Common raspberry ( Rúbus idaeus) is a deciduous subshrub and belongs to the class Dicotyledons, order Rosaceae, family Rosaceae, genus Rubus.

Common raspberry - description and characteristics

Raspberry is a perennial plant with a very developed and sinuous rhizome, on which many adventitious roots are formed. Aboveground shoots are erect, 1.5 to 2.5 meters high, in the first year of growing season they are green, with a barely noticeable bluish bloom, herbaceous and covered with thin thorns. By the second year of life, raspberry shoots become woody, acquiring a bright brown color. After the fruiting period they die, but a new shoot-stem grows from the same root bud in the spring.

On the stem of the common raspberry there are complex oval leaves, consisting of 3-7 dark green ovoid leaves, each of which is covered with hairs below and has a whitish tint.

Raspberry flowers are white, with many stamens and pistils, with a subtle honey aroma, collected in miniature racemose inflorescences, which are located on the tops of the shoots or in the axils of the leaves.

Common raspberry fruits

Sweet and very aromatic raspberries are numerous, small-sized drupes, fused into a complex fruit. Interestingly, the color of the fruit can vary from light pink and burgundy to yellow, orange and even almost black.

Where do raspberries grow?

This subshrub is distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Europe and the countries of America. In Russia, ordinary raspberries are found in the middle zone and in the south, in the cold climate of Siberia and the Urals, and also grow in the mountainous areas of Kazakhstan, Bashkiria and Kyrgyzstan.

Raspberry is often called a pioneer plant because of its unpretentiousness to soil indicators: it is the very first to appear in the place of burnt-out forest clearings, and feels comfortable both in dry zones and along the edges of swamps.

Wild (forest) raspberries are mentioned in chronicles dating back to the 3rd century BC. This plant became known as a garden crop only in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Types, varieties, classification of raspberries

A huge number of raspberry varieties can be divided into the following groups:

• by berry size (large, medium, small);
• by color (yellow, red, black, orange);
• by ripening period (early ripening, mid-early, mid-ripening, mid-late, late ripening);
• by resistance to cold (winter-hardy, not winter-hardy).

Separately, it is necessary to distinguish standard and remontant raspberries.

Standard raspberry— a feature of the species are thick, powerful, branched, erect shoots, which, after pinching, resemble a small tree, most often not requiring garter.

Remontant raspberry- a type of raspberry that bears fruit in summer and also in autumn.

Below are some varieties of raspberries:

Yellow raspberry varieties

• Yellow sweet tooth

A mid-early, productive raspberry variety produces 3.5 - 4 kg per bush. The elongated berries, weighing 3-6 g, are distinguished by a pale yellow color and a bright aroma; the ripened fruits do not crumble for a long time.

• Golden autumn

The mid-late remontant raspberry variety is distinguished by its golden-yellow fruit color with slight pubescence. Raspberries are sweet, large, have a bright aroma, and are well transported.

• Morning dew

A remontant raspberry variety with golden-yellow fruits. The shoots of this variety are tough, about 1.5 meters in height, covered with a large number of thorns. The berries are large, spherical in shape, hard, weighing up to 5 kg. It is grown mainly in home gardens and a little on plantations. Raspberries of the Morning Dew variety are suitable for transportation.

• Yellow giant

Semi-remontant, winter-hardy variety of yellow raspberries, bearing fruit until frost. It has a high yield (up to 6 kg per bush) and unusually large, very sweet berries, weighing up to 8-10 g.

• Orange miracle

The remontant raspberry variety got its name due to the non-standard, golden-orange hue of the fruit. Raspberries are large, weighing 5-6 g; there are specimens weighing up to 10 g. The berries are characterized by sweetness with a slight sourness and a delicate aroma. The variety has excellent productivity and does not tolerate severe frosts and heat.

Varieties of standard raspberries

• Tarusa

The slender bush is highly decorative and has no thorns at all. The yield of one “raspberry tree” is more than 5 kg. The bright red berry with small seeds weighs up to 10 g. The aroma of raspberries is intense, but the taste is not expressed, so the Tarusa raspberry variety is more suitable for preparations. The variety has a mid-early ripening period; a temperature drop below 25 degrees can be detrimental to young shoots.

• Firebird

A productive variety of standard raspberries with a medium ripening period, it begins to bear fruit at the end of July. The berries are large, red, shiny, weighing from 12 to 15 g. The taste of raspberries is excellent, the berries are sweet, juicy, and do not crumble even when fully ripe. The winter hardiness level of the variety is 23-25 ​​degrees, drought resistance is high.

• Sturdy

A consistently fruit-bearing variety of standard raspberries with medium ripening period. The fruits are red, weighing up to 10 g, very tasty and aromatic, easily separated from the stalk, but do not fall off for a long time. One bush can produce up to 4 kg of berries. The variety does not respond well to snow-white winters and sudden temperature changes.

Black raspberry varieties

• Cumberland

The early-ripening variety of black raspberries has increased winter hardiness and unpretentiousness. The fruits are round, medium-sized, weighing 2-4 g, initially red, becoming glossy black as they ripen. The berry is dense, sweet, with a slight sourness and blackberry flavor. The yield of a raspberry bush is 3-4 kg.

• Bristol

The most popular black raspberry variety of a new promising selection. It is characterized by late ripening and produces extremely stable yields. Round raspberries weighing 3-5 g have a black color with a blue coating, a pleasant sweet taste and aroma. The Bristol variety does not tolerate severe cold and is not resistant to anthracnose, a fungal disease of stems.

• Ember

An early ripening variety of black raspberries. The berries weighing up to 2 g are dense, black, and do not fall off when ripe. The taste is sweet and sour, the berries are perfectly stored without losing their taste and presentation. From one bush you can collect up to 5.5 kg.

Varieties of large-fruited raspberries

• Hercules

A remontant high-yielding raspberry variety, distinguished by large fruits weighing 5-8 g. Individual specimens weigh 15 g. The first harvest is harvested in mid-July, the second from the end of August until frost. Under cover it is possible to ripen 2 weeks earlier. The cone-shaped berries have a bright ruby ​​color, a pleasant, sweet and sour taste and excellent presentation.

• Patricia

An early, winter-hardy, productive raspberry variety with velvety, red, conical berries weighing from 4 to 12 g. The yield reaches 8 kg per bush. The variety is characterized by a non-standard shape of fruits prone to deformation. Patricia raspberries have an excellent taste, but do not tolerate transportation and storage well.

• Senator

Mid-season raspberry variety with berries weighing 7-12 grams, in some cases 15 grams. The oblong fruits are burgundy-orange in color, have a glossy shine, velvety pubescence and a rich, sweet and sour taste. The variety is characterized by increased winter hardiness and tolerates frosts down to -35 degrees without damage.

Raspberry varieties for the middle zone

• Unattainable

A consistently high-yielding variety of remontant raspberries with red berries weighing up to 6 g. The elongated fruits have a sweet taste and delicate aroma. With proper care, the yield is 5 kg per bush. The bushes do not freeze even in the most severe frosts.

• Indian summer - 2

A remontant, productive raspberry variety is marked by abundant fruiting, early ripening and excellent quality of berries. The fruits are medium-sized, weighing up to 3g, have a sweet taste with a slight sourness, are well stored and do not fall from the bush.

Raspberry varieties for Siberia

• Diamond

The variety is distinguished by increased winter hardiness, as well as resistance to damping and desiccation. Raspberries are bright scarlet in color, medium-sized, weighing 2.5-3 g, aromatic, sweet and sour. Ripens in early July and does not fall off when overripe.

• Zorenka Altai

A raspberry variety of medium ripening, frost-resistant, large-fruited, high-yielding. The berries, weighing from 3 to 5 g, are red, have a pleasant, sweet and sour taste and excellent transportability.

• Ruby

The mid-late variety is valued for its exceptional resistance to frost and drought, bringing a stable harvest in the conditions of the Altai Territory. Red raspberries, berries with a light bluish bloom, weighing up to 5.5 g, have excellent taste and quality characteristics.

How to grow raspberries

While wild raspberries can grow even on unfavorable soils, cultivated raspberry varieties require care and proper planting. When choosing a place for a plant, give preference to an open sunny area, or plant it in light partial shade. The soil must be enriched with humus and have good air and moisture permeability. It is advisable to plant in mid-autumn, deepening the raspberry seedlings 4-5 cm strictly vertically. For proper development of bushes and an excellent harvest, ordinary raspberries are fed with minerals, and the rows are mulched with organic fertilizer. Before wintering, two-year-old bushes are removed at the root, freeing the area from them.

Useful properties of raspberries. What diseases does raspberry treat?

Raspberries are a tasty, aromatic and healthy berry that helps treat a large number of diseases. This is why raspberry bushes can be found in many garden plots these days. According to statistics, this berry is considered the third most common in our country, behind only strawberries and currants. Common raspberry fruits are eaten fresh, fragrant jams, jams and compotes are made from them, marmalade and marshmallows are prepared, frozen, dried, and used in the production of wine and liqueurs. Raspberry flowers are used in cosmetology to make lotions and creams.

The benefits of raspberries are indeed very significant. As raspberries ripen, they acquire a unique composition. The fruits of this shrub contain a lot of vitamins, acids and beneficial microelements. For example, any raspberry variety is endowed with:

• healthy sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose);
• malic, citric and salicylic acids;
• vitamins A, C and B;
• minerals and salts;
• microelements (iron, zinc, copper, calcium);
• provitamin A.

It is worth noting that there is much more iron and vitamin C in raspberries than in other fruits and berries. That is why it is actively used to treat a large number of diseases. Raspberries are widely used in medicine as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for various colds. Raspberries are a unique berry because they can be safely taken for illnesses along with medications. In this case, the fruits will only contribute to a speedy recovery, and will also provide the body with vitamins and beneficial microelements. This “tasty” medicine is enjoyed not only by adults, but also by children, who know very well about the benefits of raspberries.

Raspberry jam, tea with dried raspberries or eating fresh berries can speed up the treatment of diseases such as:

• colds, flu;
• gastritis;
• severe cough with sore throat;
• atherosclerosis;
• scurvy;
• anemia.

• Pliny was involved in raspberry cultivation in Ancient Rome, having accidentally eaten this berry on the island of Crete.
• A handful of raspberries is an excellent antidepressant and will easily relieve depression: the copper it contains will quickly put your nervous system in order.
• Red raspberries are healthier than yellow ones. But the most useful type is black raspberry.

Multicomponent preparations containing biologically active substances belonging to various classes of chemical compounds are very effective for preventive and therapeutic use.

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INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RASPBERRY LEAVES

1.1 Brief botanical characteristics of common raspberry……………..

1.2 Use in medicine……………………………………………………………….

1.3 Quality indicators of raspberry fruits.

CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF RASPBERRY LEAVES…………………………………………………………………………..

2.1 Pharmacognostic analysis of raspberry leaves…………………………….

2.2 Anatomical study of raspberry leaves………………………………………………………

2.3 Determination of moisture content of raw materials…………………………………………………………

2.4 Determination of total ash content……………………………………

2.5 Determination of ash content, insoluble in hydrochloric acid diluted 10%................................................... ...........................................

2. 7 Determining the degree of crushing of raspberry leaves………………….

1. Determination of mineral impurity………………………………………
   1. Determination of tannin content in raspberry leaves...
   2. Qualitative determination of flavonoids
   3. Conclusions to Chapter 2…………………………………………………….

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION

Viral infections contribute to the formation of chronic respiratory diseases, being one of the causes of pneumonia, and aggravate the course of other chronic diseases, contributing to their unfavorable outcome.

For the treatment of this kind of diseases, it is relevant to develop drugs based on medicinal plant raw materials, which compare favorably with synthetic analogues with a wide range of therapeutic effects, low toxicity and the associated possibility of long-term use.

Multicomponent preparations containing biologically active substances belonging to various classes of chemical compounds that have a complex effect on the main links of the pathogenetic process are very effective for preventive and therapeutic use.

Complex treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and herbal preparations increases the effectiveness of treatment and reduces the occurrence of side effects.

Based on the above, it may be considered appropriate to conduct a pharmacognostic study on the leaves of common raspberry.

Raspberry leaves (Rubus idaeus L.) have long been used in folk medicine in different countries. According to literature sources, raspberry leaves have a rich chemical composition, which makes them a valuable source of biologically active substances. The most important are phenolic compounds, including tannins and flavonoids, which have an anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, raspberry leaves contain sugars, organic acids, and vitamins.

Decoctions and infusions of raspberry leaves are widely used in the treatment of bronchitis, laryngitis, and coughs.

Purpose and objectives of the study

The purpose of this work is a pharmacognostic study of raspberry leaves of the common raspberry.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1.Study the morphological and anatomical characteristics of whole leaves

raspberries and crushed raw materials.

2.Examine the chemical composition of raspberry leaves.

3. Determine commodity indicators of raw materials.

4. Determine the content of the main BAS.

Object of study: common raspberry leaves collected in the Right Bank region in July 2014.

Research methods: morphological and anatomical methods of analysis, chemical methods, determination of commodity indicators.

Venue: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, SOGMA.

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RASPBERRY

1.1 Brief botanical characteristics of common raspberry

Rice. 1. Common raspberry. Rubus idaeus L.

Family Rosaceae

Common names: catberry, wild raspberry. Parts used: young leaves, fruits - Rubi idaei folium, Rubi idaei fructum.

The raspberry bush reaches two meters in height; it has slightly woody, often curved and weakly thorny stems. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, the terminal leaflet has a petiole.

The ovoid leaves are darker on the upper side than on the lower side, on which they have felt pubescence. The flowers range in color from white to pink, with 5 petals and are arranged in small loose racemes. Blooms from May to June. Forest raspberries grow in sunny forest glades, along forest edges and slopes, on dumps and open slopes, even along roadsides - both on the plain and in the mountains. The higher the place where it grows, the harsher the living conditions, the more aromatic its fruits.

Raspberries are widespread in almost all regions of Russia, except the Arctic and desert areas.

Common raspberry is a plant of the forest zone. It lives on rich, moist soils, does not tolerate drought, and is winter-hardy. It grows mainly along forest edges, clearings, windbreaks, burnt areas and sunny rocky slopes. When the main forest type was restored, raspberries disappeared from the vegetation cover. In the mountains (Sayan, Caucasus) it often rises to the upper border of the forest. Along river banks, floodplain forests, shady and damp ravines it penetrates into the forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Approximately, reserves of fresh raspberry fruits in the Asian part of Russia are estimated at 2,750 thousand tons, including in Western Siberia 500 thousand tons, in the Far East 1,450 thousand tons. In the European part, raspberry harvesting can be carried out in Pskov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kirov, Perm, Gorky, Ivanovo, Sverdlovsk, Kostroma, Vologda, Tver, Smolensk and Leningrad regions, in Mari El, Udmurtia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and the Komi Republic. In Siberia, industrial procurement is possible throughout the flat taiga zone and in the mountains of Southern Siberia. Abundant raspberry harvests are usually observed in the central zone of the European part of Russia after 3 4 years. The same pattern was noted for other regions of the country, for example, for the Komi Republic and North-Eastern Altai. The highest productivity (up to 3000 - 3200 kg/ha of fresh fruits) is observed in young burnt areas and clearings.

Raspberry fruits are harvested when they are fully ripe, from mid-July to the end of August. Collection is carried out in dry weather, after the dew has dried. Place in baskets in thin layers, topped with twigs or leaves. It can be dried in the sun or in ovens at 60 - 80 °C, spread out in a thin layer and carefully turning over. The yield of dry raw materials is 18 - 20%. Leaves and flowers are harvested in May - June. Collection is carried out in dry weather.

1.2 Medical use

In official medicine, raspberries are used as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds, as well as to improve the taste of medicines. Fresh berries 120 - 150g are eaten on an empty stomach once a day for atherosclerosis, hypertension, gastritis, colitis, anemia. They have a specific pleasant taste and aroma, quench thirst and improve digestion. The inclusion of raspberries or products made from them in dietary diets significantly accelerates the treatment of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as they have antiemetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. A glass of raspberry juice reduces fever, is used as a healing drink for fevers, as a flavoring additive for bitter medicines and as a refreshing drink.

Dried berries are included in many medicinal preparations. So, when coughing, take raspberries in equal quantities with anise seeds, coltsfoot leaves, linden blossom (2 tablespoons each), 1 teaspoon of this mixture is poured into a glass of boiling water, brewed like tea, consumed 3 4 glasses a day. Dry raspberry fruits, brewed as tea, have antipyretic and diaphoretic properties. Raspberry tea is traditionally prescribed for various colds (the therapeutic effect depends mainly on the presence of salicylic acid in the fruit). The fruits are used for colds and pneumonia as an addition to antimicrobial drugs. They significantly speed up the healing process for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by vomiting, inflammation, pain, bleeding. Fresh frozen fruits and dried raspberries are used as an anti-sclerotic agent due to the presence of fatty acids and (3-sitosterol) in the plant. Raspberries are contraindicated for nephritis and gout, since the fruits contain many purine bases.

In folk medicine, berries are used to improve digestion, for scurvy, anemia, stomach pain, infusions and decoctions - for erysipelas and acne on the face. In addition, in folk medicine, raspberries are considered a “sobering” remedy.” Raspberry leaves have astringent, anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, and hemostatic properties. . An infusion or decoction of the leaves is recommended for stomach and hemorrhoidal bleeding, bronchitis, pneumonia, as well as rashes and acne. Raspberry leaves act as a mild hemostatic and astringent and are used to treat inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth and as a gargle for sore throats. Like all products containing tannins, they are also used against diarrhea. However, in modern medicine, little attention is paid to raspberry leaves. Decoctions and infusions of raspberry leaves or stems are widely used in folk medicine in the treatment of colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and as an expectorant for coughs. Infusions of leaves and flowers - for hemorrhoids.

Infusions of flowers are used externally to wash the eyes for conjunctivitis and blepharitis. The tops of raspberry branches with leaves are infused as tea (“raspberry tea”) for acute respiratory diseases and erysipelas of the skin. The roots and woody branches of raspberries are used for neurasthenia and acute chronic infectious diseases. There are reports of the treatment of bronchial asthma with decoctions of raspberry roots. R. G. Shuleiko developed suppositories containing raspberry oil, which are effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages. In Tibetan medicine, raspberries are used for acute colds.

Raspberry fruits and leaves are used in homeopathy. In England, a water infusion of raspberry leaves is used to reduce menstrual pain. The British Pharmacopoeia describes raspberry syrup and juice as a taste-correcting agent that imparts a pleasant odor to medicinal products. In France and Germany, raspberry leaves are used as an anti-inflammatory agent and for gynecological diseases.

1.3 Quality indicators of raspberry fruits

The quality of raspberry fruit raw materials is regulated by GOST 3525-75 “Raspberry Fruits” and includes the following numerical indicators: moisture content no more than 15%; total ash no more than 3.5%; blackened fruits no more than 8.0%; fruits stuck together in lumps, no more than 4%; fruits with unseparated pedicels and receptacles no more than 2%; crushed fruit particles passing through a sieve according to GOST 214-70 with a hole diameter of 2 mm, no more than 4%; leaves and parts of raspberry stems no more than 0.5%; foreign impurities: organic (fruits and parts of other non-poisonous plants) no more than 0.5%; mineral (earth, sand, pebbles) no more than 0.5%.

Raspberry fruits contain 10 - 12% sugars (mainly glucose and fructose), 5 - 6% fiber, up to 2 - 3% organic acids (citric, malic, tartaric), pectin, traces of essential oils, mucus, tannins and coloring substances , as well as vitamins Bb B2, PP, folic and ascorbic acids (from 64 to 93 mg%), carotene, copper and potassium salts, as well as salicylic acid. Alcohols detected: ethyl, isoamyl, phenylethyl; ketones: acetone, diacetyl, anthocyanin, cyanine. Found catechins (d - catechin, 1 - epigallocatechin), sterols (3 - p sitosterol), which is a cholesterol antagonist. Raspberry fruit pulp contains a valuable fraction of lipids, which includes palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, a-linolenic fatty acids, and also contains carotenoids, tocopherol (at least 130 mg%) and phytosterols. It should be noted that there is geographical variability in the chemical composition of raspberry fruits.

The content of ordinary glucose, fructose and sucrose in raspberry fruits is subject to geographic variability: in the forest zone (Vologda, Yaroslavl and Ryazan regions) their content is higher than in the forest-steppe (Lipetsk and Voronezh regions) and steppe (Rostov region) zones. Also, as we move from the forest to the steppe zone of the Russian Plain, the content of calcium and potassium increases, the content of phosphorus decreases, and the content of iron, copper and zinc decreases in plants of the forest-steppe zone and increases in plants of the steppe zone. The content of microelements in raspberry fruits is directly dependent on the composition of the soil in which the plant grows. Leaves and flowers contain tannins, flavonoids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and various mineral salts. As a result, raspberry extract has powerful antioxidant properties.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

1. Common raspberries are widespread in almost all regions of Russia. Raspberry leaves contain a large amount of biologically active substances and are widely used in folk medicine in different countries, including Russia.

2. Basic properties of groups of substances found in fruits and leaves

Common raspberries cause pharmacological effects: astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antioxidant.

CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF RASPBERRY

LEAVES

2.1 Pharmacognostic analysis of raspberry leaves

Methods for standardization of medicinal plant raw materials. Standardization is a system of quality standards for raw materials, products, testing methods, etc., established nationwide and mandatory for manufacturers and consumers.

GF XI recommends the following methods for analyzing plant raw materials: for leaves, during macroscopic analysis of raw materials, the shape and size of the leaf blade and petiole, leaf pubescence, the nature of the edge and venation, the presence of essential oil glands and other formations on the surface of the leaf or the presence of receptacles in the mesophyll are noted. The dimensions length, leaf blade width, petiole length are determined using a ruler. The color is determined on both sides in daylight, the smell is determined by rubbing, the taste is determined by water extract.

Histochemical reactions are carried out on cross sections and in powder.

Qualitative reactions are carried out with extraction from raw materials.

Numerical indicators. The following is determined in the raw material: humidity, total ash content and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid diluted 10%, impurity content.

2.1.2 Studying raspberry leaves under a binocular loupe

Whole and crushed raw materials - common raspberry leaves were previously soaked in hot water. The raw materials were studied using a binocular magnifier MBS-1 at a magnification of x 4, x 2.

When examining the upper side of a single leaf, reticulate veins are visible. On each tooth of the leaf edge there is a large number of large hairs directed towards the tip of the tooth. Each clove has a pigmented red-brown tip of a peculiar papillary shape. Large hairs are located along large veins on the surface of the leaf. The petiole is covered with small hairs. When examining a whole leaf, felt-like pubescence is visible on the underside. Particularly large hairs are located along large veins. (Figure 5 a) When examining crushed raspberry raw materials under a binocular magnifying glass, reticulate small light green veins and large hairs located along the vein and on the cloves are also visible. The latter also have a pigmented tip (Figure 6). The underside is tomentosely pubescent, with large hairs along the vein (Figure 7).

Figure 2 - Bottom side of the sheet a - whole raw materials, b - crushed raw materials. (Magnification x 4)

2.3 Anatomical study of raspberry leaves

There is practically no information about the microscopic structure of raspberry leaves in the available literature. There is only brief information about the structure of the leaf epidermis. In this regard, it was necessary to conduct a study of the anatomical structure and anatomical and diagnostic characteristics of raspberry leaves. Whole raw materials. When examining the leaf from the surface, polygonal polygonal epidermal cells with straight, slightly sinuous and sinuous walls, 20 - 62 µm long, 8-33 µm wide, are visible on the upper side.

Figure 3 - Raspberry leaves. Upper epidermis.

Polygonal polygonal cells with straight walls. Translucent drusen (on the left, magnification x 105; on the right, magnification x 200). On the lower side there are cells with slightly sinuous, sinuous walls. The epidermal cells along the veins are elongated into rectangular, spindle-shaped and combined shapes. Simple hairs and stomata are visible.

Figure 4 - Raspberry leaves. Lower epidermis.

Simple thin-walled hairs, places of their attachment, stomata. (Uv. x 450) The cuticle on both sides of the leaf is even. Stomata of the anomocytic type are abundantly located on the underside of the leaf (75-92 µm long, 8-21 µm wide; on the leaf denticles the stomata are larger - hydothodes).

2.4 Determination of moisture content of raw materials

Insert formula

2.5. Determination of total ash content

Insert formula

In the analyzed raw materials, impurities ranged from 0.75 to 4.48% Considering that a higher content of these parts in the raw materials can negatively affect the production technology and quality of the dry extract, the norm for the content of other parts of the plant was established to be no more than 5%.

2.10 Determination of mineral impurity

The remainder of the analytical sample from the previous determination was placed on a clean, smooth surface and impurities were isolated with tweezers.

Impurities include:

• parts of raw materials that have lost the color characteristic of a given type (turned brown, blackened, faded, etc.)
• other parts of this plant that do not correspond to the established description of the raw material;
• organic impurity (parts of other non-poisonous plants)
• mineral impurity (earth, sand, pebbles)

Each type of impurity must be weighed with an error of ± 0.1 g when the analytical sample weighs more than 100 g and with an error of ± 0.05 g when the analytical sample weighs 100 g or less.

Where

m 1 mass of impurity, g

m 2 mass of analytical sample of raw materials, g

In experimental, small-scale batches of raw materials

raspberry leaves, the content of mineral impurities ranged from 0.08% to 0.5%. This indicator is proposed to be regulated by a norm of no more than 1%.

In experimental, small in weight, batches of raw raspberry leaves, the content of mineral impurities ranged from 0.08% to 0.5%. This indicator is proposed to be regulated by a norm of no more than 1%.

1. Determination of tannin content in raspberry leaves
   1. Qualitative detection of flavonoids in raspberry leaves

Conclusions for Chapter 2:

1. Based on macro and microscopic studies, diagnostic signs of whole and crushed plant materials, raspberry leaves, have been established.
2. An analysis of experimental batches of raw raspberry leaves was carried out and the following indicator standards were established: humidity not more than 7%; total ash content no more than 8%; the content of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid diluted 10% is not more than 1%; the content of other parts of the plant is not more than 5%, the content of particles that do not pass through a sieve with 7 mm holes is not more than 10%, the content of yellowed, blackened and browned leaves is not more than 1% and the content of mineral impurities is not more than 1%.
3. A qualitative determination of oak was carried outsilty substances in raspberry leaves.
4. A qualitative determination of flavonoids in raspberry castings was carried out

CONCLUSION

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In the article we discuss common raspberries, talk about the beneficial properties and uses of the fruits and leaves of the plant. You will learn how to use raspberries to treat coughs and colds, lower blood pressure, stabilize diabetes, and for women's health.

Common raspberry is a fruit subshrub, a species of the Rubus genus of the Rosaceae family. Lat. name - Rubus idaeus.

Common names: forest raspberry, cat berry.

What does it look like

In this section we have given a description of raspberries. Common raspberry is a deciduous shrub. Its rhizome is perennial, with biennial aboveground stems. Raspberries reach a height of 1.5−2.5 m.

Raspberry photo: Appearance of raspberry The sinuous and woody rhizome has many adventitious roots that form a powerful branched system.

Stems are erect. The shoots of the first year are herbaceous, green with a bluish bloom, juicy, covered with thin small thorns. Two-year-old shoots are woody, brown in color, and dry out immediately after fruiting. The next year, new stems grow in their place from the same root.

Leaves are oval, alternate, petiolate, compound. The upper side of the leaves is dark green, the lower side is whitish, with small hairs.

The flowers are white, collected in small racemes. Located at the tops of stems or in the axils of leaves. The petals are shorter than the calyx lobes. Raspberries bloom from June to July; in good weather, flowering continues until August.

The fruits are small hairy drupes, fused on the receptacle into a complex fruit, pink, red or burgundy in color (there are raspberry varieties with yellow and black fruits). Raspberries begin to bear fruit from the second year. Fruits in August.

Where does it grow

Raspberries grow in clearings, in forests, along river banks. It is also a popular garden plant.

Russia is the leader in raspberry cultivation on the world market. The berry is also grown on an industrial scale in Ukraine, Serbia, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Great Britain, Canada and the USA.

Raspberry fruits and leaves

Raspberry fruits are most often used for medicinal purposes. Raspberry leaves also have medicinal properties. The branches and roots of the plant are used less often.

Chemical composition

Chemical composition of raspberry fruits:

• Sahara;
• essential oil;
• pectin substances;
• protein substances;
• slime;
• organic acids;
• vitamins A, group B, C;
• wine spirit;
• isoamyl alcohol;
• ketones;
• anthocyanin cyanin;
• catechins;
• tannins.

Medicinal properties

Medicinal properties of raspberries:

• antipyretic;
• diaphoretic;
• expectorant;
• anti-inflammatory;
• pain reliever;
• hypotensive;
• astringent;
• hemostatic;
• diuretic;
• restorative.

Raspberries are most often used for colds.. Jam or infusion lowers body temperature, relieves inflammation, eliminates cough and other symptoms of ARVI and flu. Raspberries eliminate headaches and improve well-being. Can be used as a prophylactic.

Raspberries exhibit properties in relation to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It improves heart function and... Calms the nervous system, has an analgesic effect, and improves sleep.

Raspberries have a diuretic effect, removing excess fluid from the body. Positively affect kidney function.

Raspberries are good for women's health. It has rejuvenating properties, normalizes hormonal levels, relieves PMS pain, and improves well-being during menopause. Eating raspberries during lactation helps increase the quantity and improve the quality of breast milk.

The most important properties of raspberry leaves are hemostatic and astringent. Tea, decoctions and infusions from the leaves of the plant are used to stop external and internal bleeding, including during heavy menstruation. Medicines based on raspberry leaves are used to treat diarrhea.

How to collect

Use raspberry fruits and leaves for medicinal purposes. Raspberry berries are collected during the fruiting period. Fruits must be collected in dry weather. Each berry is picked separately. Do not pick spoiled or overripe berries - if they let out the juice, they can spoil the rest of the fruits in the basket.

Before harvesting, sort the raspberries, remove crumpled berries and debris, rinse under cold running water and dry on a towel. For long-term storage, freeze raspberries by distributing the harvest into plastic containers.

Raspberry leaves are harvested during the flowering period - in June - July. The collection of raw materials is carried out in dry sunny weather. Only clean, dry and healthy leaves are harvested - best of all, young ones, at the tops of the plant.

Do not pick all the leaves from one bush, this will deplete the plant.

In a dark, dry and well-ventilated area. You can prepare raw materials in electric dryers at temperatures up to 40 degrees. Store dried raspberry leaves in bags made of natural fabrics, wooden boxes or glass jars in a dark and dry place.

How to use

Tea is brewed from raspberry leaves and fruits, decoctions, infusions, etc. are prepared. Below we have given recipes for medicines to treat cough, lower temperature, lower blood pressure, normalize diabetes, and for women's health.

Cough tea

The easiest way to take raspberries for coughs is in the form of jam. You can also sprinkle the berries with sugar and add this mixture to boiling water, black or green tea.

Ingredients:

1. Raspberries - 1 part.
2. Sugar - 2 parts.

How to cook: Cover the berries with sugar and store in the refrigerator.

How to use: Add 1-2 teaspoons of raspberries to a glass of tea. It is better to drink raspberry tea before bed. Do not forget that after eating raspberries you should not go outside.

Result: Raspberry when coughing makes it more productive, improves well-being, and improves immunity.

Jam at temperature

Raspberries at fever should be taken in small quantities before bed. Drink raspberry tea when you have a cold, eating 1-2 tablespoons of jam. Wrap yourself in a warm blanket and put on socks.

Raspberries can be taken for colds if the body temperature is below 39 degrees. If you have a very high temperature, call a doctor and take the medications prescribed by a specialist.

Infusion for sore throat

For sore throat, you can take an infusion of raspberry leaves. This remedy is also suitable for the treatment of other diseases in which the nasopharyngeal mucosa becomes inflamed.

Ingredients:

1. Boiling water - 1.5 cups.

How to cook: Pour boiling water over dry raspberry leaves and leave the medicine for 2-3 hours. Strain the drink before drinking.

How to use: Drink half a glass 3 times a day.

Result: Relieves inflammation, relieves pain.

Decoction for pressure

They brew tea with raspberries, make decoctions and infusions. To lower blood pressure, use a decoction of raspberries and linden flowers.

Ingredients:

1. Raspberries - 1 teaspoon.
2. Linden flowers - 1 teaspoon.
3. Water - 300 ml.

How to cook: Pour water over raspberries and linden, bring to a boil and boil for 3-5 minutes. Cool and strain before using.

How to use: Drink the decoction throughout the day.

Result: Raspberry decoction for blood pressure not only lowers blood pressure, but also strengthens the heart and blood vessels, eliminates shortness of breath, and removes excess fluid from the body.

Tea for diabetes

Raspberries for diabetes can be eaten fresh or frozen, in the form of puree, or drink freshly squeezed raspberry juice. To lower blood sugar levels, you can brew raspberry leaves and drink them like regular tea.

Ingredients:

1. Raspberry leaves - 1 tbsp.
2. Boiling water - 1 glass.

How to cook: Pour boiling water over the raspberry leaves and leave for 20-30 minutes.

How to use: Drink as regular tea throughout the day.

Result: Raspberries for diabetes lower blood sugar levels, improve well-being, and improve immunity.

Decoction for atherosclerosis

Raspberries not only lower blood pressure, but also help break down atherosclerotic plaques and reduce the level of bad cholesterol in the blood. To treat atherosclerosis, take a decoction of raspberry leaves.

Ingredients:

1. Dry raspberry leaves - 10 g.
2. Boiling water - 1 glass.

How to cook: Pour water over the leaves and boil for 15 minutes. Bring the volume to the original volume with water.

How to use: Take half a glass 3 times a day.

Result: Purifies the blood and lowers cholesterol levels.

Infusion for gastritis

For chronic gastritis and for gastritis with high acidity of gastric juice, you can take an infusion of raspberry leaves.

Ingredients:

1. Dry crushed raspberry leaves - 2 tbsp.
2. Water - 1 glass.

How to cook: Pour boiling water over the raspberry leaves, leave for 30 minutes. Strain before use.

How to use: Drink ⅓ glass of infusion 3 times a day half an hour before meals.

Result: Eliminates pain, reduces the secretion of hydrochloric acid, helps normalize digestion.

Decoction for women

Ingredients:

1. Dry raspberry leaves - 2 tbsp.
2. Water - 500 ml.

How to cook: Fill the raw material with water. Place over medium heat and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for 5 minutes. Cool and strain before use.

How to use: Drink the decoction throughout the day, dividing it into 3 doses.

Result: Raspberry for women helps in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system, stimulates the production of hormones, normalizes the menstrual cycle, and improves well-being.

Raspberries for children

You can give raspberries to children no earlier than 1 year. Next, berries should be consumed in moderation.

Give your baby 1 raspberry; if an allergic reaction does not occur, you can give a handful of fruits a day.

Raspberry jam can be given in small quantities for coughs and colds. Tea made from the leaves of the plant will help with diarrhea. Before using raspberries for medicinal purposes, consult your pediatrician.

Raspberries during pregnancy

It is not only possible to eat, but also necessary. Raspberries contain vitamins and other beneficial substances necessary to maintain the health of a woman and the development of the fetus.

In the first and second trimester, only the fruits of the plant can be consumed. Fresh berries and jam from them will help cope with colds, improve mood and increase the immunity of a pregnant woman. But tea and decoctions from the leaves should not be consumed - they increase the tone of the uterus and can cause miscarriage or premature birth.

Can be used no earlier than 3 months after birth. Be careful, eating berries can cause allergies in your child. Eat no more than 50 g of raspberries per day. Start with 1 berry and watch the reaction of your body and your baby’s body.

For more information about raspberries, watch the video:

Contraindications

You already know the beneficial properties of raspberries, contraindications for use:

• allergy;
• kidney, bladder, or gallstones;
• gout.

Raspberries should be consumed with caution in acute gastrointestinal diseases.

Classification

Taxonomic position:

• department: Flowers;
• class: Dicotyledons;
• order: Rosaceae;
• family: Pink;
• genus: Rubus;
• species: Common raspberry.

Varieties

The genus Rubus, to which the common raspberry belongs, includes 1494 species. The most famous are: blackberry, cloudberry, princeberry, stone fruit, raspberry.

Raspberry common infographic

Photo of common raspberry, its beneficial properties and uses
Infographics on common raspberries

What to remember

1. The benefits and harms of raspberries depend on the chemical composition. The fruits and leaves of the plant have beneficial properties; sometimes its branches and roots are used.
2. Raspberries are used to treat coughs, lower temperatures, lower blood sugar levels, normalize blood pressure, and for women's health.
3. Raspberries can be taken during pregnancy after consulting your doctor.

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Classmates

Syn: forest raspberry.

Root shoot deciduous, highly branched subshrub with straight rod-shaped or arched shoots covered with sharp spines. It is widely cultivated as a valuable food and medicinal plant for its edible fruits, rich in biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic properties. A good honey plant.

Ask the experts a question

Flower formula

In medicine

In official medicine, fresh and dried raspberry fruits and, less commonly, leaves are used. Syrup from fresh raspberries is used to improve the taste of medicines. Infusion and tea from dried raspberry fruits have a good diaphoretic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, used for colds and viral infections (flu, sore throat), fevers in the postpartum and postoperative periods, and is also recommended as an antiscorbutic (to strengthen the gums ) and a vitamin (general strengthening) agent. An infusion of raspberry leaves is used in gynecology for hyperpolymenorrhea and excessively heavy menstruation. In addition, fresh raspberries are a dietary product; they are recommended for atherosclerosis, anemia, chronic rheumatism, hypertension and diabetes; they also improve digestion, stimulate appetite, and alleviate the condition of patients with eczema of various origins. Dried raspberries are included in many diaphoretic teas and the “Fragrant Tea” collection, as well as anti-cold preparations. Raspberry leaves are included in kidney and gynecological preparations.

Contraindications and side effects

The use of raspberry preparations is contraindicated for gout and nephritis due to the content of purine bases. Raspberry infusions and teas should be taken with caution, especially in childhood, as they can cause allergies.

In cosmetology

In cosmetology, fresh raspberries are mainly used. Raspberry juice is used externally for vitiligo, oily porous skin dotted with acne, abundant freckles, and to stimulate hair growth in case of baldness.

In dermatology, fresh fruits, juice, decoction of fruits, flowers and leaves of raspberries are used internally as a dermatonic agent for psoriasis, a general tonic, anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic for pyoderma. Fresh fruits and juice, a decoction of their dried raspberry fruits are used for ichthyosis, baldness, vitiligo, pustular and viral skin diseases. A decoction of leaves and flowers is used for hyperkeratosis, food allergies with itching.

For food purposes

Fresh raspberries have been eaten since time immemorial. They have high nutritional qualities and are very aromatic. The fruits are eaten processed and fresh with milk and cream, they are used to make jam, jelly, syrups, marmalade, marshmallows and other products. Raspberry wines, tinctures, and liqueurs have high taste qualities. The leaves and flowers are used as tea.

Classification

Common or forest raspberry (Latin Rubus idaeus) is the most famous species of the raspberry genus (Latin Rubus) of the rose subfamily (Latin Rosoideae) of the Rosaceae family (Latin Rosaceae). The genus is one of the largest among the Rosaceae, according to various estimates, including up to several hundred (250 or more) or thousands of species distributed throughout the globe, especially in the temperate climate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Most members of the genus reproduce apomictically (seeds are set without fertilization). The generic name comes from the Latin “ruber” - after the color of the fruit, and the specific epithet comes from the name of the mountain or mountain range of Ida.

Botanical description

Branched, prickly subshrub up to 1.5-2 meters high with a long creeping rhizome developing above-ground biennial shoots. In the first year of life, the shoots are sterile, green, with a bluish coating, herbaceous, twig-like, lined with thin sharp prickly spines, becoming lignified by winter. The shoots of the second year form inflorescences, bear fruit, after which they dry out and die. The leaves are alternate, compound, odd-pinnate with 5 (7) leaflets, trifoliate on fruiting shoots. The leaves are ovate, glabrous above, grey-tomentose below with thick silky pubescence. Petioles 2-6 cm long with small stipules. The flowers are white (1-1.5 cm in diameter) on long pedicels, with sepals bent back, remaining with the fruit and rapidly falling petals, collected in few-flowered terminal corymbose-paniculate or axillary drooping inflorescences - racemes. The perianth is double, actinomorphic. The formula of wild raspberry flower is *CH5L5T∞P∞. The fruits are red clustered drupes (1-2 cm in diameter). Mature fruits are easily separated from the white conical receptacle. It blooms in June-July, sometimes in September, the fruits ripen from late July to September.

Spreading

Wild raspberries are widespread throughout the European part of Russia (usually in the non-chernozem zone), except for the far north. Light-loving species, nitrophile - prefers nitrogen-rich soils. It is found in various types of forests in cleared areas, edges, clearings, clearings and burnt areas, and often grows strongly, forming extensive thickets. In the mountains it comes out onto rocks and screes.

Currently, raspberries as a valuable food and medicinal plant are widely cultivated in the forest and steppe zones of Russia. Cultivated varieties of raspberries come from wild common raspberries and from the closely related American species black-haired raspberries (R. melanolasius).

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

The fruits of wild raspberries are mainly used for medicinal purposes. The fruits are collected as they ripen, without pedicels and receptacle, in dry weather, withered, and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 o C, scattered in a thin layer (2-3 cm) on paper or fabric. Can also be dried in an oven. The smell of dried fruits is pleasant, the taste is sweet and sour. Dried fruits are stored for 2 years. Raspberry leaves and flowers are collected in May-June and dried under a canopy in the open air.

Chemical composition

Fresh raspberry fruits contain up to 11% sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose), traces of essential oil, organic acids (malic - up to 2.2%, tartaric, citric, salicylic, formic), pectin, protein and mucus substances, vitamins A , B, C, PP, nicotinic and folic acids, alcohols (tartaric, isoamyl), carotene, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins, coumarins, sitosterol, cyanine chloride, ketones (acetoin, diacetyl), benzaldehyde, micro- and macroelements. Leaves and flowers contain tannins, flavonoids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and various mineral salts. The seeds contain fatty oil (up to 22%) and phytosterol - 0.7%. Leaves accumulate manganese.

Pharmacological properties

The fruits of common raspberry have diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, astringent, tonic and mild diuretic effects, preparations from leaves and young shoots have hemostatic, antispasmodic, blood purifying and antitoxic properties, they are used to normalize metabolism.

Use in folk medicine

All parts of the plant are used in folk medicine. The fruits are eaten in any form (fresh or dried) for flu and loss of strength. Dried fruits, jam and decoction of young branches are used for colds, coughs, sore throats, and high temperatures as a diaphoretic and antipyretic. In folk medicine, the fruits are also used as an anti-hangover and anti-emetic. Raspberry leaves are used for diseases of the respiratory system (choking) and digestion. A decoction of flowers and roots is used for leucorrhoea, menstrual disorders, influenza with intestinal manifestations, to strengthen gums, purify the blood, gastrointestinal diseases, hemorrhoids, erysipelas and fever. The flowers are also used as an antitoxic for the bites of poisonous snakes and scorpions and as an anti-inflammatory for eye diseases (conjunctivitis). In folk medicine, raspberry syrup has long been used for stomach pain, to improve appetite and heart function. An infusion of leaves and fruits was used as a cosmetic for cleansing the face of acne and skin rashes; it was also used to treat dermatoses and gum diseases.

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5. Gubanov I.A. et al. Rubusidaeus L. Common or forest raspberry // Illustrated guide to plants of Central Russia, 3.vol. M.: M.: Scientific T. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. issl., 2003. T. 2. Angiosperms (dicots: separate-petalled). With. 406.

6. Elenevsky A.G., M.P. Solovyova, V.N. Tikhomirov // Botany. Systematics of higher or terrestrial plants. M. 2004. p. 420.

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M.: Eksmo. 2011. p. 944.

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10. Shantser I.A. Plants of central European Russia. 2007. p. 469.

Rubus idaeus L.
Taxon: Rosaceae family
Common names: red raspberry, raspberry.
English: Raspberry

Description:
Common raspberry is a branched, prickly subshrub with a perennial rhizome and erect shoots up to 2 m in height. The shoots of the first year are green, fluffy, and covered with thin brownish thorns in the lower part. In the second year of life, they become woody, lose thorns, bear fruit and dry out after fruiting, and new annual shoots form from the rhizome. The leaves are alternate, the lower ones are imparipinnate, with 5-7 leaflets on the petioles, the upper ones are trifoliate with wide stipules adherent to the petiole. The flowers are white, small, inconspicuous, with a pubescent greenish-gray calyx, the lobes of which are bent downward when fruiting, collected in small, paniculate-corymbose inflorescences emerging from the leaf axils. Corolla of 5 petals. The fruit is a clustered drupe, raspberry-red in color (in cultivated varieties it is yellow). In wild raspberries, the drupes easily fall apart, but in cultivated raspberries they grow together tightly. The seeds are small, hard, round.
It blooms in June - July, the fruits ripen in July - August. Fruits unsteadily over the years. Its yield is greatly affected by rainy, cold weather during flowering, which prevents the flight of pollinating insects. It propagates mainly vegetatively (by division, rhizomes, cuttings) and seeds.

Spreading:
In the wild, it is distributed in the European part of the CIS, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Urals and the Caucasus. It is even found in the mountain tundra. It grows along the edges of damp shady forests, in clearings, burnt areas, forest glades and clearings, along the banks of rivers and ravines. Prefers moist, humus-rich soils. It is grown in industrial gardens and in private plots as a fruit and berry plant.

Collection and preparation:
Raspberry fruits and leaves are mainly used as medicinal raw materials. The fruits (Fructus Rubi idaei) are collected in dry weather and after the dew has dried, separating them from the cone-shaped receptacle. The collected raw materials are cleaned of leaves, branches, unripe, overripe, wrinkled and spoiled fruits, then after preliminary wilting they are dried, spread in a layer 2-3 cm thick on paper, fabric or nets in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C. Drying in ovens is possible. Well-dried fruits do not stain your hands when kneading. After drying, blackened berries are removed from the raw material. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years. The smell of the raw materials is specific, pleasant, the taste is sweet and sour.
Leaves and flowers are collected in June - July and dried in air. Their shelf life is 1 year.

Chemical composition:
Fresh raspberries contain fructose (up to 8.1%), glucose (up to 4.2%), sucrose (up to 6.5%), malic, citric, formic, caproic and salicylic acids, a small amount of ascorbic acid (up to 45 mg %), carotene and B vitamins (traces); seeds contain fatty oil (up to 15%) and about 0.7% phytosterols; leaves - ascorbic acid (up to 300 mg%), tannins and phytoncides.
The leaves contain: ash - 5.57%; macroelements (mg/g): K - 19.30, Ca - 10.00, Mn - 3.40, Fe - 0.20; microelements (µg/g): Mg - 340.00, Cu - 7.80, Zn - 28.90, Co - 0.10, Mo - 1.00, Cr - 0.40, Al - 67.60, Se - 0.20, Ni - 1.44, Sr - 8.48, Pb - 1.10, B - 77.20. Cd, Ba, V, Li, Au, Ag, I, Br were not detected. Concentrates Mn.

Pharmacological properties:
Raspberry fruits have diaphoretic properties. Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits help shift the pH to an alkaline environment, remove uric acid salts from the body, stimulate urination, and improve digestion. Salicylic acid contained in the fruits has an antiseptic, antipyretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammatory effect. Raspberry leaves and flowers are also characterized by hemostatic and antitoxic properties.
A medicinal infusion of raspberry leaves is recommended for heavy menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, as a remedy that relieves postpartum pain and prevents miscarriages.
Traditional medicine recommends the use of decoctions and infusions of leaves for respiratory diseases, coughs, fevers, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and stomach bleeding.
For gargling, mouthwash, sore throat, stomatitis, for washing with conjunctivitis and acne, raspberry leaves are used externally.

Application in medicine:
Roots. In Bulgaria, the decoction is a diaphoretic for ascites.
Wood. In Tibetan medicine - for acute and chronic infections, neurasthenia, neuritis, as an antipyretic.
Branches. In Tibetan medicine they are used in a similar way to wood. In Buryatia - for fever. Decoction - for respiratory infections. Tops of branches (with flowers, unripe fruits) - “raspberry tea” - for acute respiratory diseases.
Leaves. In Tibetan medicine they are used in a similar way to wood. Infusion or decoction (externally) - for erysipelas. Infusion (orally) - for colitis, cough, skin rashes. Decoction (inside) - for cough, sore throat. Fresh - wound healing; in the form of an ointment - for acne, burns, skin rashes. In Bulgaria, the infusion is used for diarrhea, gastritis and enteritis, hemorrhages, menorrhagia, bronchopneumonia and dermatitis. Externally - for diseases of the throat and oral cavity. Aqueous, alcoholic and acetone extracts and juice are antibacterial. Aqueous extracts stimulate the central nervous system.
Leaves, flowers. Infusion (lotions, douching) - for hemorrhoids and gynecological diseases.
Leaves, flowers, fruits. Anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and high-vitamin agent for hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute respiratory diseases.
Flowers. Decoction, infusion - for gastralgia, respiratory infections; externally - for acne, eye diseases, erysipelas. Tincture - hemostatic; for respiratory diseases; It was considered an antidote for snake and scorpion bites. In Bulgaria, an infusion of olive oil is used to treat dermatitis from insect bites.
Fruit. Dried - a diaphoretic. In Tibetan medicine, the powder is used for pneumonia and acute respiratory diseases. In folk medicine - to improve appetite and intestinal activity; antiemetic, hemostatic for gastric and intestinal bleeding, menorrhagia, expectorant; for chronic rheumatism and measles; externally - for eczema, acne and conjunctivitis. Infusion - for diarrhea, anemia; tincture and decoction - for diabetes.
Juice - for gastritis, colitis. Raspberries are included in diaphoretic, vitamin, anti-inflammatory, and antitussive preparations.

Medicines based on the medicinal plant raspberry:
The berries of the medicinal plant raspberry are included in many diaphoretic preparations. Below are recipes for decoctions and infusions for home use.

Infusion of raspberry flowers for sore throat.
Pour 20 g of flowers into 250 ml of boiling water and leave for half an hour. Then strain and squeeze out the raw materials. Take 1 tablespoon three times a day.

Infusion of dried raspberries as a diaphoretic.
Pour 2 tablespoons of raspberries into 250 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the raw materials. Take the hot infusion 2 glasses at a time.
Infusion of raspberry flowers and leaves for external use for hemorrhoids.
Pour 10 g of leaves and 10 g of flowers into 250 ml of boiling water, leave for half an hour, then strain and squeeze out the raw materials. Use the infusion for douching.

Infusion of raspberry leaves for colitis.
Pour 4 teaspoons of crushed leaves into 2 cups of boiling water, leave for half an hour, strain, and squeeze out the raw materials. Take half a glass 4 times during the day before meals.

A decoction of raspberry leaves for external use.
Pour 10 g of crushed raspberry leaves into 250 ml of hot water, bring to a boil over low heat and simmer for 10 minutes. Then cool and filter. Use in the form of baths and lotions for acne or erysipelas.

Raspberry juice for stomach pain or.
Half a glass of juice three times a day orally.

Raspberry juice for sclerosis.
Drink 1 glass of raspberry juice every day.

Juice of fresh raspberry leaves for freckles.
Apply the juice of fresh leaves to the face to reduce freckling.

Contraindications:
Raspberries, due to the content of purine bases, should not be consumed for gout and nephritis. May cause an allergic reaction in the form of itching, swelling, and skin diseases.

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