute,” the entire crew courageously helped to lead the ship out of the area where the hurricane was raging.

In October, Nadezhda arrived at the Japanese port of Nagasaki. Local authorities did not greet the Russian sailors in a friendly manner. First of all, they invited the sailors to surrender their cannons and, in general, all firearms and gunpowder. Only when this condition was met was the ship allowed to enter the harbor. I had to stay here for more than six months. The Japanese forbade sailors not only to go ashore, but even to travel around the bay. The Russian ship was surrounded by patrol boats.

During this period, Japan lived in isolation, isolated from the whole world and did not want to have any relations with other states. She traded only with China and a group of Dutch merchants. The Russian envoy failed to reach an agreement with the Japanese government on the establishment of diplomatic relations.

From the Japanese Emperor, the Russian envoy Rezanov was given a letter stating that Russian ships were forbidden to even approach the shores of Japan.

Returning from Nagasaki to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern navigated the ship through the Sea of ​​Japan, then little known to Europeans. On the way, he explored and described the island of Tsushima, as well as the strait between this island and Japan. In addition, navigators explored the entire coastline of the island of Hokkaido, which was shown as a dotted line on maps of that time.

The identification of astronomical points and cartographic work of Russian sailors off the western coast of Japan made it possible to create a map of these unknown places.

In the Kuril Islands group, Kruzenshtern discovered four rocks, near which the ship almost died. He called them "Rock Traps."

From the Kuril Islands "Nadezhda" went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Having replenished the supply of water and provisions, Kruzenshtern also made a scientific voyage to the shores of Sakhalin. He described the eastern coast of Sakhalin and for the first time accurately mapped it.

When trying to pass between Sakhalin and the mainland, Kruzenshtern encountered an extensive shoal on the way. Here he came to the erroneous conclusion that Sakhalin is a peninsula and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus.

Only 44 years later this mistake was corrected by another Russian traveler - G.I. Nevelskoy.

In late autumn, Nadezhda arrived in Macau, a Portuguese colony near Canton (Guangzhou). The Neva arrived there at the beginning of December, which spent almost a year and a half - about seventeen months - on its independent voyage.

During this time, Lisyansky explored the nature of the Havana Islands, became acquainted with the way of life of the islanders, and visited the coast of Alaska and Kodiak Bay. With great joy and triumph, the Russian people in Alaska greeted the first ship from their homeland that had traveled such a long sea route from Kronstadt.

Just these days, on Sitkha Island (Baranova Island), the Indians, incited by the Americans and the British, attacked the Russian settlement. Lisyansky, together with the entire crew, had to come to the defense of his compatriots.

For more than a year, the Neva was off the coast of Alaska and performed security duty. Lisyansky, without wasting time, explored the islands of Sitkha, Kodiak and the American coast. He made a map of these bridges.

In September 1805, the Neva, loaded with valuable furs, departed from the shores of Russian America and headed to China.

To the west of the Hawaiian Islands, sailors began to notice floating algae, fish and birds appeared here - signs of nearby land, which at these latitudes was not listed on the map.

Lisyansky carefully steered the ship, and yet the Neva unexpectedly ran aground near an unknown island. It turned out to be uninhabited. There were many seals and birds on it, which were not at all afraid of people. At the insistence of the Neva’s crew, the island was named after the ship’s commander, Lisyansky, and the shoal on which the ship ran aground was named Nevskaya. The ship was safely refloated and arrived in China.

In February 1806, Nadezhda and Neva, loaded with various Chinese goods - tea, silk fabrics, porcelain, etc., left Canton (Guangzhou) on their way back.

The ships traveled together to the coast of South Africa. At the Cape of Good Hope, during the fog, they lost sight of each other.

Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived at St. Helena Island. Here he learned that Russia, in alliance with England and Austria, was at war with France. Fearing a meeting with French military vessels, Kruzenshtern took the ship away from the shores of Europe.

In August 1806, Nadezhda dropped anchor in the Kronstadt port. The Russian voyage around the world, which lasted three years and twelve days, ended successfully. Lisyansky was the first to greet the sailors on the Nadezhda ship: he brought the Neva to Kronstadt two weeks earlier.

The first circumnavigation of Russian sailors was a new page in the history of geographical science. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky clarified the world map, added new islands to it and removed the non-existent lands marked there from the old maps. The collections collected by the expedition were of great scientific value.

During the voyage, observations were made of the temperature and density of water at different depths (up to 400 m), sea currents, etc. As a result of the journey, the sea route from Kronstadt to the shores of Russian America was mastered.

In honor of the first Russian circumnavigation, a medal was struck with the inscription: “For a trip around the world. 1803-1806".

Kruzenshtern wrote a book about the expedition - “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, with an atlas on 104 sheets. In addition, I. F. Kruzenshtern compiled an atlas of maps of the southern seas, which was the most accurate and complete at that time; it was used by sailors and geographers all over the world.

Lisyansky also described his voyage - in the book “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ship “Neva”. Both books were translated into foreign languages ​​and published abroad. They are still read with interest.

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