James Joyce, whose biography is described in this article, is the most famous representative of modernism from Ireland. His literary work had a huge impact on the entire world culture of the 20th century.

Childhood and youth

Joyce was born in 1882 in the south of Dublin, in the Rathgar area. His family was very large (fifteen children). Father John Joyce was initially involved in the family business - wine trading. But since he was poorly versed in business, he quickly went broke. He had to get a job in the tax service. In general, the work was not dusty, but John did not last long there either. After that, he changed jobs frequently. Together with his wife Mary Jane, they had to move frequently, so James lived in almost every part of Dublin in his early childhood.

In fact, all responsibility for the family fell on the shoulders of the mother. She had a modest pension, on which everyone lived. John the reveler was not at all embarrassed by this state of affairs. This greatly influenced all the children in the family, who developed an aversion to their own father. Later, in the works of Joyce, these feelings will be reflected.

Despite the poverty and instability of the family, the boy managed to get a good education. At the age of six he was sent to Clongowes Woods Jesuit College. And at the age of eleven they transferred to Belvedere. In 1897, after receiving secondary education, James Joyce entered the University of Dublin (Queen's), from which he graduated in 1902.

First publications

James Joyce, whose biography proves that he is undoubtedly the most talented of writers, has loved literature and language since his school years. It was immediately clear that this was not just a hobby.

Little James was engaged in writing even before entering the Jesuit college. But at the age of nine, he created a poem that was striking in its directness and openness. He dedicated it to Charles Parnell, the leader of the liberation movement in Ireland, and his comrade Timothy Healy, who betrayed his comrade, resulting in his death.

The poem was reproduced by the writer's father, but copies, unfortunately, have not survived.

While studying at university, Joyce wrote an essay about her favorite writer, "Drama and Life." This was a short overview of creativity. A year later, Joyce began to be published in the prestigious London magazine Fortnightly Review. His first publication was an article about Ibsen's play "New Drama". The aspiring writer received a good fee, but the most valuable thing for him was the praise of the playwright himself.

In the same 1900, he wrote the play “A Brilliant Career.” It is nothing more than an imitation of Ibsen.

In connection with Ruskin’s death, the magazine published Joyce’s article “The Crown of the Wild Olive,” where the writer discusses the fate of the famous Englishman.

Since 1901, he was mainly engaged in translations (for example, “Before Sunrise” by Hauptmann).

In October 1902, James managed to meet Yates. As the latter noted, our aspiring writer behaved very arrogantly. Indeed, Joyce was characterized by such behavior, but this did not stop him from being merciful and kind to people.

Paris

So Joyce graduated from university. He was faced with a dilemma: what to do next? After thinking about it for some time, he decided that he wanted to practice medicine. It was for this purpose that he went to Paris in early December 1902.

James Joyce, whose biography sometimes surprises, quickly forgot about the purpose of his visit in the most romantic city in the world. Medicine literally disappeared from his mind.

He becomes a regular at the National Library, reads and thinks a lot. These thoughts ultimately resulted in the collection of poems “Chamber Music” and prose works, which James Joyce himself called “Epiphanies”. This concept is briefly reflected in “Stephen the Hero” (the writer’s novel) and is characteristic of Joyce’s early aesthetic theory.

In addition, James sent materials and book reviews to the island, which were published in the Dublin Daily Express.

In mid-1903, Joyce's mother dies. In recent months, her son has been with her in Dublin. But due to disagreements on religious grounds (Joyce denied religion), after his mother left, he felt guilty and began to smother it with alcohol.

In 1904, he began working on his first major work - the novel "Hero Stephen". At the same time, he is working on poems that will later be included in the collection “Dubliners”.

On June 10, a fateful meeting occurs in Joyce's life. He meets his future wife Nora. At that time she worked as a maid in a hotel. From that day on, they practically never separated.

During this period, James wrote and published many stories in magazines. And at the end of the year, he and Nora leave for Europe, to the mainland.

In 1905, in Trieste, the couple had a son, Giorgio, and in 1907, a daughter, Lucia. It is noteworthy that the girl was born in a hospital for the poor. The Joyces were in a difficult financial situation, despite the fact that the father of the family worked hard and hard. No one wanted to publish the Dubliners collection, especially in Ireland. He was considered unpatriotic, and the publisher, under public pressure, ordered the edition that was ready for sale to be burned.

Zurich

Due to the outbreak of World War I, the Joyces were forced to leave for Zurich, where they would stay until 1919. James has already begun work on the most important novel in his life - Ulysses.

Life in Zurich was notable for the fact that here the writer finished work on one of his best works - an artist in his youth." Some chapters had already seen the light, but a complete edition was not ready.

"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man"

This novel by James Joyce is autobiographical. It is reworked from the previously written "Steve's Hero".

The book was first published in 1916 in America, thanks to the efforts of Joyce's friend Harriett Weaver, the former editor of the magazine "Egoist". It was then published in Austria and other countries.

The author describes the formation of a hero named Stephen Dedalus, who will appear in the future in the novel "Ulysses". James Joyce talks about the character as his alter ego. Daedalus similarly doubts the truth of the postulates of Catholicism and the correctness of the structure of modern society in Ireland.

"Ulysses"

Until 1922, some magazines published chapters from Joyce's new novel. But soon even in the USA its release was banned. In Britain, the moratorium lasted until 1936. As a result, the book was published in Paris. It was released on February 2 - the author's birthday.

Could the writer have dreamed then that his work would be called the pinnacle of modernism, that his Ulysses would receive this high title? James Joyce had no doubt about it! He created an incredible polystylistic work, filled with historical, philosophical, general cultural and other elements. Despite the simplicity of the plot, the novel is truly amazing and unique.

James Joyce compiled two diagrams for his understanding. The chronological table was published in 1931 by S. Gilbert in the book-research of Joyce's Ulysses.

"Finnegans Wake"

In 1923, the writer begins work on his last major work. He himself called this work “The Thing at Work.”

James Joyce, whose biography was constantly reflected in his books, declared that he was writing the history of the world. Since 1927, individual chapters of the new novel began to be published.

In July 1931, James officially married Nora (and this was after 27 years of relationship!). And six months later their grandson is born, named Stephen.

In 1939, an experimental novel written in the “stream of consciousness” technique was published. Naturally, its author was James Joyce. The reader has never seen a more amazing book. “Finnegans Wake” consists entirely of puns, sets of neologisms, the author uses many languages ​​in his writing, so you can’t immediately understand what he’s talking about.

Formally, the action takes place over one night in Dublin, on a symbolic level - this is the whole world history.

Influence

In January 1941, after surgery to eliminate a stomach ulcer, James Joyce dies. Quotes from his books are published in all magazines, only now in the obituaries section. This was the hardest blow for the family and for all the writer’s fans.

With his life and work, he had a huge influence on such outstanding creators as John Updike, Borges, Beckett. His literary activity was assessed ambiguously both during his life and after his death. But one thing remains unchanged - James Joyce carried out a full-fledged revolution in world culture.

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce- Irish writer and poet, representative of modernism.

James Joyce is born February 2, 1882 in Rathgar (south Dublin). James managed to get a good education, but the poverty and unsettled life of his youth were reflected in his works.

At the age of 6, Joyce entered a Jesuit college Clongowes Woods in Klein, and then, in 1893, to Belvedere College in Dublin, from which he graduated in 1897. A year later, James began studying at Dublin University, from which he graduated in 1902.

In 1900 the first one was published and he began to write his first lyric poems. Since 1916, he published in the American literary magazine Little Review.

At the age of 20, Joyce went to Paris, worked as a journalist, teacher, etc. A year later he returned to Ireland due to his mother’s illness. After the death of his mother in 1904, Joyce again left his homeland (settling in Trieste), this time with the maid Nora Barnacle, whom he later married (27 years later).

Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, Joyce and his wife moved to Zurich, where he worked on the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and later on the first chapters of Ulysses.

In Paris, James Joyce began work on his last major work, the novel Finnegans Wake, published in 1939.

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (February 2, 1882 – January 13, 1941) was an Irish writer and poet, a representative of modernism.

James Joyce was born in Rathgar, a Georgian neighborhood in south Dublin, into the large family of John Stanislas Joyce and Mary Jane Murray. Unsuccessful business management almost bankrupted his father, who was forced to change his profession several times. James managed to get a good education, but the poverty and unsettled life of his youth remained forever in his memory, which was partly reflected in his works.

At the age of 6, Joyce entered the Jesuit College Clongowes Woods in Clane, and then, in 1893, the Belvedere College in Dublin, from which he graduated in 1897. A year later, James began studying at the University of Dublin (so called University College), from which he graduated in 1902.

In 1900, the Dublin newspaper Fortnight published James Joyce's first publication - an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken. At the same time, Joyce began to write lyric poems. Since 1916, he published in the American literary magazine Little Review, founded by Jane Heap and Margaret Anderson.

At the age of 20, Joyce left for Paris. This was his first departure to the continent, where, due to financial problems, he, like his father once, often changed professions.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Joyce and his wife moved to Zurich, where he began working on the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and later on the first chapters of Ulysses. While traveling around Europe, Joyce wrote poetry. Some works were published in Imagist anthologies. He also continued to work on Ulysses, a novel that was first published not in the writer’s homeland (where it was published only in 1933), but in France. This is Joyce's most famous work, where the author tells the story of one day (June 16, 1904) of the Dublin Jew Leopold Bloom on 600 pages. Despite the fact that Ulysses was created abroad, from this book, as Joyce himself argued, “Dublin could be restored if it were destroyed.” June 16th is celebrated by Joyce fans around the world as Bloomsday.

In Paris, James Joyce began work on his last large-scale work, the novel Finnegans Wake, published in 1939.

After the defeat of France and the occupation of part of its territory by German troops at the beginning of World War II, Joyce returned to Zurich. He suffered greatly from the effects of glaucoma. His health continued to deteriorate. On January 11, he underwent surgery for a perforated ulcer and on January 13, 1941, he died.

JAMES JOYCE
(1882-1941)

The surname Joyce means cheerful in French; and therefore the writer, who looked to the root of any word, considered the French Baron de Joyeux and the Austrian doctor Freud as his namesakes. In Ireland it is believed that all the Joycees of the country are ready to vigorously defend their kinship with the old and noble Joyce clan from the western county of Galway. The coat of arms of the Galway Joyces was displayed in a frame on the wall, and in the novel the hero’s father—a copy of the creator’s father—proudly describes it as “our coat of arms.” The family was bourgeois, of average income, and its men were mainly engaged in the wine trade. Having gone bankrupt in this family field, John Stanislaus Joyce improved his affairs in another way, receiving the lucrative and dust-free position of tax collector. At the same time - and this was the year 1880 - he married a beautiful young woman, May Merry, their second offspring, who was born on February 2, 1882, went down in the history of world literature as James Augustine Aloysius Joyce.

Of great interest to researchers of the “dark sides” of love is the life and work of the famous English writer of Irish origin James Joyce (1882-1941), creator of the sparkling and almost incomprehensible novels “Ulysses”, “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”, “Dubliners”. The timid guy James Joyce never allowed himself any swearing in the presence of ladies, but in his own works he reached the depths of crude brutality and unbridled sexual fantasies. His masterpiece, the novel Ulysses, was banned in the United States and England in 1920 for vulgarity and remained under censorship until the mid-1930s.

The writer's childhood and youth occurred during a turbulent period in the history of his homeland. In Ireland there was a struggle for independence from Great Britain. Political conflicts were intertwined with religious conflicts both in the country itself and in the Joyce family.

James's mother wanted her son to become a devout Catholic; he was sent to a Jesuit institute. The liberal arts education he acquired during his school years helped the young man enter Dublin University, where he chose language as his specialty and continued to study philosophy. The main area of ​​Joyce's youthful interests was the theater, which played an important role in the life of Ireland. The article of the young Joyce “Drama and Life” is devoted to theater and dramaturgy. His passion for theater prompted Joyce to try his hand at drama. In the summer of 1900, he wrote the play “A Brilliant Career”; the manuscript has not survived, but the play was written under the influence of Ibsen. A year later he translated two of Hauptmann's dramas. Hauptmann and Ibsen constituted an era in his life. At the same time, he was also interested in the scholastic philosophy of Nietzsche, Schopegauer, French symbolists (Verlaine), Maeterlinck's theater, and English aestheticism. In his youth, Joyce often wandered “through Night Town.” This was the name given to the area in Dublin where public houses were concentrated. In Night Town, Joyce “became a man” at the age of fourteen. When he turned 20, he decided to never have sexual relations with prostitutes again, declaring that from now on he would only have sex with the lady who has a soul.” An ordinary woman, Nora Barnacle, “the lady with the soul” that he chose her, remained with him until the end of his life. She became exactly that lady of fate, about the meeting with whom Joyce wrote: “That was the first time when I did not pay the money for love”... That day when they were together for the first time,” and specifically June 16, 1904, reincarnated as an endless day, metaphorically stretched over the entire history of the world's population, to the description of which the great novel “Ulysses” is dedicated. This day is still celebrated in Ireland with a festive carnival procession through Dublin, “Joycean places.” And the memorable date among Joyce’s fans even received its own name: “Bloomsday”, after the names of the two main characters of the epochal novel, Leopold Bloom and Molly Bloom. And yet Nora remained faithful to Joyce throughout their long life together, although from time to time she admitted to friends that Joyce wanted her to cheat on him with other men, so that he would have something to write about.” Joyce indeed lived a hard life and was never a prude, but his verbal depiction of sex has, perhaps, not been eclipsed by any writer of the 20th century to this day.

Joyce decided to dedicate his life to art. In 1902, he went to Paris, where he became acquainted with new works of European literature all year round. In connection with the death of his mother, a year later he returned to Dublin, where he met Nora Barnacle. There is no doubt that James Joyce, the most dazzling lyric writer from Dublin (other eminent English writers were also from Dublin - Oscar Wilde, Iris Murdoch and Jonathan Swift - but only for Joyce Dublin was an inexorable literary character), suffered from the inability to vary his life, including sexuality. He did not, of course, have any homosexual inclinations, but strived for extraordinary self-affirmation through sex. Being shy, Joyce was obliged to use the services of corrupt ladies. And this, as is clear, requires a lot of money. When the First Global War began, Joyce moved to Zurich, where he began work on Ulysses. He received funds from the Tsar's Literary Fund. This gave me the opportunity to work on the novel. But in 1921, suffering greatly from poverty, Joyce sold the manuscript of his own novel, Ulysses, to a South American millionaire.
The connection between the novel and Homer's Odyssey is traced. Any of its 18 episodes is associated with a specific episode from the Odyssey. The connection is noticeable in the plot, aimed at a specific theme or semantic parallels, also in the fact that most of the characters in the novel have models from Homer’s poems: Bloom - Odysseus, Stephen - Telemachus, Molly Bloom - Penelope, Bella Cohen - Circe, etc. It will also be noticeable that in “Ulysses” a close connection, with many details, is traced between the novel and the place where it took place. Joyce worked with the reference book "All of Dublin for 1904". Everything that happens in the novel is accompanied by a detailed indication of the location of the action, not only the streets, but even street architecture and other details. The creator claimed that each episode is somehow associated with a certain organ of the human body, also a certain science or art, a certain sign or color. Interpretations that have a stream of consciousness in their base, close to psychoanalytic interpretations, are said to be as if in “Ulysses” Joyce follows Freud and makes an analysis of the subconscious, revealing her phobias and complexes according to Freudian recipes. As a certain variation, the technique of “realization of the subconscious” was found in it, i.e. an image under the guise of reality of embodied, revived fantasies of the subconscious. In the twenties, psychoanalysis reached the peak of its popularity, and the emergence of similar interpretations was inevitable, despite the fact that the creator of Ulysses more than once distanced himself from this method and ridiculed it, calling Freud and Jung “the Austrian Humpty and the Swiss Bovtai.” Despite everything, Joyce, in his prose, there are still undeniable convergences with the psychoanalytic direction. The main connection is common: both Joyce and psychotherapists strive to penetrate into the work of the subconscious even deeper, more closely than literature has done so far; But Joyce's approach to the task - here he is absolutely right - does not belong to Freud or Jung, but is completely independent. It is also clear that the novel also uses the technique of “realizing the subconscious,” and the creator had to admit this more than once. Further, penetrating into the subconscious, Joyce discovers there a lot of things that psychoanalysis also finds (and does not want to know the past, in other words, a “healthy” view of a person’s inner world): pathologies of ordinary consciousness, horrors, sexual perversions. This society of psychic discoveries was recognized by Jung himself, who read Ulysses with zeal, “yelled, scolded and delighted,” in his own words, and recognized, namely, Molly’s monologue as “a number of sincere psychic pearls.” As far as Freud is concerned, it is enough to point out the main point: it seems that the approaches did not differ, but the very theme of fatherhood as an inextricable, and even painful, connection, sympathy and antipathy between father and son, is fundamentally bringing Joyce closer to the repulsive “Humpty.”
On the contrary, kinship with Homer was always recognized with pleasure. Of all the early one-sided or, more precisely, interpretations of the novel, the creator was most impressed by the specifically mythological one, presented for the first time in Larbo’s speeches and articles, also in Eliot’s aforementioned essay “Ulysses, Order and Myth.” Immediately with the emergence of hasty interpretations of the novel, the ground was gradually prepared for the next step, when its perception finally began to approach adequate. To do this, it was first necessary to present a holistic image of the novel, including all aspects of its plan - composition, mythological parallels, technique, and ideas. Any new reader quickly understood how much was hidden in Ulysses that did not lie on the surface, based on deep interpretations. The novel was replete with mysteries of all types and all scales, from the smallest to the largest, and without the help of the creator, solving them would have turned into endless and hopeless work.

From what was said, it is clearly evident that the intellectual Joyce was always characterized by certain deep-seated features, invariant characteristics, which, although they manifested themselves differently at different steps, constantly repelled him from all intellectual illusions, fictions and fantasies, from any kind of illogicality and arbitrariness in thinking. And, on the contrary, bring us closer to serious discipline, logical reasoning, rejection of everything half-thought out and dull. His later texts, known for their strangeness and vagueness, are verified to the last point. “Ulysses” caused his only hesitation: “Didn’t I make it very periodic?”; and about Finnegans Wake it was said with hard-won confidence: “I can justify any line in this book.” Behind these features of the artist, let us, in turn, cross out a certain common source, a common denominator: what his friend-enemy Gogarty-Mulligan calls in the novel “Jesuitic leaven.” Joyce's entire style of thinking - and with it the manner of writing "Ulysses" - bear the exact imprint of the training of the Jesuit fathers: precise logic and masterly argumentation, a certain taste for casuistry, for confusing and clouding the opponent (reader), a wealth of small details, after all, secrecy that does not like to expose the main springs and motives - all these are traditional features of the Jesuit school of thought.

The novel begins at 8 am on July 16, 1904 and ends at 3 am. Episode 1 - 8 am. Martello Tower on the outskirts of Dublin. Stephen Dedalus, medical student Buck Mulligan, and Briton Gaines live here. Breakfast time. The Irish milkmaid brings milk. Episode 2 - 10 o'clock. Stephen gives a lesson at Mr. Deasy's school. Stephen undertakes to publish an article in the newspaper. Episode 3 -11 o'clock. Stephen drives along the sea coast, his stream of consciousness resembles the sea. Episode 4 - 8 am. The house of Leopold Blum, who prepares breakfast for his wife. Episode 5 - 10 o'clock. Bloom leaves the house and goes to the city bathhouse. Episode 6 11 o'clock Bloom goes to the cemetery where his friend Paddy Dignam is buried. Episode 7 - noon. Bloom is at the newspaper office and casually meets Steven. Episode 8 - day 1. Bloom in a tavern. Episode 9 - 2 p.m. Dublin State Library. Episode 10 - From an hour. The Viceroy, accompanied by his retinue, passes through the town. Episode 11 - 4 hours. Hotel Ormond. Stephen Dedalus is here, and Bloom is also heading here. Episode 12 - 5 hours. Bloom is in a bar, where the conversation ends in a quarrel and ridicule of Bloom. Episode 13 - 8 pm. Bloom is on the embankment, thinking about Marion. Episode 14 - 10 o'clock. Maternity hospital. Bloom visits an old acquaintance and remembers her own deceased son, Rudy. Episode 15 - North. In one of the taverns, Stephen Dedalus takes part in a student party, and Leopold Blum is also there. Stephen goes after Bloom and finds him in a house of debauchery. Episode 16 - night. Bloom and Stephen walk through Dublin at night. Episode 17 - night. Bloom brings Dedalus to his home, they talk. Episode 18 - night. Marion falls asleep, she remembers the past day, pictures of her life, images of her relatives arise. The mentioned episodes indicate spatio-temporal landmarks. Among the images, Blum and the painter Dedalus are two different worlds. Blum's stream of consciousness is everyday. The triumph of life, the earthly essence of man, is affirmed in Marion’s internal monologue. This is a stream of memoirs, associations, thoughts that interrupt each other. But the style of thinking is only one of many and strong connections between the world of Joyce, his novel and the world of church religiosity. After the artist’s break with the church, he began to have complex affairs with this world, which in no way amount to sweeping denial. In ecclesiastical Europe there has long been a well-recognized human type, successfully called the “frisky Catholic”: the type of person who has broken with the church, but, bearing its imprint, preserves the intellectual and sincere world formed by Catholicism. Both Joyce and his hero Stephen constitute a fairly reasonable variety of this type. True, their rejection of ritual, disbelief in the sacraments, dogmas and, in general, the non-rational elements of church teaching are decisive and uncompromising. Joyce categorically refused to baptize his own children and after his death was buried without a priest. He assessed the role of the church and clergy in modern society, as well as in Irish history of recent centuries, very poorly. In the end, he did not shy away from blasphemy, sometimes rude and harsh, impudent, Luciferian. But that's probably all.

/ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, which was largely autobiographical and described the writer’s studies in a Jesuit boarding school.

“The one who read “Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” James Joyce, probably remembers the terrifying opening scene in which little Stephen Dedalus is bullied by a superstitious servant. He tells the boy that if he does not apologize for a certain “sin,” eagles will fly and peck out his eyes. Stephen hides under the table, but the threat continues to pulse through his mind:

“They’ll peck out your eyes - apologize - apologize - they’ll peck out your eyes...”

Researchers Joyce They consider this episode autobiographical. An early passage from Joyce, quoted in The Cornell Collection, also includes an episode in which young Joyce is frightened by eagles that peck out his eyes. When Joyce began writing novels exposing the sexual side of life in Catholic Ireland - the great unspoken secret in that country - he became the target of a campaign of vilification for which there is no parallel in literary history. At this time his eyes began to bother him. He turned to one ophthalmologist after another, but each time it gave only temporary relief. One of the specialists said that Joyce's problem had psychological roots, but could not suggest what exactly was preventing him from seeing or how to get rid of it. Others immediately resorted to a scalpel. Over seventeen years, Joyce underwent eleven operations and by the end of his life was declared blind - although in fact he was not completely blind."

Robert Anton Wilson, Quantum Psychology, M., “Sofia”, 2006, p.132.

The most famous and widely imitated work of the writer is the novel: Ulysses/ Ulysses, published in 1922. Some critics called this novel "an encyclopedia of modernism."

And in later “...in "Finnegans Wake", wishing to depict "thunder" or "cry in the street" denoting a highly collective action, James Joyce uses a word akin to those found in ancient manuscripts: "Fall (babadalgarag
tuonntanntrovarrounaunskauntuhuhurdenenternak!)"

Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: the formation of a typing man, M., Mir, 2005, p. 159.

« Victor Hugo threw out the slogan: “Guerre au vocabulaire et paix a la syntaxe” - “War on the dictionary, peace on syntax.” James Joyce, during the creation of Finnegans Wake, would have called the slogan Hugo the fruit of childish timidity or simply cowardice. This amazing work by Joyce is not popular, and there is every reason to assume that it will never become popular. If he had not been preceded by Ulysses and several other books that managed to glorify Joyce, I do not think that even his most ardent admirers would have had the courage and desire to remain faithful to him. Reading Finnegans Wake requires dedication unless the reader is caught up in the passion of the commentator. Joyce created his own language here and came into conflict not only with syntax, but also with inflections, phonetics and the traditional form of words. He set himself - as he himself told me about it - a grandiose and daring goal: to create a new language for expressing things that had not been expressed in human speech before. To do this, he drew material not only from English in all its variants, but also from other languages. Like all cocktails, this one turned out to be an extremely strong drink: after reading a few pages you begin to feel dizzy. Joyce with his experiment was not the first and not the only one, you can find such tests everywhere, in Poland Witkacy did this, but rather as a joke. Joyce did not allow himself to joke with such things and considered his creation the greatest of all that appeared in our era. He was mistaken, of course, but it was a mistake of majestic proportions...”

Jan Parandovsky, Alchemy of the word. Olympic disc, M., “Progress”, 1982, p. 217.

"How Joyce - for many years he dictated his final novel, Finnegans Wake, completely incomprehensible texts , and it took the Polish researcher M. Slomczynski twenty years to decipher just one chapter from this novel... Joyce was completely blinded by this work and soon died. And the solution to this incomprehensible text, in my opinion, is nearby - poor Joyce’s beloved daughter went crazy, and he tried, perhaps, to write a novel in her language, a language in which all the individual words are understandable, but together they mean nothing - or mean everything. Try to make up a phrase that doesn't mean anything. Will not work. I once inserted such texts into my play “Bifem”. But they simply meant interference in the microphone, illegibility. And Joyce wrote an entire novel!

Petrushevskaya L.S. , The little girl from “Metropol”: stories, stories, essays, St. Petersburg, “Amphora”, 2006, p. 19.

Joyce“... who borrowed the internal monologue discovered by Desjardins, but went further: “Joyce went further. There is nothing in common between his internal monologue and Desjardins. He brought his own “I” into it. His own world... He did it better...” (Sarraute Nathalie. Les Fruits d'Or. Paris, 1973. P. 130). Joyce's inner monologue in Ulysses is an agrammatic speech stream depicting the unconscious mind of Marion Bloom, the wife of one of the main characters, Leopold Bloom. Joyce not only develops here the form of internal monologue: he achieves such mastery, the level of which has not been surpassed to this day. Before us is a picture of a chaotic avalanche-like flow of words as an image of embodied movement, characteristic of our perception, where it is impossible to stop. And although Joyce was reproached for the obscenity of the very subject of the description, since we are talking about erotic experiences, the image he created gives such an amazing sense of life, which has no equal in literature either before or after Joyce. Correctly noted Virginia Woolf After reading the novel “Ulysses,” “if we want life itself, then, undoubtedly, it is here before us.”

Chernitskaya L.A., Invariance in literary metatext, St. Petersburg, Renome, 2016, p. 33-34.

Rating M.I. Weller - philologist by training:“The basis of prose is fact. The basis of poetry is feeling. Great events and great feelings lie at the heart of literature. The Iliad is an artist's account of the heroes' expeditionary campaign. "Ulysses" is an artist's account of one day in the life of a microbe. Joyce more voluminous and aesthetically richer Homer. With all its sophisticated arsenal of acquired means, literature has ingrained itself into the little man: he, too, is deep! interesting! great! hero! Yes: but also. Two hundred years ago, turning to a small person and an ordinary event was a discovery, a turn, an act of justice. The telescope was turned to the other end: what a wealth of small flora and fauna! This is the level at which existence, it turns out, is inherent! And Akaki Akakievich obscured the Prophetic Oleg, and the tea party drowned out the roar of the battles. A new stage has begun. At this stage, literature was recommended to be ordinary: characters and events, feelings and language. What is art? And in the consciousness of a subtle system of polysemantic conventions, in the taste and beauty of presentation that are based on mastery of tradition. Digestion began within oneself: in a space enclosed by restrictions, the subject of literature became the development of literary means. Which naturally led to self-consumption. […] That is, just as there is pure and applied science, pure literature and applied literature have emerged: one for professionals, the other for all consumers.”

Weller M.I. , Word and profession, “Ast”, 2008, p. 49.