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individual work with teenagers (sixth module). The study of the individual and personal characteristics of students, the compilation of socio-psychological portraits and recommendations for the development of social activity allows you to build an individual route. Tracking the passage of the route is carried out by maintaining protocols, which take into account information obtained through psychological testing, as well as data from pedagogical observation.

The ratio of the most significant intrapersonal factors with the factors of the educational organization is the basis for the implementation of an individual route for the development of social activity. First of all, club resources are taken into account: a modular program of club activities, a set of pedagogical technologies that allow building an individual route for the development of social activity, human resources corresponding to such a task, and a specially organized spatial and subject environment of the club. Other resources of the additional education system are also used, when teenagers choose one or another creative association based on the results of a psychologist's consultation and attendance of motivational events.

These are the main characteristics of the target, organizational-content and psychological-pedagogical components of the model of formation of social activity.

1. Stradze A. E. Social activity in Russian society: structural and activity dimension. Dissertation for the competition step. Doctor of Sociology Sciences. Rostov n/D., 2013.

2. Novikova GV Socio-psychological technologies for the formation of youth social activity in volunteer activities. Dissertation for the competition step. cand. psychol. Sciences. M., 2013.

© Trofimova S.S., 2016

DI. Fedorov

3rd year student of the Faculty of Energy and Control Systems Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh, Russian Federation V.I. Chernousov

3rd year student of the Faculty of Energy and Control Systems Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh, Russian Federation

FORMATION OF THE USSR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

annotation

The article tells about the emergence of the USSR and its influence on the future fate of the country. The reasons that led to the formation of the Soviet Union are investigated. It is considered in what conditions it was necessary to make strong-willed fateful decisions, what problems the Soviet leaders had to face in this case. Particular attention is paid to the political struggle, both internal (mainly between Lenin and Stalin) and external. At the end of the article, the significance of the formation of the USSR is displayed and the impact on the future of the country, both positive and negative, is described.

Keywords

History, USSR, emergence, national question, political struggle, unification.

The war and foreign intervention necessitated the creation of a defensive alliance between the Bolshevik forces of the center and the national regions. In the summer of 1919, a military-political union of the Soviet republics was formed. On June 1, 1919, a decree was signed "On the unification of the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus to fight world imperialism." On its basis, a single military command was created, economic councils, transport, commissariats of finance and labor were united. It is clear that the management of the unified financial system was carried out from Moscow, just as the national military formations were completely subordinate to the High Command of the Red Army. The military-political unity of the Soviet republics played an important role in defeating the united forces of intervention. Later, as an experiment, representatives of Ukraine, Belarus, the Transcaucasian republics were introduced into the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, and the unification of some people's commissariats began. As a result, the Supreme Council of National Economy of the RSFSR actually became the governing body for the industry of these republics. The GOELRO (Electrification of Russia) plan adopted in 1920 was also designed for a single economic mechanism for all regions of the country. In February 1921, the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR was created, headed by G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, called upon to supervise the implementation of a single economic plan. In August 1921, the Federal Committee for Land Affairs was established in the RSFSR, which regulated the development of agricultural production and land use throughout the country. In February 1922 in Moscow, a meeting of representatives of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Bukhara, Khorezm and the Far Eastern Republic instructed the delegation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to represent at the international conference in Genoa on the economic restoration of Central and Eastern Europe (April 1922) interests of all Soviet republics, to conclude any treaties and agreements on their behalf. The delegation of the RSFSR was then replenished with representatives of Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia.

The practice of the first years of Soviet power was to create autonomies in the Russian Federation on a national, territorial, and economic basis. In March 1918, when the extremely weakened Soviet power was looking for support, the Narkomnats (People's Commissariat for Nationalities) tried to create the first experimental autonomy within the federation. On March 23, 1918, he published a decree drawn up with the participation of Sultan Galiev and Mulla-Hyp Vakhitov - two representatives of the newly created Central Muslim Commissariat - where part of the territory of the Southern Urals and the Middle Volga was declared the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic, which is part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Despite the deliberately vague wording, the promise to create a national Muslim republic on such a vast territory embodied in life the long-held dream of all Muslims in Russia: to finally create an autonomous Muslim state. But Sultan Galiev strove for more: he believed that the Tatar-Bashkir Republic should become a hotbed, the revolutionary sparks of which would fall into the very heart of the East.

In the desire of the republics to strengthen their sovereign rights, a number of party workers, including People's Commissar I.V. Stalin, saw the main obstacle on the way to unity. The creation of independent national republics was seen only as a temporary step towards future unification. The creation of independent national republics was seen only as a temporary step towards future unification.

Alarmed by the growth of Tatar nationalism, the 8th Party Congress (March 1919) voted to abolish all communist national organizations. Henceforth, they were to be directly linked to the RCP(b). A new decree of May 22, 1920, significantly limited the autonomy of the Tatar-Bashkir Republic, granted in March 1918. Fearing the ideas of pan-Turkism, the central government divided the republic and instead of a large Muslim state created two small autonomous republics, whose competence was limited to local administrative issues.

In 1918 - 1922. peoples, mostly small and compactly living surrounded by Great Russian lands, received two levels of autonomy within the RSFSR:

Republican - 11 autonomous republics (Turkestan, Bashkir, Karelian, Buryat, Yakut, Tatar, Dagestan, Gorskaya, etc.), which had the right to independently resolve a number of internal issues.

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Regional - 10 regions (Kalmyk, Chuvash, Komi-Zyryansk, Adygei, Kabardino-Balkaria, etc.) and 2 labor communes - Volga Germans and Karelian (since 1923 an autonomous republic), which had the right to independently resolve a smaller number of issues.

Independence granted in 1920 - 1922. Kyrgyz, Mari, Dagestanis, Buryats, Mongols, Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars, etc., was negligible. The exception was Turkestan, which received wider autonomy. A strong national bourgeoisie, a powerful nationalist movement (especially in Bukhara and Khiva), a very diverse ethnic composition, a significant proportion of the Russian population - all this forced the center to extremely carefully delimit the spheres of influence of local and central authorities.

Another path to union unification lay through bilateral relations between the RSFSR and the independent Soviet republics. A complex system of bilateral treaties gradually tied these republics to the RSFSR and narrowed the scope of their competence. The agreement between the RSFSR and Ukraine of December 28, 1920, at least on paper, preserved the independence of Ukraine, it still had its own commissariat for foreign affairs. After three years of independent political life, it was impossible not to take into account national peculiarities, and, moreover, the Ukrainian President Rakovsky, as too strong a personality, was not suitable for the post of head of a puppet state. In January 1921, a similar treaty was to be signed between the RSFSR and Belarus, which has always, at least formally, been treated as a privileged partner.

Since the spring of 1921, in response to the instructions of V.I. Lenin on the economic association of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the creation of the Transcaucasian Federation (TSSFSR) began. At the same time, in Georgia, the Russian Bolsheviks had to act even more delicately, since during the February (1921) “re-conquest”, the central government and, most importantly, Lenin lost the initiative, following the lead of the military and political leaders of Transcaucasia. On March 2, 1921, Ordzhonikidze was specially sent to Georgia in search of “an acceptable compromise for a bloc with Zhordania or similar Georgian Mensheviks, who, even before the uprising, were not absolutely hostile to the idea of ​​a Soviet system in Georgia on certain conditions.” Lenin wrote that "both the internal and international conditions of Georgia demand from the Georgian communists not the use of the Russian template, but the skillful and flexible creation of original tactics." Despite these sound thoughts, the central authorities pushed all three Caucasian republics to unite as soon as possible into the Transcaucasian Republic, which in turn would sign an agreement with the RSFSR. The Georgian communists - Makharadze, Orakelashvili, Mdivani - sharply opposed such an allied association, imposed from above by Moscow and the Caucasus Bureau, which was a tool of the center against the national communist parties. However, under pressure from Ordzhonikidze and the Caucasus Bureau, at a conference convened on March 11-12, 1922 in Tiflis, the Union of Transcaucasian Republics was created, which was in charge of foreign relations, defense, finance, foreign trade, all transport and the economy of the three republics. A series of additional agreements, signed in the following weeks, were to include the Transcaucasian Federation in the economy of the RSFSR and empower the latter to represent the Caucasian republics in the international arena. In the summer of 1922, the Soviet leaders completed the unification of territories that had not been interconnected for five years before, into a system of planetary republics revolving around the RSFSR. It only remained to determine the principles of relations within the new federation.

The Federation of Republics was considered by the Bolsheviks as a transitional stage "on the eve of the world revolution", an obligatory step on the way to union and overcoming such "bourgeois survivals" as national differences.

While some republics (for example, Belarus) were ready to develop ties with the RSFSR, others (for example, Georgia) sabotaged joint activities. In Georgia, the division of the Communist Party into supporters and opponents of the federation led to the rupture of contractual ties, forcibly maintained from the center. The protracted Caucasian conflict, difficulties in Ukraine prompted Lenin to speed up the process

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federalization. On August 10, 1922, a commission headed by Stalin was created to develop a draft federal state. The federation was represented by Kuibyshev, Molotov, Ordzhonikidze, Rakovsky, Sokolnikov, and the republics by Agamaly-Ogly (Azerbaijan), Myasnikov (Armenia), Chervyakov (Belarus) and Petrovsky (Ukraine). The project presented on September 10, known as the “autonomization” project, actually meant the absorption of the republics of the RSFSR, the government of which became the head of the federation. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus accepted this project, but the Ukrainians, supported by Rakovsky, and especially the Georgians, completely criticized it. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia rejected the project, insisting on the desire to preserve the independence of the republic. Lenin was ill and learned about the project and the controversy it caused only at the end of September. Having condemned Stalin's "too hasty" actions, he rejected the idea of ​​autonomization and proposed a completely different option, according to which equal republics, and not subordinate ones of the RSFSR, were united in a federation. For this equality to become real, the federal authorities had to be placed above the republican ones. Stalin had to redo his plan according to Lenin's instructions. On October 6, the new text was approved by the Central Committee. All republics were guaranteed equal rights within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and each was theoretically given the right to freely secede from the Union. This project was accepted by all national parties. Nevertheless, the Georgian leaders demanded that their republic enter the Union independently, and not as part of the Transcaucasian Federation. Stalin and his representative in Tiflis, Ordzhonikidze, opposed the direct entry of Georgia into the Union, citing the difficult national situation in the Caucasus in general and in each of the republics in particular, in order to justify the federal structure of this region, which is necessary to relieve interethnic tensions. During the disputes, passions so heated up that Ordzhonikidze hit one of his interlocutors. Having learned about the incident and outraged by the behavior of Stalin and Ordzhonikidze, Lenin wrote a long letter to the Georgian communists on December 30, 1922, where he declared war on Great Russian chauvinism. However, the Politburo and the Central Committee paid no attention to the Georgian resistance.

By November 30, a commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) developed the Main Points of the Constitution of the USSR, which were sent to the Communist Parties of the republics for discussion. On December 18, 1922, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) discussed the draft Treaty on the Formation of the USSR and proposed to convene a Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The First All-Union Congress of Soviets opened on December 30, 1922. 2,215 delegates took part in it. The size of the delegations from the republics was determined in proportion to the population in them. The largest was the Russian delegation - 1727 people. A report on the formation of the USSR was made by I.V. Stalin. The congress basically approved the Declaration and the Treaty on the formation of the USSR as part of four republics - the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the TSFSR (in which Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia were united even earlier). The Declaration legislated the principles of the structure of the union state: voluntariness, equality and cooperation on the basis of proletarian internationalism. Access to the union remained open to all Soviet republics that could arise in the course of the world revolution. The treaty determined the procedure for the entry of individual republics into the USSR, the competence of the highest bodies of state power. The right of free exit was declared, but the mechanism for exercising this right was not defined. The congress elected the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR - the supreme body of power in the intervals between congresses.

All issues included in the Declaration on the Establishment of the USSR and the Union Treaty were subsequently enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, which legislated the formation of the USSR in 1922. It should be noted that the Constitution adopted in 1924 was the second. The first Soviet constitution was the Constitution of 1918. The basic principles of this constitution were developed during the struggle of the working people for Soviet power during the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, many of them are reflected in the first decrees of Soviet power.

The constitution provided for indirect elections to government bodies, established production

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territorial principle of elections to the Soviets. the creation of the Union made it necessary to adopt a joint document prepared during 1923 by a constitutional commission headed by Kalinin and finally approved by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924. The 1924 Constitution formally legitimized the union of equal and sovereign nations. It proclaimed the right of the republics to secede and join the USSR with new socialist republics created within the country or outside it.

The formation of the USSR completed a long and incredibly complex process when, after foreign intervention, successful and unsuccessful attempts at self-determination and the unification of individual republics within the framework of a federation, the forms of which changed depending on circumstances and the balance of power, the Russian Empire gradually fell apart at the seams.

In the course of nation-building, a policy of pulling up backward national regions was pursued. For this purpose, factories, plants with equipment and part of qualified personnel were transferred from the RSFSR to Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Huge allocations were directed here for irrigation, the construction of railways, and electrification. Large tax deductions were made to the budgets of the republics. The national policy of the Soviet government had positive results in the development of culture, education, and the health care system in the Soviet republics. In the 20-30s. national schools, theaters were created here, newspapers and literature were published in the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR. A number of republics have their own Academies of Sciences, as well as departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Some peoples for the first time received a written language developed by scientists. The health care system developed in the republics. So, if in the North Caucasus before 1917 there were 12 hospitals and 32 doctors, then by 1939 there were 335 doctors working in Dagestan alone (of which 14% were representatives of the indigenous nationality). However, despite important changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of the Soviet republics, their sovereignty actually remained nominal, since the real power here was concentrated in the hands of the republican party committees accountable to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. As a result, key political and economic decisions were made by the central party bodies, which were binding on the republican ones. Internationalism in its practical implementation began to be seen as the right to ignore the national identity and culture of peoples.

The unification of the republics into the Union made it possible to accumulate and direct all resources to eliminate the consequences of the civil war. The formation of the USSR took place not only on the initiative of the Communist Party. For many centuries, the prerequisites were formed for the unification of peoples into a single state. The former Russian Empire united 185 nationalities and nationalities. All of them went through a common historical path. Unification into one multinational state did not contradict the interests of the peoples inhabiting the territory of the country. Since the entry of various peoples into Russia and the accession of new territories to it, they objectively began to be bound by a common historical destinies, migration took place, the population moved, a single economic complex of the country was formed based on the division of labor between territories, a common transport network was created, a single postal and telegraph service , a common market was formed, cultural, linguistic and other contacts were established. Consolidation into the Union allowed the young state to take one of the leading positions in the world.

List of used literature:

1. Arslanov, R.A. A short course in the history of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. [Text] / R.A. Arslanov, M.N. Moseykina, T.N. Smirnova, V. V. Kerov. - M.: AST, 2013. - 1019 p.

2. Werth, N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. [Text] / N. Vert. - M.: Progress, 1992. - 479 p.

3. Radomyslsky, Ya.I. Formation and disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. [Text] / Ya.I. Radomyslsky. - Yekaterinburg: Publishing solutions, 2015. - 200 p.

© Fedorov D.I., Chernousov V.I., 2016

In 1913, the future head of the first socialist state, V.I. Lenin, being a unitarian like Marx and Engels, wrote that a centralized large state "is a huge historical step forward from medieval fragmentation to the future socialist unity of all countries." In the period from February to October 1917, the centuries-old state unity of Russia collapsed - a number of bourgeois-nationalist governments arose on its territory (the Central Rada in Ukraine, Cossack circles on the Don, Terek and Orenburg, Kurultai in the Crimea, national Soviets in the Transcaucasus and the Baltic states, etc. .), seeking to isolate themselves from the traditional center. The threat of a sharp reduction in the territory of the socialist proletarian state, the loss of hopes for an early world revolution forced the leader of the party that came to power in Russia to reconsider his point of view on its state structure - he became a fierce supporter of federalism, however, at the stage of transition "to complete unity". The slogan "one and indivisible Russia", professed by the leaders of the white movement, was opposed by the principle of the right of all nations to self-determination, which attracted the leaders of national movements ...

However, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 was a step back from a true federation, since it only declared the form of the state structure of Russia (it did not even provide for the representation of future members of the federation in the authorities of the center), in fact, it proclaimed a unitary state created from above on the initiative of the ruling party by joining those conquered in during the Civil War of the Territories. The division of powers between federal and local bodies in the Russian Federation was based on the principles of the exclusive competence of the first and the residual - the second ...

The first intra-Russian national borders appeared in late 1918 - early 1919 with the formation of the Labor Commune of the region of the Volga Germans and the Bashkir ASSR, by the end of 1922 there were already 19 autonomous republics and regions in the RSFSR, as well as 2 labor communes created on a national basis. National-state formations coexisted with administrative-territorial units, both of which had a very weakly expressed independence.

The Russian Federation, according to the plan of its founders, was to become a model of a larger socialist state, allowing the restoration of the Russian Empire, the collapse of which during the revolution and the “triumphant procession” of the Soviet power could not be avoided. Until the middle of 1918, only two republics existed as independent states - the RSFSR and Ukraine, then the Byelorussian Republic, three republics in the Baltic states, three in Transcaucasia ...

From the first days of their existence, the RSFSR, itself in need of the most necessary, provided them with assistance in various spheres of public life. The armies of the independent republics were supplied by the People's Commissariat (People's Commissariat) for military affairs of the RSFSR. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 1, 1919 "On the unification of the socialist republics of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus for the fight against world imperialism" formalized a military alliance. The armies of all the republics were united into a single army of the RSFSR, the military command, management of railways, communications, and finances were united. The monetary system of all the republics was based on the Russian ruble, the RSFSR took over their expenses for the maintenance of the state apparatus, armies, and for the establishment of the economy. The republics received from her industrial and agricultural products, food and other assistance. The union, along with other factors, helped all the republics to get out of the war ...

Over time, the state apparatus of all the republics began to be built in the likeness of the RSFSR, their plenipotentiary representations appeared in Moscow, which had the right to enter on behalf of their governments with representations and petitions to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), People's Commissariats of the RSFSR, to inform the authorities of their republic about the most important events of the RSFSR, and the authorities of the latter on the state of the economy and the needs of their republic. On the territory of the republics, there was an apparatus of authorized representatives of some people's commissariats of the RSFSR, customs barriers were gradually overcome, and border posts were removed.

After the blockade of the Entente was lifted, the RSFSR concluded trade agreements with England, Italy, Norway, and Ukraine with Austria, Czechoslovakia and other states. In March 1921, a joint delegation of the RSFSR and Ukraine concluded an agreement with Poland. In January 1922, on behalf of the organizers of the Genoa Conference, the Italian government invited only the RSFSR from all the republics to participate in it. In February 1922, at the initiative of the Russian Federation, nine republics signed a protocol authorizing it to represent and protect their joint interests, to conclude and sign treaties with foreign states on their behalf. Thus, the military, bilateral military-economic treaties were supplemented by a diplomatic agreement. The next step was the formation of a political union.

FOUR REPUBLICS INSTEAD OF ONE EMPIRE

By 1922, 6 republics had formed on the territory of the former Russian Empire: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR. Between them from the very beginning there was a close cooperation, due to the common historical fate. During the years of the civil war, a military and economic alliance was formed, and at the time of the Genoa Conference in 1922, a diplomatic one. The unification was also facilitated by the common goal set by the governments of the republics - the construction of socialism in the territory located "in the capitalist environment."

In March 1922, the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian SSRs merged into the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In December 1922, the First Transcaucasian Congress of Soviets addressed the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee with a proposal to convene a united Congress of Soviets and discuss the issue of creating a union of Soviet republics. The same decisions were taken by the All-Ukrainian and All-Belarusian Congresses of Soviets.

IT WAS NOT STALIN-STYLE

There was no consensus on the principles of creating a union state. Among a number of proposals, two stood out: the inclusion of other Soviet republics in the RSFSR on the basis of autonomy (proposal) and the creation of a federation of republics with equal rights. Project I.V. Stalin "On the Relations of the RSFSR with the Independent Republics" was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of Azerbaijan and Armenia. The plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia recognized it as premature, and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus spoke in favor of maintaining the existing contractual relations between the BSSR and the RSFSR. The Ukrainian Bolsheviks refrained from discussing the Stalinist project. Nevertheless, the autonomization plan was approved at a meeting of the commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on September 23-24, 1922.

IN AND. Lenin, who did not participate in the discussion of the project, after reading the materials presented to him, rejected the idea of ​​autonomization and spoke in favor of forming a union of republics. He considered the Soviet Socialist Federation the most acceptable form of government for a multinational country.

NATIONAL LIBERALISM OF ILYICH

On October 5 - 6, 1922, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) adopted the plan of V.I. Lenin, however, this did not lead to an end to the struggle in the party on issues of national policy. Although the "autonomization" project was rejected, it still enjoyed some support from a number of senior officials both at the center and in the localities. I.V. Stalin and L.B. Kamenev was urged to show firmness against Ilyich's "national liberalism" and, in fact, to abandon the previous version.

At the same time, separatist tendencies in the republics are intensifying, which manifested itself in the so-called "Georgian incident", when the party leaders of Georgia demanded that it be included in the future state as an independent republic, and not as part of the Transcaucasian Federation. In response to this, the head of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee G.K. Ordzhonikidze was furious and called them "chauvinistic rot", and when one of the members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia called him "Stalin's donkey", he also beat the latter hard. In protest against Moscow's pressure, the entire Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia resigned.

Commission chaired by F.E. Dzerzhinsky, created in Moscow to investigate this "incident", justified the actions of G.K. Ordzhonikidze and condemned the Georgian Central Committee. This decision aroused the indignation of V.I. Lenin. It should be recalled here that in October 1922, after an illness, although he began to work, he still could not fully control the situation due to health reasons. On the day of the formation of the USSR, being bedridden, he dictates his letter “On the question of nationalities or autonomization”, which begins with the words: “I seem to be very guilty before the workers of Russia for not intervening energetically and sharply enough into the notorious question of autonomization, officially called, it seems, the question of the union of Soviet socialist republics.

UNION AGREEMENT (ONE UNION INSTEAD OF FOUR REPUBLIC)

AGREEMENT ON THE FORMATION OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Ukrainian SSR), the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (BSSR) and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSSR - Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia) conclude this Union Treaty on unification into one union state - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics...

1. The jurisdiction of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, represented by its supreme bodies, shall be:

a) representation of the Union in international relations;

b) changing the external borders of the Union;

c) conclusion of agreements on the admission of new republics to the Union;

d) declaration of war and conclusion of peace;

e) conclusion of external state loans;

f) ratification of international treaties;

g) establishment of foreign and domestic trade systems;

h) establishing the foundations and general plan for the entire national economy of the Union, as well as concluding concession agreements;

i) regulation of transport and postal and telegraph business;

j) establishing the foundations for organizing the armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;

k) approval of the unified state budget of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the establishment of a monetary, monetary and credit system, as well as a system of all-union, republican and local taxes;

l) establishment of general principles of land management and land use, as well as the use of subsoil, forests and waters throughout the territory of the Union;

m) common union legislation on resettlement;

o) establishing the foundations of the judiciary and legal proceedings, as well as civil and criminal union legislation;

o) establishment of basic labor laws;

p) establishing the general principles of public education;

c) the establishment of general measures in the field of public health protection;

r) establishment of a system of measures and weights;

s) organization of all-Union statistics;

t) the basic legislation in the field of union citizenship in relation to the rights of foreigners;

u) the right to a general amnesty;

v) repeal of resolutions of congresses of Soviets, Central Executive Committees and Soviets of People's Commissars of the Union Republics that violate the Union Treaty.

2. The supreme authority of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the Congress of Soviets of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in the periods between congresses - the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

3. The Congress of Soviets The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is composed of representatives of city Soviets at the rate of 1 deputy per 25,000 voters and representatives of provincial congresses of Soviets at the rate of 1 deputy per 125,000 inhabitants.

4. Delegates to the Congress of Soviets of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are elected at the provincial congresses of Soviets.

…eleven. The executive body of the Central Executive Committee of the Union is the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Council of People's Commissars of the Union), elected by the Central Executive Committee of the Union for the term of office of the latter, consisting of:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union,

Vice Presidents,

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs,

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs,

People's Commissar for Foreign Trade,

People's Commissar of Communications,

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs,

People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate.

Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy,

People's Commissar of Labour,

People's Commissar of Food,

People's Commissar of Finance.

…13. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are obligatory for all union republics and are carried out directly throughout the entire territory of the Union.

…22. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has its own flag, coat of arms and state seal.

23. The capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the city of Moscow.

…26. Each of the Union Republics retains the right to freely secede from the Union.

Congresses of Soviets in documents. 1917-1936. vol. III. M., 1960

1917, night of 26 to 27 October. Elected by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets as head of the Soviet government - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

1918, beginning of July. The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopts the Constitution of the RSFSR, which clarifies the status of the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, which is occupied by V.I. Lenin. November 30th. At the plenary meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is approved, the Council is given full rights in the matter of mobilizing the country's forces and means for its defense. V.I. Lenin is approved as the Chairman of the Council.

1920, April. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.

1923, 6 July. The session of the Central Executive Committee elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. July 7th The session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. July 17th. The Council of Labor and Defense under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is being created under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.

In 1918, the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People was adopted, proclaiming the principle of the future structure of the country. The federal basis of the free union of republics was the right of nations to self-determination. Following this, the Soviet government recognized the independence of Finland and the statehood of Poland.

The collapse of the Russian Empire and the imperialist war led to the establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia.

Proclaimed in 1918, it occupied 92% of the entire territory and was the largest of all Soviet republics. More than 100 peoples and nationalities lived there. The RSFSR partly included the territories of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In fact, until 1922, the Far Eastern Republic functioned in its likeness. There were economic, political and cultural preconditions for unification. It was not difficult to impose Soviet power in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, which had declared their independence.

From 1920 to 1921, units of the Red Army occupied these states without visible resistance and established the laws of the RSFSR there. The Sovietization of Belarus passed easily.

In Ukraine, it was not without a struggle with the pro-Kiev course. The process of asserting Soviet power in the Central Asian republics - Bukhara and Khorezm - was difficult. Detachments of the local armed opposition continued to resist there.

Most of the communist leaders of the republics were worried about the existence of "Great Russian chauvinism", they feared that the unification of the republics could lead to the creation of a new empire. This problem was perceived especially painfully in Georgia and Ukraine.

The Communist Party turned out to be the real power, which, thanks to its impeccable organization and hierarchy, created an effective structure for governing a vast country.

The unification of the republics was facilitated by the rigidity of the repressive bodies.

The commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was engaged in the development of the principles of the national state structure. Autonomous, federal and confederal options for building a single state were considered.

The plan for the declared autonomous entry of the Soviet republics into the RSFSR was proposed by the People's Commissar for Nationalities. However, the commission accepted Lenin's proposal for a union federal state. He gave future republics formal sovereignty.

Lenin clearly understood that a single party and a powerful repressive system were a sure guarantee of the integrity of the state. Lenin's project could also attract other peoples to the Union, and not scare them away, as Stalin's version did.

On December 30, 1922, the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was proclaimed at the 1st Congress of Soviets. The congress adopted a declaration and an agreement.

The declaration spoke about the reasons, goals and principles of the association. The main goal was the creation of a world union of communist republics. Formally and legally, this goal was abolished in December 1991.

The competence of the Union included issues of foreign policy and exports, defense, finance, communications and communications. The remaining issues were within the competence of the republics.

The Central Executive Committee (CEC) was elected as the supreme legislative body, which consisted of two chambers: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities.

On January 31, 1924, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets adopted the first Constitution of the USSR, which stipulated the principles of a declaration and an agreement. These provisions were enshrined in the adoption of the constitutions of the Union republics in 1924-1925. The formation of the USSR strengthened the communist regime and increased the power of the state.

Prerequisites for the formation of the USSR

Before the young state, torn apart by the consequences of the civil war, the problem of creating a unified administrative-territorial system became acute. At that time, the share of the RSFSR accounted for 92% of the country's area, the population of which later amounted to 70% of the newly formed USSR. The remaining 8% were divided between the republics of the Soviets: Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation, which united Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia in 1922. Also in the east of the country, the Far Eastern Republic was created, which was controlled from Chita. Central Asia at that time consisted of two people's republics - Khorezm and Bukhara.

In order to strengthen the centralization of management and the concentration of resources on the fronts of the civil war, the RSFSR, Belarus and Ukraine united in an alliance in June 1919. This made it possible to unite the armed forces, with the introduction of a centralized command (the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR and the Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army). Representatives were delegated from each republic to the composition of state authorities. The agreement also provided for the reassignment of some republican branches of industry, transport and finance to the corresponding people's commissariats of the RSFSR. This state new formation went down in history under the name "contractual federation". Its peculiarity was that the Russian governing bodies got the opportunity to function as the only representatives of the supreme power of the state. At the same time, the communist parties of the republics became part of the RCP (b) only as regional party organizations.
The emergence and growth of confrontation.
All this soon led to disagreements between the republics and the control center in Moscow. After all, having delegated their main powers, the republics lost the opportunity to make decisions independently. At the same time, the independence of the republics in the sphere of governance was officially declared.
Uncertainty in determining the boundaries of the powers of the center and the republics gave rise to conflicts and confusion. Sometimes state authorities looked ridiculous, trying to bring to a common denominator the people, about whose traditions and culture they knew nothing. So, for example, the need for the existence of a subject for the study of the Koran in the schools of Turkestan gave rise in October 1922 to a sharp confrontation between the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the People's Commissariat for Nationalities.
Creation of a commission on relations between the RSFSR and the independent republics.
The decisions of the central authorities in the sphere of the economy did not find proper understanding among the republican authorities and often led to sabotage. In August 1922, in order to radically reverse the current situation, the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) considered the issue "On the relationship between the RSFSR and the independent republics", creating a commission, which included republican representatives. VV Kuibyshev was appointed chairman of the commission.
The commission instructed I. V. Stalin to develop a project for the "autonomization" of the republics. In the presented decision, it was proposed to include Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia into the RSFSR, with the rights of republican autonomy. The draft was sent by the Republican Party Central Committee for consideration. However, this was done only in order to obtain a formal approval of the decision. Given the significant infringement of the rights of the republics provided for by this decision, I. V. Stalin insisted on not applying the usual practice of publishing the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) if it was adopted. But he demanded to oblige the republican Central Committees of the parties to strictly implement it.
Creation by V.I. Lenin of the concept of the state on the basis of the Federation.
Ignoring the independence and self-government of the subjects of the country, with the simultaneous tightening of the role of the central authorities, were perceived by Lenin as a violation of the principle of proletarian internationalism. In September 1922, he proposed the idea of ​​creating a state on the principles of federation. Initially, such a name was proposed - the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia, later it was changed to the USSR. Joining the union was supposed to be a conscious choice of each sovereign republic, based on the principle of equality and independence, under the general authorities of the federation. V. I. Lenin believed that a multinational state must be built based on the principles of good neighborliness, parity, openness, respect and mutual assistance.

"Georgian conflict". Strengthening separatism.
At the same time, in some republics, there is a tilt towards the isolation of autonomies, and separatist sentiments are intensifying. For example, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia flatly refused to remain a part of the Transcaucasian Federation, demanding that the republic be admitted to the union as an independent entity. Furious polemics on this issue between representatives of the Central Committee of the Party of Georgia and the chairman of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee G.K. Ordzhonikidze ended in mutual insults and even assault on the part of Ordzhonikidze. The result of the policy of strict centralization on the part of the central authorities was the voluntary resignation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia in full force.
To investigate this conflict in Moscow, a commission was created, whose chairman was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. The commission took the side of G. K. Ordzhonikidze and subjected the Central Committee of Georgia to severe criticism. This fact outraged V. I. Lenin. He repeatedly tried to condemn the perpetrators of the clash in order to exclude the possibility of infringing on the independence of the republics. However, the progressing illness and civil strife in the Central Committee of the country's party did not allow him to complete the job.

Year of formation of the USSR

Officially date of formation of the USSR This is December 30, 1922. On this day, at the first Congress of Soviets, the Declaration on the Creation of the USSR and the Union Treaty were signed. The Union included the RSFSR, the Ukrainian and Belarusian socialist republics, as well as the Transcaucasian Federation. The Declaration formulated the reasons and determined the principles for the unification of the republics. The treaty delimited the functions of the republican and central authorities. The state bodies of the Union were entrusted with foreign policy and trade, means of communication, communications, as well as issues of organizing and controlling finance and defense.
Everything else belonged to the sphere of government of the republics.
The All-Union Congress of Soviets was proclaimed the supreme body of the state. In the period between congresses, the leading role was assigned to the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, organized on the principle of bicameralism - the Union Council and the Council of Nationalities. M. I. Kalinin was elected chairman of the CEC, co-chairs - G. I. Petrovsky, N. N. Narimanov, A. G. Chervyakov. The government of the Union (Council of People's Commissars of the USSR) was headed by V. I. Lenin.

Financial and economic development
The unification of the republics into the Union made it possible to accumulate and direct all resources to eliminate the consequences of the civil war. This contributed to the development of the economy, cultural relations and made it possible to begin to get rid of distortions in the development of individual republics. A characteristic feature of the formation of a nationally oriented state was the efforts of the government in matters of the harmonious development of the republics. It was for this purpose that certain industries were moved from the territory of the RSFSR to the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, providing them with highly qualified labor resources. Financing was carried out to provide the regions with communications, electricity, water resources for irrigation in agriculture. The budgets of the other republics received subsidies from the state.
Social and cultural significance
The principle of building a multinational state based on common standards had a positive impact on the development in the republics of such spheres of life as culture, education and healthcare. In the 1920s and 1930s, schools were built everywhere in the republics, theaters opened, mass media and literature developed. For some peoples, scientists have developed a written language. In health care, emphasis is placed on the development of a system of medical institutions. For example, if in 1917 there were 12 clinics and only 32 doctors in the entire North Caucasus, then in 1939 there were 335 doctors in Dagestan alone. At the same time, 14% of them were from the original nationality.

Reasons for the formation of the USSR

It happened not only thanks to the initiative of the leadership of the Communist Party. For many centuries, the prerequisites were formed for the unification of peoples into a single state. The harmony of the association has deep historical, economic, military-political and cultural roots. The former Russian Empire united 185 nationalities and nationalities. All of them went through a common historical path. During this time, a system of economic and economic ties has developed. They defended their freedom, absorbed the best of each other's cultural heritage. And, of course, they did not feel hostility towards each other.
It is worth considering that at that time the entire territory of the country was surrounded by hostile states. This also influenced the unification of peoples to no lesser extent.

Brought complete destruction to Bolshevik Russia. For its further existence, it needed someone to rely on. First of all, these were the closest neighbors: Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia. The Bolsheviks coped with their task. As a result, on December 30, 1922, the USSR was formed at the First Congress of Soviets. It signed an agreement on the relationship between the central government and the allied bodies.

The prerequisites for the formation of the USSR were as follows:

In the RSFSR, power belonged to the Bolsheviks. In their striving to extend it to the Union republics, they achieved great success.

The Russian language was widespread on the territory of all nationalities.

The entire vast territory was connected by a single railway network.

Reasons for the formation of the USSR

The reasons for the formation of the USSR were as follows:

Foreign policy. The Bolshevik Party sought to extend its power over as much territory as it could cover.

Economic. The economy undermined by the Civil War led Russia to starvation. She needed the support of the Union republics.

Territorial. During food deliveries, it was necessary to move freely. A single state created optimal conditions for this.

Cultural. Despite their different roots, the peoples lived together for a long time, and this led to the formation of some common traditions.

Political. The government apparatus of the union republics, which consisted of the Bolsheviks, was strictly subordinate to the central government.

Consolidation stages

The main stages of unification in the early years of the formation of the USSR are presented in the table.

Stalin and Lenin principles of building a new country

There were two points of view on the formation of a single state. One development was, and the other.

Stalin's formulation was as follows:

1. All union republics were part of the RSFSR as autonomies.
2. The authorities of the RSFSR became the highest in the new state.

Lenin's point of view was as follows.:

1. All union republics should not be included, but united together with the RSFSR into a single state on an equal footing.
2. In the new formation, it is necessary to create the highest bodies of power of the Union.

Stalin's plans were to create a centralized state. Lenin looked further. In the future, he wanted to join the Union and other European countries.

As time has shown, the Leninist point of view after 70 years led to the collapse of the association.

Difficulties of unification

Already the first steps towards unification showed how difficult the process was. On the basis of an agreement between the union republics, most industries were subordinated to the people's commissariats of the RSFSR.

This state of affairs caused discontent on the part of other republics. In fact, by delegating power, they were deprived of the opportunity to make independent decisions. At the same time, there was a declaration on the independence of the republics in the sphere of government. Stalin began to have difficulties in promoting the idea of ​​the republic joining the RSFSR on the rights of autonomies.

At this time, Lenin put forward his concept of uniting all the republics on an equal footing. The name of such an entity was first proposed by the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia, but then changed to the USSR. Lenin motivated his proposal by saying that the republics should enter the association in such a way that the principles of good neighborliness and respect would be implemented. At the same time, a single administration from representatives of the union republics should be created.

Formation of the USSR

Map: Formation of the USSR. Development of the Union State (1922-1940). 15 republics gradually united into one powerful country, which had a very strong military and economic potential. On December 30, 1922, at the Congress of Soviets, allied treaties and a declaration on the formation of the USSR were signed.

The official date of the formation of the USSR is December 30, 1922. At this time, the First Congress of Soviets took place. The republics included:

• RSFSR;
• Ukraine;
• Belarus:
• republics of the Caucasus.

The congress adopted a declaration on the formation of the USSR and the Union Treaty.

In subsequent years, the USSR already included 15 republics. Added to the previous ones:

• Kazakhstan;
• Kyrgyzstan;
• Turkmenistan;
• Tajikistan;
• Uzbekistan;
• Azerbaijan;
• Turkmenistan;
• Georgia;
• Latvia;
• Lithuania;
• Estonia;
• Moldova.

For some time, the Republic of Finland was included.

The declaration reflected the policy of the Soviet state. Its goals for the coming years were declared.

Some of the quotes read as follows:

1. At the present time, the whole world is divided into 2 camps: and.
2. The main aspiration of the USSR is a world revolution.
3. Any republic that has embarked on the socialist path of development has open access to the USSR.
4. There was a call to unite the world proletariat against the capitalist system.

First constitution

The document was adopted at the II Congress of Soviets. On its basis, the jurisdiction of the USSR included the following issues:

1. Foreign and domestic trade.
2. Questions of war and peace.
3. Leadership of the armed forces.
4. Economic issues and the formation of the country's budget.
5. legislative initiative.
6. All republics were part of the USSR on a voluntary basis. Territorial changes could only be carried out after agreement with them.

Government

The following authorities were approved in the Constitution:

The supreme body of power in the USSR was the Congress of Soviets. Only he had the right to fix the Constitution or to amend it. He was elected from the city councils.

The Central Executive Committee ruled the state during the break between congresses. It consisted of the Council of Nationalities and the Union Council.

The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR resolved issues of the state between sessions of the Central Executive Committee.

The executive body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR was the Council of People's Commissars. It consisted of a chairman, a deputy and ten people's commissars.

The republics had the opportunity to express their interests through government bodies such as the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of Nationalities. According to the Constitution, the main power was concentrated in the center. Thus, the leadership of all the union republics could be carried out from there.

Bolsheviks occupied the main posts of all central and allied bodies. As a result, the party exercised total control over the activities of the newly created state.

Country leaders

The entire list of leaders of the USSR from the moment of its formation to the collapse is presented in the table.

Significance and consequences of the formation of the USSR

As a result of the political activity of the Bolsheviks, a huge multinational state was created. Centralized management has made it possible to implement a number of large-scale projects on its territory. In the shortest possible time was held industry and agriculture. The country began to develop rapidly. Many industrial enterprises were built and the whole country was electrified.

However, all these achievements were based on the unprecedented enthusiasm of the population, and this could not continue forever. During the years of Soviet power, the standard of living of the working people increased much less than in the capitalist world. This was carefully hidden by the government, so many barriers were created to travel abroad, especially to capitalist countries. However, this situation could not last long. , which began under Gorbachev, revealed to the population all the shortcomings of the socialist system, and after a few years the USSR ceased to exist.