The most abundant inorganic substance in the cell. What is the most common inorganic substance on earth? General features of the structure of cells of all organisms

Plants and animals are different from each other. And yet there are signs common to the cells of all organisms.

Organic and mineral substances of the cell

It includes organic and inorganic (mineral) substances. Organic substances are formed in the cells of living organisms. These include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Inorganic substances are widely distributed in inanimate nature. The most common inorganic substance is water. It is necessary for all cells and makes up about 70% of the mass of the cell. Water is a direct participant in many life processes: growth, nutrition, excretion, movement of substances in the cell and body. Mineral salts (for example, table salt) are dissolved in water.

Squirrels

Proteins are complex organic compounds. The bodies of living organisms are built from proteins. They are involved in all life processes. Vegetable proteins play an important role in the nutrition of animals and humans. Most proteins are found in plant seeds. Among animal proteins, you are well aware of the protein contained in a chicken egg. The diversity of proteins in the cells of one organism can reach several thousand species.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are essential for all living organisms as a source of energy. These include glucose, sucrose, starch and other substances. Starch accumulates in potato tubers, bananas, wheat seeds. In many animals, carbohydrate glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates give strength to many parts of organisms, for example, they are part of wood. The carbohydrate chitin forms the outer covering of insects and crustaceans.

Fats

In the cells of living organisms, fats serve as a reserve source of energy and water. They are especially important for animals hibernating (bears, gophers) or living in the desert (camels). Large reserves of fat are found in the seeds of plants such as sunflower and flax.

General features of the structure of cells of all organisms

The cell is made up of interconnected parts. Each of them has a special structure and purpose. Outside, any cell is covered with a plasma membrane. The main role of the membrane is to protect the cell from external influences. The membrane has pores through which the contents of one cell communicate with the contents of other cells. Nutrients and water pass through the membrane into the cell, and waste products are removed from it.

Inside the cell is the cytoplasm - a viscous semi-liquid substance that is constantly moving. Various processes take place in the cytoplasm that ensure the vital activity of the cell. It serves as an internal environment in which cellular structures are located that perform certain functions - organelles.

The most important and largest organelle of the cell is the nucleus. However, the cells of not all organisms contain it. The cells of bacteria, the most ancient organisms on Earth, are most simply arranged. In their cytoplasm there is a nuclear substance that has not yet been formed into a nucleus. These organisms are called prenuclear (prokaryotes). The cells of fungi, plants and animals contain a nucleus and have a more complex structure. Such organisms are called nuclear (eukaryotes). According to scientists, hundreds of millions of years ago, life on Earth was represented exclusively by non-nuclear organisms, and only much later did nuclear organisms arise.

The most common substance on earth

From the book 100 great mysteries of nature author

THE MOST MYSTERIOUS SUBSTANCE IN THE UNIVERSE Oxygen plus hydrogen plus cold creates ice. At first glance, this transparent substance seems very simple. In reality, the ice is fraught with many mysteries. The ice created by the African Erasto Mpemba did not think about fame.

From the book 100 great records of the elements author Nepomniachtchi Nikolai Nikolaevich

The most common natural disaster A high rise in the water level, when the water flow overcomes natural and artificial barriers and floods normally dry land - this is the definition of flooding given by the Encyclopedic Dictionary Britannica. Uncontrollable

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author

What is the most common mammal? The most common of mammals is man, followed by the house mouse, which lives side by side with him in all parts.

From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova Svetlana

The most common disease among residents

From the book Biology [A complete guide to preparing for the exam] author Lerner Georgy Isaakovich

7.5-7.6. The biosphere is a global ecosystem. The teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere and noosphere. Living matter, its functions. Features of the distribution of biomass on Earth. Evolution of the Biosphere There are two definitions of the biosphere. The first definition. The biosphere is the inhabited part

From the book The Complete Encyclopedia of Our Delusions author

From the book The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Our Delusions [with illustrations] author Mazurkevich Sergey Alexandrovich

From The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Our Delusions [with transparent pictures] author Mazurkevich Sergey Alexandrovich

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

The most common tree What do you think is the most common tree in the former Soviet Union and today's Commonwealth of Independent States? Maybe you think it's a pine tree? It really grows on a huge area of 109.5 million

From the book 100 great secrets of the Earth author Volkov Alexander Viktorovich

The strongest animal on Earth What do you think is the strongest animal on Earth? Someone will suggest that it is an elephant, someone will call a lion, and someone will call a rhinoceros. However, in reality, the most powerful animal on Earth is ... a scarab dung beetle. Naturally, if

From the book 100 Great Records of the Elements [with illustrations] author Nepomniachtchi Nikolai Nikolaevich

The most common substance on Earth It is generally accepted that the most common substance on Earth is water. However, it is not. Surprisingly, the leadership belongs to ordinary sand, and water takes an honorable second.

From the author's book

The most mysterious substance in the universe: ice Oxygen plus hydrogen plus cold creates ice. Here it is, under the thin snow groats, so clearly felt. Do we know what ice is? At first glance, this transparent substance seems very simple. In reality, ice melts in

From the author's book

The most common natural disaster A high rise in the water level, when the water flow overcomes natural and artificial barriers and floods usually dry land - this is the definition of flooding given by the encyclopedic dictionary

the most common substance on earth

Alternative descriptions

melted ice

The most common liquid on earth

Clear colorless liquid

. "It's not beer that kills people, it's people that kills..."

. "Like a goose..."

. "Don't spill..."

. "Under a lying stone ... does not flow"

. "ash two O"

. "it lives in the seas and rivers, but often flies across the sky, and when it gets bored with flying, it falls to the ground again" (riddle)

. "quiet ... the coast washes away" (last)

. "subtle matter", which ended up on the first step of the "ladder of nature", built in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet

You are the life

65% human body

Without her, "neither there nor here"

There is no life without her

Most of the vodka

The ends are usually hidden in it.

The most important inorganic substance for us

Vodka without alcohol

Hydrogen + oxygen

Second to water and copper pipes

Carbonated...

Hot and cold in the faucet

Kills people unlike beer

The destroyer of people (song.)

Distilled...

Jewel in the desert

Friends - do not spill ...

They don’t push her in a mortar

She watered the garden and vegetable garden

Liquid cradle of life

Liquid

Liquid without taste, color and smell

Bath liquid

Liquid that pours in empty speeches

Liquid that has leaked a lot

The fluid necessary for the existence of all living things

What is a snowflake made of?

It was in her drop that the Roman sages advised to look, "if you want to know the world"

What coolant is usually used to cool a boiling water reactor?

stone sharpens

Painting by Russian artist S. Chuikov "Alive ..."

Well...

concrete component

Vodka component

Extra in vodka, according to drunkards

The best remedy for thirst

pouring from the faucet

An insignificant component of vodka

mineral water

Mineral in a bottle

Mineral, carbonated

Muddy after ice drift

We drink it and bathe in it

We drink it and soar with it

Pour into a bucket or glass

Pour into a kettle for boiling

Filler of baths and seas

Mandatory condition of life

One of the most common substances in nature

It turns out that you can get out of it dry

Deuterium oxide or heavy...

She pours in empty speeches

It can flow or it can drip

It does not flow under a lying stone

The basis of all life on Earth

The basis of life

Fresh milk in the night lake

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Drinking union of two gases

rain flesh

flesh of the sea

According to the French chemist Leonel, the molecule of this substance resembles a peach, on the sides of which two apricots are attached.

Popular in Germany herbal liquor "Danzig gold ...", contains the smallest particles of gold leaf

Fresh...

Fresh water in the lake

Fresh water in the pond

Fresh liquid in the pond

A clear, colorless liquid that is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen

Flowing in the jacuzzi

Hide and seek for ends

melted ice

fish habitat

Escaped from the bucket

The seventh liquid on jelly

Seventh on jelly

Liquefied ice

According to the Kazakh proverb, only God is without lack, only she is without dirt.

Contents sieve according to saying

Contents of the clepsydra

The content of the river and the sea

Contents of the samovar

Salty in the sea

Salt moisture of the sea

Salty sea...

Rescue from thirst

This is the name of the linear part of the distance for one boat

Shower flow

Flowing from the faucet

What fish breathe

Something that will not spread true friendship

What is carried on the offended

What is poured from the tap

Outdated antique constellation

Quenches thirst

Film by A. A. Rowe "Fire, ... and copper pipes"

A chemical without which neither man nor animal will last long

Chemical substance in the form of a transparent liquid

Walks without legs, sleeves without arms, mouth without speech (riddle)

How is alcohol diluted

What in Taoism has become a symbol of the triumph of apparent weakness over strength

What boils in a samovar

What measured time in ancient clepsydra

Nekipyach. tea without sugar

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Do not drink from her face, according to the saying

Drain tank contents

1. What external stimuli do protozoa react to (mechanical, chemical, light, sound)?
2. What is the difference between ciliate shoe and amoeba (presence of pseudopods, mouth, cilia, chloroplasts, two nuclei)?
3. What cell organelles perform the digestive function in protozoa (Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria)?
4. What are the functions of mitochondria in protozoa (protein synthesis, ATP synthesis, food breakdown, respiration)?
5. What is the function of the small nucleus in the shoe ciliates (responsible for the processes of synthesis and growth, carries hereditary information, participates in the sexual process)?
6. What is the essence of the sexual process in ciliates shoes (reproduction, exchange of hereditary information, growth)?
7. What protozoa have a mineral skeleton (amoebae, sporozoans, radiolarians, ciliates)?
8. What protozoa are the most ancient on Earth (amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, ciliates)?
9. Without what could the amoeba die (without food, without water, without air, without algae)?
10. Where does food digestion take place in ciliates (in the vacuole, in the cell mouth, in the stomach, in the nucleus)?

Which statements are true? 1 All living organisms on Earth have a cellular structure.

2 Bacterial cells have a nucleus.

3 "bacterion" means "rod".

4 Mushrooms are plants lacking chlorophyll.

Mycology is the science of fungi.

6 Mushroom cells have nuclei.

7 Lichens are symbiont organisms.

Algae are the oldest photosynthetic organisms on Earth.

The body of algae is divided into vegetative organs.

10All mosses have roots.

11 Rhizoids are a type of root.

The gametophyte is the sexual generation of plants.

13 Horsetail leaves are of stem origin.

14 Ferns have no roots.

18 The main feature of angiosperms is the presence of a seed.

19 Flowering plants are capable of forming complex communities.

20The main feature of dicotyledonous plants is the presence of two cotyledons in the seed.
write + or -

Write down the numbers of the correct statements: 1. Only plants can absorb the energy of solar radiation. 2. Consuming inorganic substances (

carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts), the plant is fed. 3. In the fields, after harvesting, the minerals absorbed by the plants do not return to the soil. 4. In the forest, mineral salts absorbed by plants return to the soil with fallen leaves and needles. 5. Plant nutrition with air is called air nutrition. 6. With the help of chlorophyll, organic substances (sugar) are formed in the leaf from carbon dioxide and water. 7. Autotrophs - organisms capable of independently synthesizing organic substances from inorganic ones. 8. Green plants absorb the energy of sunlight and convert it into the energy of chemical bonds. 9. The role of green plants is called cosmic because they receive the energy of sunlight from space. 10. The energy of sunlight received from space is stored by green plants in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 11. With the advent of green plants on Earth, atmospheric oxygen was formed. 12. Oxygen is a substance necessary for photosynthesis and plant respiration. 13. Breathing is the splitting of complex organic substances into simpler, inorganic ones, and the release of the energy of chemical bonds. 14. The water flow in the plant depends on the suction capacity of the root hairs. 15. Metabolism is the nutrition and respiration of plants.

Water* The most common inorganic compound in living organisms is water. Its content varies widely: in the cells of the enamel of the teeth, water is about 10%, and in the cells of the developing embryo - more than 90%. On average, in a multicellular organism, water makes up about 80% of body weight.

The role of water in the cell is very great. Its functions are largely determined by the chemical nature. The dipole nature of the structure of molecules determines the ability of water to actively interact with various substances. Its molecules cause the splitting of a number of water-soluble substances into cations and anions. As a result, ions quickly enter into chemical reactions. Most chemical reactions are interactions between water-soluble substances.

Thus, the polarity of molecules and the ability to form hydrogen bonds make water a good solvent for a huge amount of inorganic and organic substances. In addition, as a solvent, water provides both the influx of substances into the cell and the removal of waste products from it, since most chemical compounds can only penetrate the outer cell membrane in dissolved form.

No less important is the purely chemical role of water. Under the action of certain catalysts - enzymes - it enters into hydrolysis reactions, i.e. reactions in which OH "or NH groups of water are added to the free valences of various molecules. As a result, new substances with new properties are formed.

To a certain extent, water is a heat regulator; due to good thermal conductivity and high heat capacity of water, when the ambient temperature changes, the temperature inside the cell remains unchanged or its fluctuations are much lower than in the surrounding cell -. environment.

mineral salts. Most of the inorganic substances of the cell are in the form of salts - either dissociated into ions, or in a solid state. Among the former, K + cations are of great importance. Na + , Ca 2+ , which provide such an important property of living organisms as irritability. In the tissues of multicellular animals, calcium is part of the intercellular "cement", which determines the adhesion of cells to each other and their orderly arrangement in tissues. The buffer properties of the cell depend on the concentration of salts inside the cell.

amino acid molecules form bonds between acidic carbon and nitrogen main groups. Such bonds are called covalent, and in this case - peptide connections:

The combination of two amino acids into one molecule is called dipeptide, three amino acids tripeptide etc., and a compound consisting of 20 or more amino acid residues - polypeptide.

Amino acids have a common structural plan, but differ from each other in the structure of the radical (R), which is very diverse. For example, the amino acid alanine has a simple radical - CH3, the cysteine radical contains sulfur - CH 2 SH, other amino acids have more complex radicals.

Proteins isolated from living organisms of animals, plants and microorganisms include several hundred and sometimes thousands of combinations of 20 basic amino acids. The order of their alternation is the most diverse, which makes possible the existence of a huge number of protein molecules that differ from each other. For example, for a protein consisting of only 20 amino acid residues, theoretically about 2x10 variants are possible, differing in the alternation of amino acids, and hence in the properties of various protein molecules. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called the primary structure of a protein.

However, a protein molecule in the form of a chain of amino acid residues connected in series by peptide bonds is not yet capable of performing specific functions. This requires a higher structural organization. By forming hydrogen bonds between the residues of the carboxyl and amino groups of different amino acids, the protein molecule takes the form spirals (a- structure) or a sweet accordion layer (/? - structure). This is the secondary structure of the protein (Fig. 3.1, 3.2).

Buffering is the ability of a cell to maintain a slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level. Buffer solutions are characterized by the fact that the introduction into them or the formation in the process of metabolism of small amounts of acid or alkali does not affect the pH values due to the formation of compounds with carbonates, phosphates or organic molecules. Inside the cell, buffering is provided mainly by H2PO4 anions. "In the extracellular fluid and in the blood, H2CO3" and HCO3 "play the role of a buffer. Anions of weak acids and weak alkalis bind hydrogen ions (NH) and hydroxyl ions (OH"), due to which reaction inside cells remain virtually unchanged.

Insoluble mineral salts, such as calcium phosphate, are part of the intercellular substance of bone tissue, in mollusk shells, ensuring the strength of these formations.