Solar systems are cost-effective. Even taking into account the high cost, the initial costs, with all-weather use, will pay off in 2-3 years. Solar heating systems for private homes are not designed to operate autonomously. Collectors compensate only a part of the heat required for heating, allowing saving up to 300 m³ of gas and up to 4 m³ of firewood during the heating season. If you use solar energy only for heating, the payback will be 6-7 years.

Alternative heating of a private country house has its own disadvantages and advantages. Before buying and connecting, it is required to make a competent project and carry out heat engineering calculations.

Is it possible to heat the house with the sun

Despite advanced technologies and innovations, full-fledged heating with solar systems is still not possible. The reason is simple. The sun only shines during the day. There is no solar radiation at night. Accordingly, solar collectors for heating will work exclusively during daylight hours. Although solar panels will continue to work in cloudy weather, heat transfer will decrease significantly.

Thermal efficiency is largely affected by the intensity of ultraviolet radiation. In the regions of the far north, the power and heat output of the solar collector will be less than in regions with a temperate climate.

Solar heating is used exclusively as an additional source of heat. The principle of operation of the collector is based on the conversion of ultraviolet radiation into thermal energy.

The resulting heat is sent to a storage tank, a buffer tank installed inside the building. There is no heat transfer fluid in air systems. The heated air masses are blown into the room with the help of fans.

Considering that the efficiency of solar collectors decreases significantly in winter, autonomous heating of a house requires correct calculations. Experts recommend at the planning stage to install a heat source in the building using traditional energy sources (gas, firewood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, electricity) that can satisfy the building's need for heating and hot water supply by 100%. The solar system will use solar energy and partially offset the costs with different efficiency, depending on the month of the year.

To determine whether it is worth installing alternative heating for a private house, you should pay attention to the existing advantages and disadvantages of solar collectors. When compiling a table of pros and cons, you need to take into account the real reviews about solar systems left by users:

• Disadvantages - the main disadvantage is the high cost (it is worth noting that with the advent of Russian-made collectors, solar heating systems have become more affordable). There are a few more downsides:
  1. seasonality - solar collectors with vacuum thermotubes are effective up to an ambient temperature of -50°C. Vacuum solar collectors will continue to work until the antifreeze in the heat exchanger freezes. Solar panel collectors operate at temperatures down to -25°C.
  2. dependence on electricity- all-weather systems work with forced circulation of the heat carrier. When the power is turned off, the coolant may boil.
  3. long payback- in the case of heating, the work of the collector is mostly carried out at negative temperatures. The thermal efficiency of the solar system is reduced. Payback time increases to 6-7 years.

• Advantages - record low temperatures in mid-latitudes are rare. For the entire heating season, there is no more than a week period when the collectors stop working. With the right selection of equipment and calculations, it will be possible to choose a ready-made solution that can fully compensate for the heat needs of a residential building. For mid-latitudes, compensation for energy costs reaches 20-30%. Additional pluses:
  1. service life from 30 to 50 years;
  2. there is anti-vandal and anti-hail protection;
  3. solar panels withstand wind squalls.

The above describes the general advantages and disadvantages for any solar heating system for a private house. Each type of solar collectors, air and liquid, has their own characteristics that affect the payback of autonomous heating.

Types of heating from the sun

There are several types of solar panels. The main difference between solar collectors is the principle of operation used. Types of solar heating are divided into heating water or coolant and heating air.

The principle of operation affects the thermal efficiency, features of operation and connection. Solar panels differ in their internal structure, strapping, and functionality.

Heating on water collectors

The work is based on forced circulation of the coolant. Heating a private house with solar panels occurs in the following order:

1. the absorber accumulates heat;
2. the resulting thermal energy heats the coolant circulating in the pipeline from the solar collector to the storage tank heat exchanger;
3. the coil inside the indirect heating boiler gives off heat to the surrounding liquid;
4. heat exchange takes place, water for domestic needs and heating is heated, the cooled coolant is returned back to the absorber.

In the described scheme, heating and hot water supply and a solar water heater are looped through the buffer tank. The solar collector cannot work without a storage tank. To automate heating, a control unit is used that regulates the rate of circulation of the coolant depending on the intensity of heating.

Heating is carried out by solar systems of two types. Each differs in features of operation and technical characteristics:

• The use of solar tubular collectors in heating systems- the best all-season option in cold climates, suitable for water radiator heating and underfloor heating systems, meeting the need for hot water. Heat losses are reduced due to the fact that the heat transfer elements are located in vacuum tubes.
  Heating a house with solar vacuum collectors in winter is more efficient than heating with solar panels. Inside the collector flask, in the absence of heat removal, the maximum temperature reaches 280-300°C, controlled by a module that prevents the coolant from boiling.

  Read also: Vacuum solar collectors for home heating and domestic hot water

  
  

  

  
  
• Heating a private house with solar panels- the solution is more suitable for middle and southern latitudes. In these regions, solar panels pay off faster and are more thermally efficient. The principle of heating is identical to vacuum collectors, but instead of flasks in solar heaters, a panel is used to heat water. The absorbent surface heats the copper or aluminum plate in contact with it. Heat is transferred to the circulating fluid. The heat carrier heating intensity is significantly lower than that of vacuum solar collectors.
  With the help of a heat accumulator, solar panels are connected to low-temperature heating systems of country houses (heat-insulated floors). The average heating temperature is 40-60°C. Non-boiling solar systems are not suitable for radiator heating.

  Read also: Flat solar collector - device and principle of operation of a panel solar system

  
  

  An integral part of panel and tubular solar collectors is an indirect heating boiler. There are two coils inside the tank. The main heat exchanger is connected to the boiler. The second coil of the storage tank of the heat accumulator is intended for the solar heating system.

  The BKN or heat accumulator uses the principle of indirect heating. The main source of heating water in the buffer tank is a heating boiler. Solar collectors supplement a certain amount of heat. When the set temperature in the tank is reached, the supply of coolant for heating is stopped.

  Heating with air solar systems

  The principle of operation is different in that hot air is used as a heat carrier. The internal structure of the air collector is in many ways reminiscent of panel-type solar systems. The exception is that the absorber is not connected to the heating circuit. In fact, this is an ordinary air heater or convector. Air is directed into the room through fans and corrugated ducts.

  Heating in a private house from air collectors is characterized by a quick payback and high thermal efficiency. The only negative is that it is impossible to meet the needs of hot water from an air-heating system. Although there are several technical solutions to this issue, they are all with low efficiency.

  Read also: Air solar collector for home heating

  
  

  

  One of the modern developments: a house with passive heating or a "solar wall". In this case, the absorber is the outer wall of the building, protected from the external environment by glass. The wall accumulates heat throughout the day and then releases it to heated rooms at night. Such a solar plant looks modern and has good heat dissipation.
  

  Thermal storage is used not only for heating, but also for cooling rooms. During the summer season, solar panels operate the fans in air-conditioning mode.

  Which is more efficient - air collector or water

  It all depends on what goals the owner of a private house sets for himself. A comparison of solar water heaters with hot air convectors will show the following:
  • Efficiency in winter- panel and vacuum solar systems are designed for heating hot water and heating. After the onset of cold weather, the thermal efficiency of the collectors decreases.
    Panel systems stop heat accumulation at -25°C. Tubular, albeit with minimal efficiency, continue to work up to -50 ° C.
    
    Air manifold primarily intended for space heating. In winter, an air-type solar system continues to heat the building. The absence of a liquid heat carrier allows the collector to work at any temperature.

  • Cost - solar air-heating solar systems are cheaper, installation does not require high costs and the use of additional expensive equipment. Tubular and panel collectors are expensive. The piping uses a storage tank, a controller and other expensive equipment.
  The efficiency of solar air heating can be seen in the fact that full payback comes after 1-2 years of operation. At the same time, the collectors work for heating, air conditioning and maintaining the necessary microclimate in the house.

  How to make solar heating in your home

  To begin with, it should be noted that the solar system is not installed alone. For normal heating of the building, its simultaneous operation with a heating boiler will be required.

  It is necessary to initially install the main source of heat - a boiler, at the rate of 100% coverage of all heat costs of the building. Only after that proceed to the calculation of collectors.

  Solar system calculation

  The heat output of hot water vacuum and panel collectors, as well as air heaters that use solar energy, is different. Accordingly, there is no single system of calculations. For convenience, you can use special online calculators.

  Examples of independent calculations:

  • Air solar systems- will give 1.5 kW of thermal energy for every 1 m² of collector surface. A 100 m² house will be fully heated with 4 air heaters, with a total area of ​​8 m².
  • Vacuum tube manifold- 15 tubes will give a total of 4.8 kWh. For a comfortable stay of one person, it will take from 2-4 kW / h of heat. Further calculations are performed by the number of people living in one house.
  Selection table for indirect heating boiler and solar collector area:
  

  Volume of accumulators (l)
  Collector area (m²)	Storage tank temperature (°C)

  The cost of Russian-made collectors starts from 15 thousand rubles. Analogues made in EU countries often reach 40-50 thousand rubles. (indicated the cost of the kit). Considering the total price, it should be taken into account that in order to automate solar heating from panels and tubular water heaters, it is necessary to install a control unit, a temperature controller, connect an indirect heating boiler, make a piping that allows the boiler and collectors to work simultaneously. The final turnkey cost will depend on the overall configuration of the heating system.

  Installation of a solar heating system at home

  There are several general recommendations to facilitate the connection of solar collectors:
  

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to green energy and there are several reasons for this, this is the struggle for the ecology of the world around us, and the decrease in world reserves of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas. In addition, having a plant operating on renewable energy sources (sun, wind, water and earth energy), you can create a completely independent system, the operation of which will not depend on energy supply organizations.

Solar heating of a private house – this is one of the types of use of solar energy, which, by conversion in special devices, is transferred to the coolant circulating in the heating system.

Device types

To convert solar energy into thermal energy, special technical devices called collectors are used. Depending on the design, they can be divided into two types, these are:

1. Flat-plate collectors - this design is based on a flat box, closed on the outside with glass, in which tubes are placed through which the coolant circulates. A heater is laid between the tubes, and an absorber is laid under the glass, a material that has the ability to accumulate thermal energy. The collector is connected to the external network through branch pipes mounted at the inlet and outlet of the stacked pipes.
2. Vacuum collectors - the basis of this group of devices is the use of vacuum tubes, which are mounted on a special frame and with their upper part placed in the coolant layer. The vacuum tube consists of two tubes, one of which is copper, placed in a larger glass tube. A highly absorbent material is placed in the interior of the glass tube. Air is evacuated from the glass tube, thereby creating a vacuum, which improves the characteristics of the device for the accumulation and transfer of heat.

There is another type of solar collectors, these are flat air devices. In this design, air is used as a coolant, but due to the low efficiency of such models and inefficiency, such collectors are practically not used for heating houses.

How to choose the best

In order to make the right choice and at the same time not make a mistake with the choice of the type of solar collector and its brand, you need to follow the selection criteria, which for such devices are:

• The possibility of using a solar system in the region of the proposed installation of equipment;
• The power and performance of the device - must correspond to the required values ​​\u200b\u200band usage indicators;
• The amount of heat loss - determine the efficiency of a particular model and the required number of collectors capable of providing a heated object with thermal energy;
• Possibility of installation in one place or another of the proposed installation (geometric dimensions and weight);
• Workmanship and assembly reliability (manufacturer's brand);
• Terms of operation and availability of a warranty period;
• Device cost.

Following the above criteria and having studied the reviews for a specific model and a company that produces similar products, you can choose the best option from those offered in the relevant market.

What to look out for

When choosing a solar collector, in addition to the criteria given above, you need to pay attention to a number of points, taking into account which you can avoid inconvenience during the further operation of the device.

It should be remembered that:

Pros and cons

Like any technical device, solar collectors have their own advantages and disadvantages, which determine the ability to use such products in certain operating conditions.

The benefits of using it include:

• Environmental safety for both the environment and humans.
• Renewability and inexhaustible resource of used energy.
• Possibility of creating a completely autonomous system of heating and hot water supply from external energy sources.
• Long terms of operation.
• Possibility of modernization of an autonomous system and its integration, if necessary, into a centralized heating system (from external energy supply sources).
• Optimization of the heating system of a single object in accordance with the specified parameters.

• The high cost of equipment and installation work determine the need for significant financial costs at the initial stage of use.
• The efficiency of work depends on weather conditions, the region and landscape of the location, the design of the building elements on which the collectors are installed (the shape of the roof, walls or free-standing elements).

Average prices

At the moment, a fairly large number of companies from around the world are represented on the market of solar systems for heating and hot water supply. The cost of models depends on the type of collector, its technical characteristics and the company that produces it. Average prices for the most popular models are:

1. Products of Vaillant company (Germany):
   • Models "auroTHERM plus VFK 135/2VD" and "VFK 135/2D" are a flat solar collector with an area of ​​2.51 m 2 . The cost is - from 60,000.00 rubles.
   • The model "auroTHERM exclusiv VTK 570-1140" is a vacuum manifold with an area of ​​1.0 m 2 - the cost is from 73,000.00 rubles, and an area of ​​2.0 m 2 - from 145,000.00 rubles.
2. Solar collectors of the company "ARISTON" (Italy):

• Model "KAIROS CF 2.0 ARISTON", flat collector, area 2.0 m 2 . The cost is from 37,000.00 rubles.
• The model "KAIROS VT 15B ARISTON" is a vacuum model, costing from 86,000.00 rubles.

1. Products of the FPC company (China):

• Model "FPC-1200d" - flat type, area 2.01 m 2. The cost is from 25000.00 rubles.
• Model "ES 20R-5" - vacuum type, costing from 36,000.00 rubles.

1. Production of the YaSolar company (Russia):

• Model, article 2900152 - a flat solar collector with an area of ​​2.0 m 2. The cost is - from 21000.00 rubles.
• Model "VU-10" vacuum type, costing from 23,000.00 rubles.

Where could I buy

A solar collector is a product that can only be purchased in specialized organizations and companies that either produce such devices or are focused specifically on the implementation of equipment operating on alternative energy sources.

The most correct way to purchase is to find a dealer of the manufacturer of a particular model of the device, and then conclude an appropriate sales contract with him. If there are no dealers of companies producing solar collectors in the region where the potential buyer lives, then you can find an organization that specializes in this group of goods. These two purchase options are the most optimal, because. specialists of such companies can assist in choosing a model, suggest how to perform installation.

If the above methods of acquisition cannot be carried out, then you can turn to the Internet, where a fairly large number of companies operating in this particular area of ​​\u200b\u200benergy are represented. The advantage of this method of acquisition will be the lower cost of products, but the negative point is that there will be no advice and tips on choosing a model and its installation, you will have to decide everything yourself.

Are the costs justified?

The cost of the equipment included in the set of solar installations is quite high, therefore, before deciding to purchase such products, it is always necessary to calculate the cost of the required set and the financial return that can be obtained from the use of such installations.

The set of equipment that will provide autonomous heating of the house, in addition to the collector, includes a number of technical devices, which also affects the amount of costs for the entire set of equipment.

So to create a heating system based on a solar collector, you will need:

1. Collector.
2. Tank accumulator heat.
3. Expansion tank.
4. Circulation pump.
5. Pipes and valves.

Of all the equipment listed, the most expensive unit is the collector itself, therefore, in order to determine whether the installation costs of such a system are justified, it is necessary to decide what is the prerogative in this matter, because the cost of gas or solid fuel boilers , comparable to the cost of a solar collector.

In this regard, the decision on the feasibility of installing just this type of heating, and, accordingly, the cost of equipment, are the criteria for choosing such systems, as well as the pros and cons of their operation, which were described above.

Is it true that solar heating is 20 times cheaper than typical gas heating?

How many times solar heating is cheaper than gas heating can be calculated by each user individually, because everything depends on many factors, such as the presence of low and high pressure gas lines, the type of gas, if any, and of course the factors that determine the possibility use of solar installations.

An undoubted advantage, in comparison with gas boilers, will be the fact that when using solar collectors, after the initial costs for the purchase and installation of equipment, in the future, thermal energy is generated free of charge, in the required volumes.

In addition, the use of solar energy is an environmentally friendly and safe production, eliminating many of the negative consequences that can occur when using gas equipment.

How to make your own air solar heating

Anyone can make their own heating system based on a solar collector, if only there is a desire, the ability to work with hand tools and free time.

Since the main element, as already written earlier, in such a heating system is a solar collector, therefore, its manufacture will be discussed.

The easiest way to make a flat type model, for this you will need:

1. Material for the manufacture of the frame (lumber, metal profile or dense plastic).
2. Copper tube.
3. Insulation - mineral wool or other (polystyrene or analogues).
4. Absorber - metal foil.
5. Durable glass, which serves as an element that protects the insulation from the effects of precipitation and other negative influences.

The design of a flat solar collector is as follows:

From lumber (board, plywood, etc.) or a metal profile (aluminum, ferrous metal), the frame of the collector is made, its body. A heater (thermal insulation) is laid on the lower surface, on which a copper tube is mounted. At the ends of the tube, it is necessary to provide fittings or a threaded connection to include the collector in the heating system. On the sides, insulation is also laid. The joints of the body elements are sealed in order to eliminate heat loss. An absorber is laid on top of the tubes, covered with a layer of transparent thermal insulation and glass (collector cover). Pipes with coolant are connected to the fittings, the device is ready for operation.

Features of solar heating

The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy, but not in all regions it shines the same, somewhere the number of sunny days is less than when there is bad weather outside, somewhere the strength of the sun's rays is not great (northern regions). In this regard, I would like to note that, having the opportunity to use traditional heating methods, you should not completely abandon them, it is better to consider options for the combined use of both systems.

When installing a completely autonomous system based on the use of solar collectors, it is necessary to provide a significant margin of power, which will help to avoid problems with heating the house.

Ways to connect to the heating system

There are only two ways to connect solar installations to the heating system, which depend on how such a system acts, whether it is the main source of thermal energy or a backup that complements the traditional heating system.

Depending on this, the connection is made as follows:

In this heating system, the make-up of cold water, which is the heat carrier, is carried out from external sources of water supply. The accumulator of thermal energy is a storage tank, from which heated water is supplied to the heating and hot water supply system of consumers.

In a combined heating system, the collector serves as an additional source of thermal energy, while the main one is a heating boiler that runs on a certain type of fuel. In certain schemes, depending on the presence of external distribution networks, the boiler may be absent, in which case the coolant from external heating networks enters directly into the buffer tank.

Owners of country cottages often install solar panels for home heating. The popularity of this design is easy to explain: fuel savings and an environmentally friendly life support system. With the skillful use of the energy of the sun, wind or water, it is quite possible to turn a small country house into a modern eco-housing. But first, it’s worth figuring out how to do this and how beneficial such batteries are for residents.

Usage Methods

The energy of sunlight has been used for a long time and successfully, so the technology is not an innovation. But this service is most often used by residents of hot countries and southern latitudes, since in warm climatic conditions it is possible to extract such an alternative resource all year round. But the northern regions, where there is a lack of natural radiation, use solar heating only as an additional option.

A kind of intermediaries between the sun and the mechanism that generates energy are solar panels and special collectors. Moreover, these elements can differ both in purpose and in design. But the essence of their work is to accumulate solar energy for later use.

The batteries are presented in the form of panels, on one side of which there are photocells, and on the other - a locking mechanism. It is quite possible to mount such a design on your own, but you can purchase ready-made products that are sold in a wide range.

Solar panels for the home.

Solar system - a device that is part of the heating system. It is a large heat-insulated box in which the coolant is built. Such a device, together with batteries, is fixed on a raised shield facing the luminary. It is also possible to simply lay the heating elements on the roof slope.

It is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the heating system by placing batteries on special dynamic mechanisms. These devices work on the principle of a tracking system, that is, they turn in the direction where the sun's rays are directed.

The transformation itself is carried out in pipes that are located inside the box. Using solar panels to heat a house in winter is quite realistic, but on the condition that there will be at least two hundred sunny days a year.

Pros and cons

A system that allows you to heat your home with solar energy has a large number of positive qualities. Each of them is quite weighty, which allows residents to experiment. The main advantages of batteries are as follows:

Heating from a solar power plant

In addition to the positive aspects, there are also negative aspects. For example, it takes a long time (from 3 to 5 years) to determine how well and efficiently the system works. During this period, there should be enough energy and it must be used in an active mode. . The disadvantages of solar panels can also include the following factors:

• high cost of components required to connect and launch the structure;
• the amount of heat produced depends entirely on the geographic location and weather conditions;
• housing needs a backup source (gas or solid fuel boiler).

It should be taken into account that for efficient operation it is necessary to constantly monitor the cleanliness of the installation, remove frost from its surface, and repair breakdowns. If the temperature regime in the region often drops below 0 ° C, then you will have to additionally insulate both the collector itself and the house as a whole.

It should also be borne in mind that such systems are not suitable for everyone. For example, in regions where sunny days are rarely observed, the design is unlikely to justify itself. But, despite the high cost, the plates are very popular, so more and more often they can be seen on summer cottages and rooftops.

Main types

There are two types of batteries: small and large photovoltaic systems. The first type includes battery panels that operate on a voltage of 12-24 V. With their help, you can watch TV and turn on several lighting devices.

Large installations are able to provide electricity to the entire house, and if necessary, completely heat it. But this applies only to small private cottages, they will not be able to heat multi-storey buildings.

As for the equipment, it may vary depending on the model. As a rule, the basic set includes:

• vacuum solar collector;
• a special controller that monitors work efficiency;
• a pump with which the coolant is supplied;
• a tank with a volume of 500-1000 liters for hot water;
• electric heater or heat pump.

How many solar collectors will 100% heat a house (type 12 100% solar heating)

All these details are necessary for the normal functioning of the system. How exactly to mount and use them is prescribed in the instructions, which are also included in the kit.

When equipping a powerful home heating system using solar panels, you can additionally provide a home with hot water, as well as install a warm floor. A large photovoltaic installation will cope with these functions quite well.

Before installing collectors, it is necessary to calculate how much power they need in order to fully satisfy all needs. When calculating, it is worth considering the area of ​​​​a private house, the number of people living, as well as energy consumption. For example, for a small family of three, on average, from 200 to 500 W / m² will be required per month.

If you plan to provide a home with hot water, then energy costs will increase. For efficiency, you can make a combined version of the heating system. In this case, households will be insured and will not be left without heating in emergency and unforeseen situations.

Read in the article

Ways to use solar energy

The methods of using the energy of the celestial body do not belong to innovative technologies; solar heat has been used for a long time and very successfully. However, this applies mainly to Australia, some countries in Europe, America and the southern regions, where alternative energy can be obtained throughout the year.

Some northern regions are experiencing a shortage of natural radiation, so it is used as an additional or fallback option.

Image Gallery

Solar panels are one of the ways to get practically free energy, radiated free of charge by the celestial body.

The installation of an autonomous solar power plant is advisable in regions with a large number of sunny days, which is not related to the average annual temperature

An autonomous solar system is located mainly on the roofs of low-rise buildings and in tree-free areas.

In the period of frost, solar systems supply energy for heating air, steam or water heating, in summer they provide heated water

Solar power plants are "green", environmentally friendly, capable of continuously renewable types of energy generation

So far, the efficiency of solar power plants is too dependent on the number of sunny days. It is profitable only in southern latitudes. In the middle lane and in the north, it can only serve as a backup source

Solar panels in the south of the CIS countries will be able to provide a country house with electricity, hot water and coolant for heating circuits

Solar systems, even used as a backup energy source, bring a fairly high economic effect, reducing the load on the main options for generating energy.

Passive use of solar energy

Solar panel installation option

Optimal location of a private solar system

Location of the solar panel along the eaves

Solar system on a flat roof

Solar power plant as a backup source

Operation of batteries in the southern regions of the CIS countries

The real benefits of a solar system in the private sector

Intermediaries between the sun's rays and the mechanism that generates energy are solar batteries or collectors, which differ in both purpose and design.

Batteries store energy from the sun and allow it to be used to power household electrical appliances. They are panels with photocells on one side and a locking mechanism on the other. You can experiment and assemble the battery yourself, but it's easier to buy ready-made elements - the choice is quite wide.

Solar systems (solar collectors) are part of the heating system of the house. Large heat-insulated boxes with coolant, like batteries, are mounted on raised shields facing the sun, or roof slopes.

It is erroneous to assume that absolutely all northern regions receive much less natural heat than southern ones. Suppose there are much more sunny days in Chukotka or in central Canada than in Great Britain located to the south

To improve efficiency, the panels are placed on dynamic mechanisms that resemble a tracking system - they rotate following the movement of the sun. The energy conversion process takes place in tubes located inside the boxes.

The main difference between solar systems and solar panels is that the former heat the coolant, while the latter accumulate electricity. It is possible to heat the room with the help of photocells, but the device schemes are irrational and are suitable only for those areas where there are at least 200 sunny days a year.

Scheme of a heating system with a solar collector connected to a boiler and a spare source of electricity (for example, a gas boiler) running on traditional fuel (+)

Solar heating pros and cons

If we talk about using solar energy for heating, then you need to keep in mind that there are two different devices for converting solar energy:

• Solar panels. They produce only electricity. But you can already use it to ensure the operability of any electrical equipment, including the non-operation of heating appliances.

Solar collectors. These devices heat the liquid (heat carrier) and can be directly connected to the heating system, as well as using them to heat water for domestic needs.

So you can provide the house with hot water and partly heating with solar energy.

Both options have their own characteristics. Although you must immediately say whichever one you choose, do not rush to abandon the heating system that you have. The sun rises, of course, every morning, but your solar cells will not always get enough light. The most reasonable solution is to make a combined system. When there is enough solar energy, the second heat source will not work. By doing this, you will protect yourself, and you will live in comfortable conditions, and save money.

If there is no desire or opportunity to install two systems, your solar heating should have at least twice the power reserve. Then you can definitely say that you will have warmth in any case.

Advantages of using solar energy for heating:

• Safe and absolutely “clean” source of energy.
• Reduced heating and hot water costs.
• You are independent of the state of the economy: the sun always shines, both in crisis and in its heyday.

The sun does not require money for its energy. Another thing is that the state can tax the owners of solar installations. But until this happens - solar energy is free.

The sun is constantly sending heat to the earth. And they can be used to heat the house

Flaws:

• The dependence of the amount of incoming heat on the weather and region.
• For guaranteed heating, you will need a system that can work in parallel with the solar heating system. Many manufacturers of heating equipment provide for this possibility. In particular, European manufacturers of wall-mounted gas boilers provide for joint operation with solar heating (for example, Baxi boilers). Even if you have installed equipment that does not have this capability, you can coordinate the operation of the heating system using the controller.
• Solid financial investments at the start.
• Periodic maintenance: tubes and panels must be cleaned of adhering debris and washed from dust.
• Some of the liquid solar collectors cannot operate at very low temperatures. In anticipation of severe frosts, the liquid has to be drained. But this does not apply to all models and not all liquids.

Now let's take a closer look at each of the types of solar heating elements.

What do they represent

Devices that are recharged by light have been invented for a long time. We had the pleasure of seeing solar batteries for charging calculators, watches and other things back in the early 90s. However, our foreign friends learned to use the energy of the sun for good much earlier.

Therefore, it is worth learning from the experience already passed, and improving the results achieved. One of the successful achievements can be called energy, where the rays of the sun are used to heat the batteries for the house in which we live. Everyone knows that heating is not cheap, and you have to pay bills often and in large quantities.

Many countries, especially those where the sun is a frequent guest in the sky, have long since switched to an alternative heating system. That is - for heating housing with the help of solar panels.

If you do not want to depend on housing and communal services, if it is important for you to keep the house warm at any time convenient for you, let's talk more about solar heating, which is already available to many, and many have appreciated it. . Advantages

Advantages

1. You live in the warmth for as long a year as you want.
2. You have the ability to adjust the temperature in the apartment at the level you need.
3. You are completely independent from utilities, now you do not have to pay for general heating.
4. You have your own energy reserve, which can be used for any household needs.
5. Long battery life for a long time will save you from the hassle of replacing or repairing them.

However, there are small details that do not interfere with considering in more detail before purchasing and installing autonomous power supply in your home.

Nuances

Varieties of solar panels

1. Of course, there is a well-known truth that the closer to the equator, the more sun. If you live in a region where the number of sunny days is low, the batteries will not be very efficient.
2. Relatively high cost of batteries. For example, to supply a family with enough electricity, you will need solar panels with an area of ​​​​about 15 - 20 m². Given that 1 m² gives an average of 120 W of energy, a family of three to four people will have to install a lot of elements.
3. Batteries must be installed on the south side of the roof. Where the sun shines the most.
   The roof area must be at least 40 m2, only in this case you can get enough energy for the family.
4. To obtain energy of about 500 kW per month and the full operation of the system in your area, there should be up to 20 sunny days.
5. To supply yourself with electricity and purchase an installation with a capacity of about 7 kW, to make solar-powered heating, you will have to spend at least 200,000 rubles on their purchase and installation.
   However, it will pay off in the first years of use. The power of such an installation is enough to supply heating to a medium-sized house.
6. For the installation to work effectively, the slope of your roof should be about 45⁰. There should not be large trees and tall buildings nearby, they will create a shadow and interfere with the operation of the installation.
7. The rafter system of your house must have a margin of safety. Batteries have a certain weight, which must be taken into account in order to protect the roof from collapse.
   This is especially likely in winter, when snow accumulates on the roof.

Of course, batteries are expensive, but they are already very popular in many countries. Even where the climate is not the hottest, they are willingly used. The point is durability, and high efficiency of such installations. They work best in the summer, when there are many sunny days. But heating is needed in winter, so for the system to work, a sufficiently large structure must be assembled on the roof.

Note!

If you are planning solar heating, it is better to provide such a system at the design stage of housing, before its construction.

It is necessary to take into account the direction of the world, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roof, the coating and the truss system under their location.

The principle of operation of solar collectors

Scheme of using a solar collector.

Collectors, like solar panels, work on the basis of collecting and converting solar energy. But here there is a transformation not of electrical energy, but of thermal energy. This means that the heat carrier of the heating system circulating in the collector heats up under the influence of sunlight and only then transfers heat. As with solar panels, the productivity of the coolant directly depends on the amount of sunlight.

The following types of collectors are used:

• operating on the basis of water or antifreeze;
• operating on the basis of air masses, such collectors provide solar-air heating.

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Collectors running on water

Flat-plate collectors consist of a special device - an absorber, which absorbs the energy of the sun, as well as a transparent layer and a heat-insulating coating. Flat-plate solar water heaters can heat water up to 200°C. Solar vacuum collectors are the most practical to use because they have a heating system with less heat loss.

Due to the vacuum layer, the water temperature during heating can reach 300°C. By its design, the vacuum collector resembles an ordinary household thermos. Often, solar vacuum collectors are used together with heat pipes to heat a private house. For residents of northern latitudes, this option for heating a house is considered optimal.

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Calculation of solar panels for the house

Insolation (the amount of solar energy) varies greatly in different months. Therefore, you first need to decide what part of the electricity and for what period you are going to generate. If you want to work out all 100% at any time of the year on your own, you will have to count according to the worst month with a minimum number of sunny days. But then the question arises: what to do with the excess amount of electricity that will be generated in other months. If you plan to stay only during the garden season, consider the lowest insolation during this period. In general, the principle is clear.

The best place to generate electricity from the sun is in the south

Then you need to calculate how much power your solar system should produce for your home. To do this, enter all electrical appliances in the table, and from their passports enter data on power, current consumption and watt load. By knocking out the speakers, you will find out how much electricity per hour all your equipment and appliances need. It is clear that all of them are unlikely to turn on at the same time. You can try to calculate which of them work at the same time, and select solar panels according to this figure.

How to count the number of solar panels, let's look at an example. Let the need for electricity be 10 kW/h, insolation in the billing month 2 kW/h. The power of the battery that they were going to buy is 250 W (0.25 kW). Now we consider 10 / 2 / 0.25 = 20 pcs. That is, you need 20 solar panels.

To reduce electricity consumption, you need to replace all incandescent lamps with LEDs, and all old uneconomical equipment with energy-saving ones - then you will need not such a large number of solar panels.

Solar collectors are one of the alternative energy sources

To obtain heat, collectors are used - devices that act as accumulators of solar energy.

Principle of operation

The principle of operation of solar collectors is based on obtaining natural (renewable) energy from the Sun, converting it into thermal energy and further redirecting it to meet human needs.

The device consists of two main parts: a solar radiation trap and a heat exchanger - converting it into thermal energy with subsequent transfer to the coolant.

A liquid acts as a coolant - depending on the modification of the collector, it can be water, antifreeze, etc. Under the influence of sunlight, the liquid heats up and, through the built-in heat exchanger, transfers the extracted thermal energy to the water in the storage tank - as a rule, this is a stainless steel tank or other hollow container.

From the storage tank, hot water is used for household needs - solar heating of the house (including "warm floors"), washing dishes, for the bathroom; it is especially advantageous to pour water heated in this way into home pools.

The collectors effectively use approximately 80-95% of the absorbed solar energy - this is a very high figure.

Solar panels on the roof

First of all, you need to find out if the roof will withstand the additional load. One or two modules will withstand any, but for more you will have to count.

For reliable fixation, they must be fastened at least at four points. Moreover, if you mount prefabricated panels, do not be too lazy to study the installation instructions: if at least one of the points is violated, the equipment is removed from the warranty. In most cases, the requirements are:

Solar panels are mounted at a distance of 5-15 cm above the roofing material. This gap is necessary for ventilation (to maintain the temperature regime).

It is necessary to install a solar battery at a distance of 5-15 cm from the roofing material on special guides

• For fastening, use only the holes in the housing. Additional drilling is not allowed.

The frame on which the photocells are fixed is designed for vertical or horizontal installation (indicated in the passport), and it cannot be mounted in any other position.

Mounting systems for solar panels can be different. There are ready-made ones (sold in the same place as the panels themselves), but it is quite possible to use those made by yourself

It is only important to use reliable, corrosion-resistant materials. The thickness of the rails and fasteners must be large: they must withstand both wind loads and the mass of panels with the thickest snow cover

One of the methods of mounting solar panels on the roof of a private house can be seen in the video.

Now a little about the electrical assembly. The solar battery connection diagram, in addition to the converters themselves, provides for the following:

• charge controller with connected batteries;
• a converter (inverter) that converts direct current into alternating current;
• fuses to protect against short circuits (will increase the safety of both yours and the system).

The controller and converter have current and voltage limits. The total parameters of the solar system connected to your home should not exceed them. For the electrical connection of the batteries into a single system, you need to use only those wires that are brought out.

Schematic diagram of connection of solar cells

To connect the panels, a copper conductor in UV-resistant insulation is used. If the wires in suitable insulation are not found, hide it in a corrugated outdoor hose. The thickness of the wire cores depends on the expected current strength in the system and on the length of the line, but the minimum section is 4 mm2. The connection of conductors is desirable to be done using connectors, and not on twists. The MC4 is recommended because the conductors coming out of most solar arrays are terminated in just such connectors. These connectors are good because they provide a tight connection, which is important on roofs. But not all firms install connectors of this standard. In cheap models (especially Chinese ones) there may be something else, so check when buying.

This is a schematic diagram of the connection

Now about the sequence of connecting equipment to the system. For a secure connection, follow the sequence as follows:

1. Batteries are connected to the controller with correct polarity. Wires - copper, the section is selected depending on the power of the controller.
2. Solar panels are connected to the controller. Polarity must also be observed.
3. 12 V consumers are connected to the controller through a fuse.
4. An inverter is connected to the batteries (through a fuse), and 220 V consumers are already connected to its output. Connecting the inverter directly to the controller is impossible: you will have to buy new devices. And this is approximately $ 600-1000, depending on the company and capacity.

Do not neglect the connection sequence - this is the most secure algorithm that guarantees (with respect to polarity) the working condition of the system.

Finally, another option for installation on the roof of a summer house with an adjustable tilt angle. Perhaps the video will be useful to you.

The higher the slope, the more efficient use of solar energy in winter

The area of ​​this part of solar heating can deviate no more than thirty degrees to the east or west. The slope should be 45-60 degrees (minimum 35 degrees). The higher the slope, the more efficient use of solar energy in winter. In summer, the optimal slope will help to avoid overheating. If it is not possible to fulfill the conditions for installing the collector on the roof, then you can place it on the south facade or even on the building that is nearby.

An ordinary house is different from a sunny one. If you plan to install such a heating system on an ordinary house, then initially it should be prepared. Power engineering reconstruction of the house is being carried out. It is possible to recoup the cost of covering the house with a solar installation only if the house is provided with excellent thermal insulation. Also, in order to install the collector vertically, it is sometimes necessary to carry out additional construction measures.

It is best to use collectors with a large area, which can be mounted directly on the roof of the house (using a crane). A metal frame is used as a connecting area. This method not only protects the collector from weathering, but also gives the house an external aesthetic appearance.

The roof area for installing solar panels must be at least 40 square meters. From such an area, with 20 sunny days per month, it will be possible to obtain up to 500 kW of energy.
For houses that are planned to be heated only with solar energy, the storage must have a size of at least 40 m³. The most convenient elongated shape of the tank. The insulation thickness is required at least 30 cm.
Choose the largest drive that holds enough heat

It is used to store solar heat. Therefore, if possible, choose the largest drive. Sometimes it is quite difficult to fit a large drive in old houses. You can use the basement for storage. In this case, the drive will consist of individual parts that can be assembled on site. As a placement option, when there is no way to find free space for a large drive, you can use many small ones. They must first be connected to each other.

The most efficient solar system will be the lower the heating temperature. Panel heating is the best option. Panels are easier to install than underfloor heating systems. In addition, such panels will additionally protect the walls of the house from moisture. Existing radiators can also operate at lower temperatures.

Solar panels have a long service life, despite the fact that their installation is quite expensive. But the method of heating the house on solar batteries makes it possible, regardless of the work of energy supply organizations, to heat your home and provide it with light. Experts say that solar panels break down very rarely, they do not need to be constantly serviced.

Features of solar heating

Many people doubt the expediency of installing a solar heating system. The main argument is that it is expensive and will never pay for itself. We have to agree with the fact that it is expensive: the prices for equipment are rather high. But no one is stopping you from starting small. For example, to evaluate the effectiveness and practicality of the idea to make a similar installation yourself. Costs are minimal, and you will have first-hand experience. Then you will decide whether to deal with all this or not. Here's the thing: all the negative messages are from theorists. From practitioners did not meet a single one. There is an active search for ways to improve, rework, but no one said that the idea is useless. It's about something.

Now that installing a solar heating system will never pay off. While the payback period

If you turn on the solar system in parallel with the centralized power supply, you can save a decent amount

Bridges in our country are big. It is comparable to the lifetime of solar collectors or batteries. But if we look at the dynamics of growth in prices for all energy carriers, we can assume that it will soon be reduced to quite acceptable terms.

Now actually about how to make a system. First of all, you need to determine the need for your home and seven in heat and hot water. The general methodology for calculating a solar heating system is as follows:

• Knowing in which region the house is located, you can find out how much sunlight falls on 1m2 of area in each month of the year. Experts call this insolation. Based on this data, you can then estimate how many solar panels you need. But first you need to determine how much heat is needed for the preparation of domestic hot water and heating.
• If you have a hot water meter, then you know the volumes of hot water that you spend monthly. Display the average consumption data for the month or calculate the maximum consumption - it's whoever wants it. You should also have data on the heat loss of the house.
• Have a look at the solar heaters you would like to supply. Having data on their performance, you can roughly determine the number of elements needed to cover your needs.

In addition to determining the number of components of the solar system, it will be necessary to determine the volume of the tank in which hot water for hot water will be accumulated. This can easily be done by knowing your family's actual expenses. If you have a DHW meter installed and you have data for several years, you can calculate the average consumption per day (average consumption per month divided by the number of days). This is roughly the size of the tank you need. But the tank needs to be taken with a margin of 20% or so. Just in case.

Schematic diagram of home heating with solar collectors

If there is no hot water supply or a meter, you can use the consumption rates. One person consumes on average 100-150 liters of water per day. Knowing how many people permanently live in the house, you will calculate the required volume of the tank: the rate is multiplied by the number of residents.

It must be said right away that a rational (in terms of payback) for central Russia is a solar heating system that covers about 30% of the heat demand and fully supplies hot water. This is an average result: in some months, heating will be provided by 70-80% by the solar system, and in some (December-January) by only 10%. And again, a lot depends on the type of solar panels and the region of residence.

And it's not just a matter of "north" or "south." It's about the number of sunny days. For example, in very cold Chukotka, solar heating will be very efficient: the sun almost always shines there. In the much milder climate of England, with eternal fogs, its effectiveness is extremely low.

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Let the sun into the house passive heating methods

Windows - to the south

It seems that everyone should understand that by placing the main part of the windows on the sunny side of the house, we will let in not only light, but also heat into the premises. However, driving through our cottage villages, you can see that a good half of the developers do not adhere to the rational principle "the house is in the northern part of the site, and the windows are in the south." But in vain.

Huge stained-glass windows of the Eagle Ridge Residence (USA) energy-saving design are open to the south and west sides, letting in maximum warmth and light into the house. From the north, the building is bounded by a blank, well-insulated wall.

In winter, the low-lying sun penetrates the rooms to their full depth, and in summer, when it shone at its zenith, a visor protruding more than two meters from the glass facade protects from overheating

Trombe wall

In the 40s of the last century, the American engineer Tromb came up with a "solar stove". On the south side of the house there is a massive wall made of heat-intensive material (concrete, stone, solid brick), painted black. There are holes in the bottom and top of this heat accumulator. Outside, at a short distance from the wall, there is a glass stained-glass window. The sun heats the concrete, warm air tends to rise up, goes into the room, and cold air enters the space between the stone and glass from below. A stable circulation of warm air is formed in the room. Thanks to the invention of selective coatings for glass and stone (concrete), the effectiveness of the Trombe wall in the modern version has become noticeably higher.

The principle of operation of the Trombe wall. A nice bonus: it can be used not only in winter for indirect heating of the house (in the figure on the right), but also in summer for ventilation (left)

Air solar collector

Logical development of the Trombe wall. It is a hollow flat box (panel), placed obliquely for better radiation trapping. The upper railing of the panel is transparent for infrared radiation, and a partition separates it along it. Painted black, the partition heats up, warm air rises and enters the room. Unheated air from the room penetrates into the lower, cold part of the collector.

The passive air solar collector is the simplest device. Do-it-yourself solar heating is within the power of any economic peasant

Solar greenhouse - fresh vegetables as a bonus

Solar greenhouse attached to the house. To “let in” more sun into the house, you need to increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwindows. It is problematic to make the entire southern wall glass in a cold climate, the heat loss will be too high. Separating part of the building with glass walls and a roof from the main premises of the house, we get a solar greenhouse. It almost does not interfere with the penetration of infrared radiation into the windows of the house, in addition to this, the outer wall inside the greenhouse will heat up. On a bright winter sunny day, the air in the solar greenhouse can warm up to a temperature significantly higher than in the house.

On a sunny day, the solar greenhouse can overheat, which is a problem for summer time. It is necessary to organize ventilation or shade the stained-glass windows.

To maximize the use of the heat received by the greenhouse, it is possible to organize air exchange with living quarters.

The greenhouse of a solar house in Winchester (USA) is separated from the main part of the house by a massive heat-storing wall with opening ventilation holes. Such a solution is a combination of a solar greenhouse and a Trombe wall. Water canisters installed in the greenhouse help to keep warm longer

The natural air exchange between the greenhouse and the house is rather weak and, in order to use the energy to the maximum, the air movement is forced.

Air exchange between the main part of this house in Hamptden (USA) and the attached greenhouse is organized through the underground space, warm air enters the rooms from below, and cooled air enters the greenhouse from above. The circulation of air flows is provided by a fan, automatics turns it on and off at the right time. In practice, this is already solar heating of a private active-type house

An additional bonus that a solar greenhouse gives to its owners: almost all year round, you can grow vegetables in it or leave citrus fruits for the winter. True, this will require solving the problems of ventilation, humidity, daytime overheating and nighttime frosts.

Peculiarities

Solar panels are semiconductor devices that convert solar radiation into electrical energy. In remote areas of residence or with regular power outages, such systems will be the key to solving problems, they are used to provide an uninterrupted, economical and reliable power supply to the home.

Solar panels built into the roof

Principle of operation

Sunlight falls on a negatively charged panel. It causes the active formation of additional negative charges. Under the influence of the electric field that is present in the p-n junction, the separation of positively and negatively charged particles occurs. The first of them go to the top layer, and the second down. So, there is a potential difference. Based on this, it can be seen that the work takes place on the principle of a battery. When a load is connected to it, a current appears in the circuit. The current strength depends on the following parameters:

• insolation level;
• photoconverter size;
• photocell type;
• the total resistance of devices connected to the solar battery.

Working principle of solar panel

Where will this heating method be most effective?

It is more expedient when there is a shortage of electricity in the region, for example, where restrictions on its consumption are introduced. Or when laying a network of wires is more expensive than the cost of batteries.

It is better to use the energy of the sun when it is not prevented by fogs and bad weather.

Energy scheme

When the sun acts on the battery, the photoreceptors located on the surface create micro charges, if the energy received by the batteries is not used, it accumulates in batteries.

The principle of obtaining energy

Installation features.

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Heating from solar panels largely depends on the correct installation. Here are some tips to help you get the most power:

• it is necessary to check the strength of the surface on which it is planned to mount solar panels;
• their correct orientation relative to the sun must be performed;
• it is necessary to set the correct angle of inclination;
• check that they are not obscured by other objects.

Solar panels for home heating are recommended to be mounted on southern slope of the roof. Ideally, it is desirable to ensure their slope in accordance with the geographical latitude of the area. The surface of the panels in this position will receive at a right angle the maximum flow of light. Shade from trees, neighboring structures, from the antenna. After all, even a small shaded area will significantly reduce the efficiency of electricity generation.

Screen on the heating battery with your own hands. - here is more useful information.

Having decided on the site for installing solar panels, it is necessary to check the strength of the roof structure. If in doubt, then it is better to strengthen it.

You will be interested in this article - How to choose an electric boiler for heating?

Installation of solar panels, video:

Rules for installing solar panels.

Manufacturers of solar panels generally supply all the necessary fasteners for any mounting option in the kit. Therefore, the installation of panels can be done by hand. Given the design features of the roofing surface, there are several installation methods:

• inclined- at any angle of inclination of the slope;
• horizontal- if a flat roof;
• free-standing- they are placed on supporting special structures;
• integrated Solar panels are structural elements of a building.

When installing solar panels on a flat roof, it is necessary to provide a gap between them and the roof surface. This will eliminate the heating of the light-receiving elements and a significant decrease in their performance. On dark roofs, it is desirable to lay a light coating. This will provide good additional dispersion of the light flux and will prevent overheating of the panels. When installing batteries in several rows, there should be a distance between them of 1.7 from the height of the panels.

Despite the ease of installation, it is advisable to contact specialists for its implementation.

In this case, you will receive high-quality installation in accordance with all the rules and, most importantly, warranty service and repairs for the entire period of operation, which is important given the high cost of solar panels.

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System selection and installation

The first thing that is required when choosing a particular system is to carefully study its capabilities. It is imperative to calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe dwelling, as well as the amount of heat that is required to heat it. The installation location is another significant point. Reviews speak in favor of the fact that it would be best to take the help of qualified specialists in this field. This is due to the fact that even with a slight miscalculation, you can greatly reduce the effectiveness of the finished solution during operation. If the solar panel for home heating is installed correctly, it will last at least 25 years. Only 3 years are needed for its full payback. Many do not consider such a period to be too long, judging by the same user reviews.

This allows you to become completely independent of utilities, and this is very important.

The solar panel for heating the house should be installed so that the solar illumination in this place is maximum. If the selected building is not suitable for the installation of such a system, then you can use the neighboring building. The drive can be placed in the basement. there are also systems where several drives are used. In this case, their sizes will be a little more modest. Those who decide for themselves to choose the heating of a private house with solar panels can safely say that their decision was correct. Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of heat, and it is absolutely free. To do this, you only need to invest a certain amount in equipment and installation of the system, and then it will not only fully pay for itself, but also eliminate the need to pay money to utilities.

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How to make solar heating

You can build a solar heating system using an air-type collector with your own hands. It is best to place it on the south wall of the building. The larger the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room, the larger the area will be occupied by the collector. Perhaps the entire wall of the house. Also, this solar system can be built in the attic.

If you are going to install an air heating system in the attic, you need to make sure that it can withstand the weight of the installation.

A solar collector heating the air mass - performs its functions of heating due to air flows passing inside the system. The coolant circulates around the circuit, cooling, it enters the system again. The movement of air flows can be carried out naturally or with the use of a fan.

As for the materials for the manufacture of the air manifold, here you can use various improvised means. There is no single rule. Home craftsmen improve this type of solar system assembled at home. Someone seeks to get a cheaper option, while sacrificing efficiency, someone - on the contrary.

Having dealt with the main elements of the air manifold, it is easier to decide on the place of its installation - a roof or a wall

Features of installing a tubular solar system

The tubular type solar system for heating can be used in various regions. It does not depend on the outside temperature. The main thing is that the maximum amount of sunlight falls on the installation. Antifreeze used as a coolant does not freeze at low temperatures. On clear winter days, the amount of sunlight exceeds the amount of light coming in summer.

The tubular solar collector consists of a system of transparent vacuum tubes interconnected. They contain a substance with a low boiling point. Boiling, it evaporates, transfers its heat to the copper tip and flows down, where everything repeats again.

Vacuum tubes made of refractory glass are filled inside with a substance capable of boiling at a low temperature

Vacuum tubes absorb up to 90% of all solar radiation (visible and infrared). Solar energy, converted into thermal energy, enters the coolant. It transfers this energy further through the system - to a heat exchanger located in a special storage tank.

The movement of coolant and water through heating systems occurs due to pumps

It is important that the tank has good thermal insulation. There are usually two heat exchangers: one is connected to an additional heater, the second - to the collectors

In houses with this type of solar installations, it is advantageous to additionally connect a system of underfloor heating. This allows you to heat the building more efficiently.

As for the installation of tubular collectors, it can be installed on its own. The only thing to consider is the working angle of inclination - it must be at least 20 °.

A tubular solar collector is placed on the roof, choosing the most sunny direction. It is important that there are no skyscrapers nearby that interfere with the free penetration of sunlight.

It will not work to build a vacuum installation with your own hands - it is impossible to make vacuum tubes at home. This is done by factories specializing in the production of vacuum solar systems.

Flat solar installation: heating features
Often a flat solar collector is used for heating. It's easy to build it. You will need:

Metal frame;
solid bottom;
thermal insulation layer;
black solar radiation absorber layer (adsorber);
transparent cover (plastic, glass);
tubes for liquid (copper, aluminum).

The design must be equipped with inlet and outlet pipes and a pump for efficient fluid circulation.

You can assemble a flat solar installation with your own hands. To do this, improvised means are often used, choosing cheaper materials as an analogue.

You can install a flat collector at any angle, a prerequisite is to clean it from snow and dust. It is especially good for warm climates. In the cold season, low efficiency and high heat losses are observed. Which casts doubt on the use of this solar system alone for full-fledged heating. It would be optimal to use a flat solar installation together with gas, electric or solid fuel type of heating.

How to calculate the required collector power

When calculating the required capacity of a solar collector, it is very often mistaken to make calculations based on the incoming solar energy in the coldest months of the year.

The fact is that in the remaining months of the year the entire system will constantly overheat. The temperature of the coolant in summer at the outlet of the solar collector can reach 200°C when heated by steam or gas, 120°C of antifreeze, 150°C of water. If the coolant boils, it will partially evaporate. As a result, it will have to be replaced.

• provision of hot water supply no more than 70%;
• provision of the heating system no more than 30%.

The rest of the necessary heat should be generated by standard heating equipment. Nevertheless, with such indicators, an average of about 40% is saved per year on heating and hot water supply.

The power generated by a single tube vacuum system varies by geographic location. The indicator of solar energy falling per year on 1 m2 of land is called insolation. Knowing the length and diameter of the tube, you can calculate the aperture - the effective absorption area. It remains to apply the absorption and emission coefficients to calculate the power of one tube per year.

Calculation example:

The standard tube length is 1800 mm, the effective length is 1600 mm. Diameter 58 mm. Aperture is the shaded area created by the tube. Thus, the area of ​​the shadow rectangle will be:

S = 1.6 * 0.058 = 0.0928m2

The efficiency of the middle tube is 80%, solar insolation for Moscow is about 1170 kWh/m2 per year. Thus, one tube will work out per year:

W \u003d 0.0928 * 1170 * 0.8 \u003d 86.86 kW * h

It should be noted that this is a very approximate calculation. The amount of energy generated depends on the installation orientation, angle, average annual temperature, etc. published by econet.ru

Principles of operation of the main heating systems

To provide heating and hot water supply in the house, two systems are used that use different heat carriers - water and air. The arrangement of such systems is somewhat different, as well as efficiency.

Water solar heating may consist of the following elements:

solar collector using a water coolant;

Water solar heating system.

• pipeline;
• additional heater; hot water storage tank;
• collector pump;
• heat exchanger;
• additional fuel;
• radiator of the room that is heated.

Such solar heating of the house works on the principle of heat transfer from preheated water passing through pipelines and heating devices. The calculation confirms the cost-effectiveness of the consumption of the material used for heating, which is achieved due to the heat capacity of water. It is believed that when heated to the same temperature level, water is 4,000 times more heat-retaining than air.

When the construction of a private or country house begins, an important point, which also requires quite a lot of financial investments, and even more attention, is the heating system and the insulation of the structure. And instead of the usual systems and traditional types of heating, more and more people are turning their attention to alternative heating - solar heating of a private house.

Use of solar energy for heating

The distribution of the solar heating system of a private house is constantly growing, as it is an innovative technology that uses solar energy. Today, absolutely every owner of a private or country house can install such a system. Note that financial resources will only need to be invested in the purchase of equipment that will be needed in order to accumulate heat, but you will get the energy itself for free.

If you are going to equip your home with solar heating for longevity, then the choice of system should be taken seriously. It is required to correctly calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe system, power, and choose a good place for installation.

Note that the installed system will be able to serve you for more than 25 years, and it will pay off in about 3 years if you use it constantly.

Heating a house from the sun can be of two types:

• Based on solar panels.
• Based on solar collectors.

Solar heating has many advantages:

• Fuel costs are significantly saved.
• This is a completely environmentally friendly system.
• Ease of use.
• Prices for photovoltaic cells are falling, so the cost of equipment and installation of the system is also falling.

Among the disadvantages are the following:

• When the day is cloudy, energy will be generated significantly less.
• The equipment and installation of such a system is an expensive pleasure.
• The uninterrupted operation of such a system requires special attention: accurate calculations and correct installation of all elements.

Solar heating

In essence, solar panels are photoelectric generators. As the laws of physics tell us, sunlight forms a direct current, affecting semiconductor elements. And in the circuits of the solar battery, voltage appears, which is then supplied to objects. A special battery stores energy, which can then be used on cloudy days.

Heating a private house with solar energy using batteries is best placed on the south side of the roof, and the roof angle should be at least 30 degrees. Experts also recommend taking into account the presence of additional interference - for example, if there are structures or trees nearby, which can subsequently interfere with the functioning of the system. The flow of the sun's rays should go from accounting: 1000 kW / h per 1 sq.m per year. Solar energy in this calculation, which you will receive, will be equal to the use of 100 liters of gas.

Some powerful solar panels with an area of ​​approximately 4 square meters can supply the average family of 3 people with hot water. Energy will be generated at the same time - 2000 kW / h per year.

The solar battery consists of the following elements:

• Transparent top panel, water or air will circulate inside it, made of glass or plastic.
• Blackened metal surface that absorbs heat energy from the sun.
• A water tank or a special storage tank where heated liquid or gas goes, after which they enter the batteries.

The solar heating systems of a private house include the following elements:

• Ordinary transformer.
• DC to AC converter.
• A sensor that regulates the level of charging and discharging the battery.
• Battery.
• Power take-off system.

Solar heating of a country house on batteries is used mainly in order to obtain electricity. Therefore, such batteries would be best installed where electric heating, electric heaters or underfloor heating are used. When you equip your heating with high power solar panels, you can supply your home with hot water.

As for the efficiency of such a system as heating a house with solar energy from batteries, this indicator depends on many factors, the main of which is the incoming solar energy. If your home is located in northern latitude, then it is best to use combined types of heating, where solar energy will only be an addition. The same applies to those areas where frequent cloudy weather is observed, since at such a time the battery power will be very small.

Heating with solar collectors

Heating a country house from the sun with the help of solar collectors is the same principle: solar energy is collected and converted. However, in this case, not electrical energy is converted, but thermal. So, the heat carrier that circulates in the collector heats up under the action of the sun's rays and then transfers its heat. Productivity here also depends on how much sunlight.

There are such types of collectors:

• Running on water or antifreeze. The first type of collectors are flat-plate collectors, which consist of an absorber, which absorbs solar energy, a transparent layer and a coating with thermal insulation.
• Working on air masses and providing air solar heating at home.

Do-it-yourself solar heating is real

To date, there are several ways to do solar heating at home with your own hands. For example, you can use plastic wrap or plastic bottles, but such a system will not work effectively for a long time.

Therefore, the best option would be to purchase ready-made equipment - it is efficient and profitable. In addition, its cost pays off in a short time.