Lime is a universal substance that, thanks to its extensive and varied properties, can be used in almost any field of activity. It happens various types, depending on the selection criteria, and is divided into several varieties. The options for preparing solutions containing it do not differ much from each other and do not cause difficulties, so this raw material can be used independently without the involvement of specialists.

Peculiarities

Quicklime is calcium oxide obtained by burning calcium carbonate and has a finely porous structure. Sometimes quicklime is called boiling lime.

Advantages over slaked lime

It has many advantages over the hashed variety:

• high strength;
• absorbs less moisture;
• work with this material can be carried out in winter;
• no waste;
• very broad scope applications.

Quicklime is dangerous to human health, so it is advisable to carry out work in an open space using protective equipment.

A good advantage of quicklime is its low cost compared to other mixtures. Lime material is resistant to temperature changes, it does not crack, and has antimicrobial properties.

Specifications

Lime is a substance that is often found in nature (mainly in rocks ah), and the manufacture of the product occurs in full compliance with established standards, because mixtures on such a basis must high level perform protective functions.

The finished lime should consist only of carbonate rocks (limestone) with a small clay content. Various additives and impurities are allowed in the composition of the material based on GOST standards, depending on the area of ​​application.

Limestone looks very similar to chalk or coke, but they have various properties and are not interchangeable. To distinguish limestone from chalk, you can drop water on them. Chalk will not give any reaction, but limestone will begin to foam and generate heat. If you use chalk to whitewash walls, it will leave marks on clothes and surfaces in contact with the wall. Lime does not leave any traces, so it is most often used for whitewashing walls.

Quicklime is divided into three grades (1, 2 and 3), and slaked lime is divided into 1st and 2nd grade. The exception is powdered quicklime, which is divided into two grades and has additives. Other types are produced without additives.

By external physical indicators, for example, by color, you can determine the type of material. After heat treatment of limestone, quicklime is obtained, and if it has White color, this means that the material does not contain additives and is of a high grade. In other cases, the material has a grayish color, most often it is dolomitic and hydraulic lime.

The production of lime material consists of mining the rocks themselves, crushing them to required sizes and subsequent firing in special kilns. Nowadays, shaft and rotary tube kilns are most often used because they provide uniform temperature exposure to the material and a continuous firing process.

The strength of the raw material is affected by the temperature during firing and the manufacturing process. There are three options for the strength of the finished product: hard-burnt, medium-burnt and soft-burnt lime.

Soft-burnt lime is very popular in construction due to the following properties:

• the extinguishing process occurs quickly, within about 3 minutes;
• such material has small size and low density.

Lime belongs to a low hazard class, but safety precautions must be observed during transportation and storage. Since quicklime reacts violently with water, it is necessary to ensure that moisture cannot come into contact with the material.

The composition of lime most often includes various mineral additives that improve the properties of the material: granulated blast furnace slag, quartz sand and other substances.

Kinds

There are two types of lime, which are distinguished by the amount of calcium silicates and aluminoferrites they contain: air and hydraulic. They perform various functions, for example, air accelerates the hardening process of concrete, and hydraulic accelerates reactions in water.

It is important that all fragments of the substance are the same size. This moment indicates that the raw material has been completely calcined in the furnace. If pieces are too large or too small, they may not be completely heat treated, and this will reduce the quality of the finished material.

Based on the type of processing, there are several types of material:

• quicklime lump (boiling liquid);
• quicklime ground (powdered);
• quenched hydrate – Ca (OH) 2;
• lime dough;
• lime milk.

Lump lime

Lump lime is a mixture of lumps that differ in size. It contains calcium oxide and magnesium, as well as materials such as calcium carbonate, aluminates, and silicates. Magnesium or calcium ferrites, which are formed during firing of raw materials, can be added.

The good strength of concrete is ensured due to the fact that lump lime requires very little water (due to the fine grinding of the material) and produces virtually no waste.

Ground lime

Ground lime has the same composition as lump lime, but the difference is that the lumps of raw materials are ground much stronger and more thoroughly.

The main advantages of ground lime:

• strength;
• water resistance;
• fast hardening.

To increase or decrease the hardening rate, calcium chloride or sulfuric acid(gypsum material will also work).

Hydrated lime

Hydrated lime (also called fluff) is a slaked type of material with a highly dispersed composition. Slaking occurs by adding water to the lime raw material. To prepare such a solution, add from 70 to 100% water to the powder.

In order for the lime to completely go through the slaking process, it must be placed in a special pit for 2-3 weeks. This way it will gain optimal strength and ductility. The minimum cancellation period is 36 hours. To prevent the raw material from burning out, it is advisable to add water gradually until steam stops being released.

Lime paste is formed when sufficient water is added to form a plastic material. You can also find a solution such as lime milk (mainly used for whitewashing tree trunks). Lime milk is made by adding excess water to lime dough.

Types of compounds

Depending on the scope of application, the following types of compositions are distinguished:

• Construction lime– it is added for the preparation of concrete and cement mixtures in order to increase the strength of the composition;
• Hydraulic– also used for the production of concrete, but of low grades. Ideal for structures located in areas with high humidity;
• Komovaya– mainly used to prepare a solution for whitewashing;
• Sadovaya– used in agriculture as a soil fertilizer, treating plants from insect pests, protecting them from rotting and improving growth; it is highly undesirable to use it simultaneously with other types of additives and fertilizers;
• Sodium– used in the chemical industry and medicine;
• Chlorine– used as a disinfectant and for water purification.

Classification of lime by slaking time

• fast-extinguishing (up to 8 minutes);
• medium-extinguishing (up to 25 minutes);
• slow-extinguishing (from 25 minutes).

Types of puffed lime

Depending on the percentage of presence of magnesium oxide in the composition, the following types of air lime are distinguished:

• calcium;
• magnesia;
• dolomite.

Scope of application

Lime is used in many areas.

• In agriculture, lime is used to control pests, reduce soil acidity, prevent the appearance of fungus, additionally feed animals, improve land cultivability, and replenish calcium and phosphorus. It is best to treat heavy soil with quicklime. Lime is widely used as a material for whitewashing trees and treating plants.
• Construction. It is used to accelerate the hardening of cement and impart plasticity to the composition, participates in the production of thermal insulation materials and dry building mixtures, and serves as a connecting link in building structures.
• Ferrous metallurgy – enriches ferrous and polymetallic ores.
• Chemical industry - used in paint, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Used as a reagent and as a neutralizer for acid sludge.
• Pulp and paper industry.
• Textile industry.

Chlorinated lime is used for disinfection and cleaning of public places, as it has disinfecting properties. Quicklime is even used in the food industry for mixing substances, and milk of lime is used to make sugar. Soda lime is used in medicine (artificial ventilation or for anesthesia) and for respiratory systems (scuba tanks, respirators and other devices).

Lime mortar coating wooden surfaces protects them from rotting processes and fires.

How to use?

When preparing lime mortar, it is important to ensure safe interaction of raw materials with water for humans. It is advisable to carry out work in a well-ventilated area, or better yet, in an open space. Since the substances used are chemicals, it is necessary to adhere to safety rules when working with such materials.

The powder substance can be used in both dry and liquid form. For cooking liquid solution The powder is poured into a container and filled with water. The solution must be mixed and diluted to the required consistency.

To whitewash trees, the raw material is diluted with water and applied to the tree trunk using a wide brush. But due to the liquid consistency of the solution, you will have to process the barrel several times. In order to reduce work time, you can add clay, milk, or PVA glue to the solution. These ingredients will make the mixture thick and viscous, and it will lie evenly on the surface. Before processing the tree, you need to remove all dead layers of bark without damaging the trunk.

To protect plants from fungus, you can use soda ash instead of lime, because soda dissolves faster and completely in water.

You should not treat the soil with too much lime, as it will become alkaline, which will also not contribute to good growth and development of plants. You cannot use manure and lime at the same time, because such a combination will interfere with the formation of useful substances.

Before using bleach, you need to check the reaction of the surface. To do this you can process small area, and if it remains intact after about 10 minutes, then you can use bleach on the entire surface. First, water is added to the raw material in a small amount and mixed until it becomes sour cream, and then more water is gradually added, also stirring, until a liquid solution is formed. In dry form, bleach is used only on damp surfaces.

In construction, it is recommended to use quicklime ground lime for the manufacture of plasters, slag concrete, and painting elements. In other cases, slaked lime is used, which, due to its moisture resistance, prevents the formation of mold.

The fluff has a wide range of applications: from domestic needs to construction. To prepare the fluff, you need to pour the raw materials into a rust-free metal container (or a plastic one) and gradually add water, stirring the solution. Once the mixture is ready, you need to leave it to brew for several hours or days. The longer it stands, the higher its quality and strength indicator will be.

• If you need to store the prepared lime mortar for a long time, you can periodically add water to it. Initially, water is added until the material no longer absorbs it. This rule does not apply to the preparation of lime milk.
• The optimal depth for digging lime into the soil is 20 cm, but if the dose of fertilizer is small, then the depth should be less. The lime is covered with a layer of sand on top. For storage in winter time It is recommended to pour another layer of soil 70 cm high on top of the sand layer.
• Before applying to any surfaces (wood, concrete, cement, metal), it is necessary to completely remove dirt, grease, defects, and rust from them.
• It may happen that lime gets on unnecessary area and it should be washed off. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to moisten this area generously, wait for the lime to dissolve well, and then remove the material using a hard metal sponge. If necessary, these steps should be repeated. There are already ready-made solutions for such needs on sale, for example, Guard Industrie or “Probel”. You can also use homemade solutions based on hydrochloric acid.

• It is not recommended to apply a primer before whitewashing, as the lime will not adhere to such a base. It is also advisable to whitewash with brushes rather than with a spray gun. The brush will distribute the lime mortar better, and the finish will be of better quality.
• The longer the finished mixture is aged, the better it will perform its functions.
• To prepare mortars, it is best to add sand.
• This material is not suitable for making cement for fireplaces or stoves, as carbon dioxide is released when heated.
• To obtain insulation, you can add sawdust and gypsum to the fluff. In other cases, the lime mortar should not contain sawdust, lumps or other inclusions in order to cover the surface evenly and completely.

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION (IGS)

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION (ISC,

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

BUILDING LIME Technical specifications

(EN 459-1:2010, NEQ)

Official publication

mmhja

StM1LfTM1fP[M

GOST 9179-2018

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for work on interstate standardization are established in GOST 1.0-2015 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2015 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, acceptance, updating and cancellation

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budgetary educational institution higher education"National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering" (NRU MGSU) with the participation Management company"ROSIZVEST" (MC "ROSIZVEST"), Limited Liability Company "Specialized Industrial Technologies - Manufacturing of Pipeline Parts" (LLC "Spetspromtekh-IDT"), Limited Liability Company "Pridonkhimstroy Izvest" (LLC "Pridonkhimstroy Izvest"). Limited Liability Company "Eldako" (LLC "Eldako"), Joint Stock Company "Stroymaterialy". Closed joint stock company"Limestone" Dzhegonassky quarry (CJSC "Izvestnyak" Dzhegonassky quarry).

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 “Construction”

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated June 27, 2018 N? 53)

4 This standard has been developed taking into account the main regulatory provisions of the European standard EN 459-1:2010 “Building lime. Part 1. Definitions, technical requirements and conformity criteria" (“Building lime - Pan 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria”. NEQ)

5 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated October 2, 2018 No. 691-st, the interstate standard GOST 9179-2018 was put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from May 1, 2019

6 INSTEAD GOST 9179-77

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

© Standardinform, design. 2018

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

1 area of ​​use............................................... ...................1

3 Terms and definitions........................ 1

4 Classification................................................... ....................2

5 Technical requirements........................................................ ...............2

6 Acceptance rules................................................................... .....................4

7 Test methods................................................................... ....................6

8 Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage...................................................6

9 Manufacturer's guarantees........................................................ ...............6

GOST 9179-2018

INTERSTATE STANDARD

BUILDING LIME

Specifications

Lime for building purposes. Specifications

Date of introduction - 2019-05-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to construction lime intended for:

For the preparation of dry building mixtures, concrete and mortars:

Manufacturing construction products and products ( sand-lime brick, autoclave cellular concrete etc.);

Other applications in construction (consolidation of soils and consolidation of soil foundations, preparation of asphalt concrete mixtures, etc.).

By agreement with the consumer, this standard may be used in other industries.

8 of this standard uses regulatory references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 8.579-2002 State system ensuring uniformity of measurements. Requirements for the quantity* of packaged goods in packages of any type during their production, packaging, sale and import

GOST 2226-2013 Bags made of paper and combined materials. General technical conditions

GOST 6613-86 Woven wire mesh with square cells. Specifications

GOST 22688-2018 Construction lime. Test methods

GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides

GOST 32522-2013 Woven polypropylene bags. General technical conditions

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or using the annual information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index “National Standards” for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

8 of this standard the following terms with corresponding definitions are used:

3.1 lime: Calcium oxide and/or hydroxide, as well as magnesium oxide and/or hydroxide formed

during thermal decomposition (decarbonization) of natural calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk, shell rock) or natural calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomite, dolomitiated limestone).

Official publication

GOST 9179-2018

3.2 quicklime: Calcium oxide, as well as magnesium oxide, formed during the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate or calcium-magnesium carbonate.

3.3 hydrated lime: Calcium hydroxide or calcium-magnesium hydroxide obtained by the hydration reaction of calcium oxide or calcium-magnesium oxide.

3.4 construction lime: Lime intended for the manufacture of building materials and products.

3.5 air lime: Lime that hardens in air-dry conditions under the influence of carbon dioxide. Air lime does not have hydraulic properties and is divided into two subgroups: calcium lime and dolomitic lime.

3.6 hydraulic lime: Lime that hardens in water or in air when mixed with water, consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates and calcium aluminates.

4 Classification

4.1 Construction lime, depending on the hardening conditions, is divided into air lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength in air-dry conditions, and hydraulic lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength both in air and in water.

Note - It is allowed to use the synonymous term “slaked lime”.

4.2 Airy quicklime, depending on the content of calcium and magnesium oxides in it, is divided into the following types:

Calcium - airy lime, consisting predominantly of calcium oxide or hydroxide without containing impurities of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials:

Magnesia - airy lime, consisting predominantly of magnesium oxide or hydroxide without containing impurities of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials:

Dolomitic - lime consisting primarily of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide or calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide without any admixture of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials.

4.3 Airy lime is divided into quicklime and hydrated (slaked), obtained by slaking calcium, magnesium and dolomite lime.

4.4 Hydraulic lime is divided into weak and strong hydraulic.

4.5 Based on its fractional composition, lime is divided into lump lime, including crushed lime, and powdered lime.

4.6 Powdered lime obtained by grinding or slaking (hydration) of lump lime. are divided into lime without additives and with additives.

4.7 Based on the slaking time, quicklime is divided into quick-slaking lime - no more than 8 minutes. medium-extinguishing - no more than 25 minutes. slow-burning ~ more than 25 min.

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Lime should be produced in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved in the prescribed manner.

5.2 Materials used in the production of lime: carbonate rocks, mineral additives (granulated blast furnace or electrothermophosphorus slag, active mineral additives, quartz sands) must meet the requirements of current regulatory documents.

5.2.1 Mineral additives are added to powdered lime in quantities allowed by the requirements for the content of active CaO + MdO in it (see 5.4).

5.3 Air quicklime without additives is divided into three grades: 1st. 2nd and 3rd: quicklime powder with additives - for two grades: 1 and 2: hydrated (slaked) without additives and with additives - for two grades: 1st and 2nd.

5.4 Airborne lime must meet the requirements specified in Table 1.

Table 1

Indicator name

Norm for lime. %. by weight

Yegoshena

calcium

magnesian and dolomite

Notes

1 The MdO content for dolomite lime is indicated in parentheses.

2 A very high CO 2 content is allowed provided that all requirements for chemical composition.

3 In lime with additives, the CO 2 content is determined by the gas-volume method.

4 For grade 3 calcium lime used for technological needs, by agreement with the consumer, the content of unquenched grains is allowed to be no more than 20%.

5.4.1 The moisture content of hydrated lime should not be more than 5%.

5.4.2 The grade of lime is determined by the value of the indicator corresponding inferior class, if according to certain indicators it corresponds to different varieties.

5.5 Hydraulic lime’s chemical composition must meet the requirements specified in Table 2.

table 2

5.6 The compressive strength of the samples must be. MPa. no less than:

* after 7 days of curing:

not standardized - for weakly hydraulic lime.

2.0 - for highly hydraulic:

* after 28 days of curing:

2.0 - for weakly hydraulic lime.

5.0 - for highly hydraulic.

5.6.1 The type of hydraulic lime is determined by its compressive strength, if according to individual indicators it belongs to different types.

5.8 The size of the fraction of powdered air and hydraulic lime should be as follows. so that when sifting a lime sample, the residue on a sieve with mesh number 02 according to GOST 6613 is no more than 2%. the remainder on the sieve with mesh number 009 according to GOST 6613 is no more than 15% of the mass of the sifted sample.

The maximum size of crushed lime pieces should be no more than 20 mm.

GOST 9179-2018

5.8.1 By agreement with the consumer, the supply of lump hydraulic lime used for technological purposes is allowed.

5.9 Air and hydraulic lime must withstand the test for uniformity of volume change.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Lime must be accepted by the technical control of the enterprise and the manufacturer.

6.2 Lime is accepted and shipped in batches. A batch is considered to be a quantity of lime of the same type and grade, produced using one technology and accompanied by one document (quality document). The batch size is set depending on the annual capacity of the enterprise, i.e. no more than:

200 - with an annual capacity of up to 100 thousand tons inclusive:

400 - with an annual capacity of over 100 to 250 thousand tons;

800 - with an annual capacity of over 250 thousand tons.

6.3 The mass of supplied lime is determined by weighing Vehicle and on railway, truck scales and other verified measuring instruments that have been verified in the prescribed manner.

The mass of lime shipped by water transport is determined by the vessel's draft.

6.4 The manufacturer accepts and certifies products and assigns the type and grade of lime based on data from factory production control and current control of the shipped batch.

The current control data of the shipped batch, used for product acceptance, is entered into the current control log, the pages of which must be numbered and sealed.

6.4.1 Factory production control is carried out in accordance with the technological regulations.

6.4.2 Acceptance quality control of the shipped batch is carried out by testing the general sample. The total sample consists of at least eight single samples. Samples are taken for lump lime - from vehicles supplying products to the warehouse, for powdered lime - from each mill or hydrator operating in a given silo. The mass of the total sample for lump lime must be at least 20 kg. powdered - at least 10 kg. Selection of single samples is carried out evenly and in equal quantities. A total sample of lump lime is crushed to a piece size of no more than 10 mm.

6.4.3 Samples taken for routine monitoring of the shipped batch are thoroughly mixed, quartered and divided into two equal parts. One of these parts is subjected to tests to determine the indicators provided for by this standard, the other is placed in a hermetically sealed container and stored in a dry room during the warranty period in case control tests are necessary.

6.5 Lime quality control is carried out by duly certified laboratories, using the specified sampling procedure.

6.5.1 From each batch, take a total sample obtained by combining and thoroughly mixing single samples. The mass of the total sample for lump lime must be at least 30 kg. powdered - at least 15 kg.

6.5.2 When shipping lime in bulk, a sample is taken at the time of loading or unloading; when shipping lime in containers, from a finished product warehouse or during unloading at the consumer.

6.5.3 When delivering lime, a sample should be taken:

In bulk in wagons - equal shares from each wagon;

By road - in equal shares of every 30 tons of lime.

In bags - in equal shares from 10 bags, randomly selected from each batch;

By water transport - from transport belts or other types of loading and unloading equipment.

6.5.4 The selected general lime sample is tested to determine the indicators provided for in this standard. The quality of lime is checked in all respects by conducting acceptance and periodic tests in accordance with the requirements specified in Table 3. Lime that has passed acceptance tests is subjected to periodic tests in accordance with GOST 22688.

Table 3

Show name*

Type of building lime

Type of test

Frequency of control

When putting a product into production, but at least once a year or at the request of the consumer

Effective total activity of natural radionuclides

6.5.5 Each batch of lime or part thereof, delivered to one address, must be accompanied by a quality document, which must indicate:

Name of the manufacturer and/or its trademark and address:

Product name and designation of this standard;

Type and grade of lime;

Indicators of lime compliance with the requirements of this standard;

♦batch number:

♦date of shipment;

♦net weight of the shipped goods, kg (t);

Warranty period of storage.

GOST 9179-2018

The list of indicators contained in the quality document can be supplemented in accordance with consumer requirements.

6.5.6 The consumer has the right to carry out a control check of the quality of lime by sampling and testing according to GOST 22668.

6.5.7 During quality control checks, lime must comply with all the requirements of this standard for the given type and grade.

7 Test methods

7.1 Chemical analysis and determination of the physical and mechanical properties of lime are carried out according to GOST 22668. In this case, for calcium lime, the content of active MdO is established according to the data of the incoming control of raw materials.

7.2 The total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides is measured according to GOST 30108 in an accredited laboratory.

8 Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage

8.1 Lime is shipped in bulk, in bags made of paper and combined materials according to GOST 2226 or woven polypropylene bags in accordance with GOST 32522.

With the consent of the consumer, shipment in soft containers with a polyethylene liner (MCR) intended for transportation and storage of hygroscopic materials is allowed.

6.2 To determine the average gross weight of bags, 20 bags of lime, selected at random, are simultaneously weighed and the result is divided by 20. The average net weight of a bag is determined by subtracting the average net weight of the bag from the gross weight. Tolerance mass in one packaging unit is regulated by GOST 8.579.

8.3 The manufacturer is obliged to send each lime consumer a quality document drawn up in accordance with 6.5.5.

8.4 When shipping lime in bags and MKR, they must be marked with: the name of the enterprise and/or its trademark; full name of lime; its guaranteed type and grade; designation of the standard according to which lime is supplied.

8.5 The manufacturer is obliged to supply lime in a cleaned vehicle.

8.6 During transportation and storage, lime must be protected from moisture and contamination by foreign impurities.

8.6.1 Lime is transported by all types of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for this type of transport. It is allowed, with the consent of the consumer, to supply lump lime in all-metal cars, gondola cars and open cars, provided that its quality is maintained and ensured necessary measures against spraying and exposure to precipitation.

8.6.2 Lime should be stored and transported separately by type and grade.

9 Manufacturer's warranty

9.1 The manufacturer guarantees that the lime complies with the requirements of this standard subject to the conditions of its transportation and storage.

9.2 The guaranteed shelf life of lime is 30 days from the date of its shipment to the consumer.

UDC 691.51:006.354 MKS91.100

Key words: building lime, technical requirements, acceptance rules, test methods. labeling, packaging, transportation, storage

Editor L.S. Zimipova Technical editor I.E. Cherepkova Proofreader I.A. Koroleva Computer layout I.A. Napeikina

Delivered for recruitment on 10/4/2018. Signed for publication on October 15, 2018. Format 60"84'/e. Typeface Arial. Conditional oven l. 1.40. Academic ed. l. 1.26.

Prepared based on the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard

Created as a one-off. 117418 Moscow, Nakhimovsky Prospekt, 31. building 2. wwbv.gostinfo.ru

Lime is widely used in the production of building materials and as a raw material for the treatment of certain surfaces. Lime is produced by burning carbonate rocks in specially equipped kilns at temperatures from 1000 to 1200 degrees. Thermally treated lime takes the form of pieces irregular shape, which in the process of further use are subject to various processing.

Chemical formula and composition of lime

For the production of lime, no chemical catalysts are used; the main condition for its production is only the appropriate thermal regime. Thanks to this, during the manufacturing process, a completely natural material, it is allowed to contain small admixtures of clay in lime.

Limestone has the formula CaCO3, as it is predominantly composed of calcium. During the process of temperature exposure, carbon dioxide is released and the produced raw materials have the formula CaO.

The process of contact of lump lime with water looks like this - CaO + H2O? Ca(OH)2, there is a specific term for this reaction called lime slaking.

Slaked lime can be in several states:

• Fluff or fine powder is obtained by mixing pieces of lime with water, and the percentage of moisture should be from 60 to 70%.
• Lime paste is a compound source material with water, it requires approximately 3.5 times more. As a result of this quenching, a dense mass is formed, used in different areas.
• If you dilute pieces of lime with water in a ratio of 1:10, you can get lime milk. This slaked lime is used for whitewashing interior spaces buildings, facades, outbuildings.
• If slaked lime is not used for a long time, the reverse process occurs, that is, the solution absorbs carbon dioxide and hardens. On sale you can most often find lime - fluff or lump.

Photo of ground building lime

Technical properties

The production of slaked and quicklime is subject to special requirements regulated by state standard(GOST 9179-77):

1. In the production of lime, only carbonate rocks and a certain amount of mineral additives are used. The volume of additives should not exceed the amount specified in the standards for a particular type of lime.
2. Quicklime is divided into three grades and should not contain additives; powdered lime with additives is available in two grades; slaked lime may or may not have additives and is divided into two grades.
3. The main component of calcium lime is calcium; the percentage of MgO should not be more than 5.
4. Dolomitized lime contains MgO up to 20%
5. Dolomite up to 40% MgO.
6. Hydraulic may include silica, iron oxides, and a small amount of clay.

The properties of lime are determined by the rocks used during firing and the manufacturing process itself. As a result of the heat treatment of limestone, strong pieces of quicklime emerge from the kilns; its color depends on the additives present; the whiter the shade, the higher the grade of the material. Dolomitic and hydraulic lime have a grayish tint.

– this is a substance known to almost everyone, which is in demand in various fields. It is indispensable in the production of concrete, mortar, binders, artificial stone, all kinds of parts, etc.

Upon contact with water, carbon dioxide is released and the lime turns into a liquid state, the concentration of which depends on the amount of water. Depending on the firing process and temperature, you can obtain lime of varying strength - hard burnt, intermediate and soft burnt.

As a building material, soft-burnt is more common; it has the following characteristics:

• Smallest grain size.
• Less density.
• The shortest extinction period. Hard burnt turns into a liquid state in 10 minutes, soft burnt in three minutes.

During the process of slaking lime, heat is generated, so if safety precautions are not followed, you can get a severe burn.

The density of quicklime depends on the temperature used in the kilns. Lime fired at 800 degrees has a density of 1.6; increasing the temperature to 1300 degrees makes it possible to obtain pieces of raw material with a density of 2.9 g / cm3.

According to the hazard class, lime is classified as a low-hazard substance. But there are certain requirements for its storage and transportation. Quicklime must be protected from moisture, since moisture ingress and heat release can cause a fire.

The certificate of conformity for lime must contain information about its grade, percentage of impurities, and condition. The certificate is issued to certain organizations that comply with GOST for the production of this building material.

Lime is well tolerated by people with allergic diseases respiratory tract. But at the same time, we must not forget that when extinguishing the material, it is possible to get burns, and the vapors released at this time are dangerous for the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes. If you follow safety precautions when working with lime, it is completely safe and not harmful to health.

It is obtained by mixing unslaked lime with water, the latter’s name is calcium oxide. The chemical process of quenching is accompanied by an increase in temperature

Brands and some types of lime

Lime is divided by grade and by the primary raw material used.

The type and grade of lime determines the main scope of its application:

• Construction lime made from calcium and magnesium rocks. Building lime is used to introduce it as a plasticizer into concrete mixtures, solutions. Construction lime is produced in lumps, in the form of small fluff or lime paste.
• Hydraulic lime- a product of calcination of limestone containing from 6 to 20% clay impurities. This type of lime is used for the production of low-grade concrete, since, along with high strength it has low ductility. Hydraulic lime is often used in the construction of buildings whose operation involves being in a humid environment.
• Lump lime This is a semi-finished product used for the manufacture of powdered raw materials or solutions. Lumps of lime are stored in closed warehouses, protected from moisture. Lump lime is sold for the preparation of whitewash solutions.
• Garden lime necessary for enriching acidic soils. IN acidic soils calcium content is minimal, which leads to poor growth and plant development. The introduction of slaked and quicklime into the soil is carried out in spring or autumn and preferably during rains, so the limestone dissolves better. Do not apply lime at the same time as using other fertilizers, and during work you must protect your eyes and hands.
• Soda (soda) lime- a porous white mass, which is a mixture of caustic soda and slaked lime. Soda lime is used as an absorber of carbon dioxide and moisture from the air. It is used in chemical laboratories, for the production of gas masks, and diving equipment. In medicine it is used as a sorbent for anesthesia machines and pressure chambers.
• Bleaching powder obtained through a complex combination of free chlorine and calcium hydroxide. Chloride of lime has strong disinfectant properties and was previously used in its pure form in healthcare institutions. Today, bleach is used to disinfect toilets, cesspools, and to produce disinfection solutions. Bleach also has bleaching properties.

Photo of soda and bleach

Soda Lime Packaging Soda Lime Packaging Bleach Lime Bleach Lime

Mining and production technology

Lime production mainly consists of two stages:

1. Extraction of limestone and other used rocks. To produce lump lime, waste from industries that use limestone for other purposes can also be used.
2. Firing prepared rocks.

Limestone is mined in quarries open method using explosives. Selective mining of rocks makes it possible to prepare raw materials that are uniform in density and chemical composition, which affects the quality of subsequently produced lime.

The preparation of raw materials is carried out by crushing them. Since the temperature in ovens is set in advance, the use of fractions that differ greatly in size leads to the fact that small pieces can burn out, and large ones cannot be completely cooked.

Limestone firing – basic technological stage production of puffed lime. Depending on the content of impurities, different temperature conditions are used. All technological conditions must be met, since burning of limestone leads to the formation of material with low quality characteristics. Burnt lime is poorly soluble in water, has a high density and has a negative effect on concrete solutions.

The firing of the starting material is carried out in different furnaces. Shaft furnaces are widely used; they are characterized by a continuous cycle of operation, efficiency, and ease of control. Rotary kilns produce soft burnt lime of the highest quality.

Installations have been developed and are used that allow firing of material in a fluidized bed or in a suspended state. Such installations are good for firing the smallest fractions of rocks, but they are characterized by low efficiency.

Educational film about lime, how it is made, what it is made from and where it is used:

Lime substitute

Used for cooking concrete solutions lime can be replaced with its analogues. Builders use Azolit, Tsemplas, Zetesol. All of these are plasticizers and they are all endowed with some better and some worse qualities compared to lime. Therefore, the decision on choosing an analogue should be made specifically in each case.

Dolomite flour is dolomite ground into a fine powder. The scope of its use is limited to soil fertilization. Liming allows you to improve biological and physical properties soil, enhances plant nutrition, and helps get rid of pests.

How to distinguish chalk from lime

Sometimes it is necessary to distinguish chalk from lime; this can be done in several ways:

• Lump lime dissolves in water with a characteristic hiss and splash. This reaction does not occur with chalk.
• Chalk is calcium carbonate, and lime is calcium hydroxide. If you drop acid on the chalk, it will hiss; the lime will not react with the acid. The acid can be hydrochloric or acetic.
• Chalk is washed off quickly and without residue from your fingers under running water, lime becomes soapy and is quite difficult to remove.
• Surfaces whitened with chalk are smeared quite intensively; this does not happen with lime.

Lime is one of the most inexpensive materials For cosmetic repairs premises. Lime solution is used for both buildings and outbuildings.

Lime with sawdust as insulation

Sawdust from different breeds trees are often used as insulation for walls, attics and floors. But they have significant drawback– possibility of rotting and insect development. This problem can be eliminated by adding lime to the sawdust.

The prepared sawdust must be mixed with fluff lime, it must be taken approximately 10% of the bulk of the shavings. Both materials are mixed well in a container and used to fill voids. You can also prepare a non-flowing material from sawdust and lime.

To prepare it you will need 10% lime, 5% gypsum and the rest of sawdust. The dry mixtures are mixed and diluted with water until a viscous mass is formed, which is used immediately. The liquid mass must be prepared in small portions, since the gypsum sets very quickly.

Water purification

To purify water, bleach is used, which has high properties disinfection. Chlorination of water prevents outbreaks intestinal infections and other epidemics.

Constant consumption of such water leads to allergic reactions, promotes the formation of carcinogens in the body. In water, chlorine can combine with other substances, which affects the appearance of intoxications.

In order to reduce the effect of chlorine on the body, it is necessary to drink water that has been passed through carbon or other high-quality filters. At the same time, bleach is considered one of the most effective means; it prevents the occurrence of cholera and dysentery. Bleach must be used to disinfect wastewater.

Lime is a binding material obtained by high-temperature annealing (1000 -1200 o C) in shaft or rotary kilns of sedimentary rocks consisting mainly of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 (limestone, chalk, dolomite).

Depending on the content of clay admixtures in the carbonate rock, it is possible to obtain either air lime (clay content no more than 8%) or hydraulic lime (clay content in the rock no more than 8 - 20%). A distinctive feature of air lime is that it hardens only in air and is not water-resistant, while hydraulic lime hardens faster and becomes water-resistant - after hardening in air for at least two weeks, it can be placed in an aqueous environment. Most widespread has air lime and during its production under the influence of temperature the following occurs chemical reaction CaCO 3 →CaO + CO 2

In this case, calcium carbonate loses up to 44% of its mass with carbon dioxide (CO 2), becoming light and porous. The resulting product in this case is lump quicklime (fine-porous pieces 5-10 cm in size). Subsequently, lump quicklime is subjected to either slaking using water or additional grinding to obtain quicklime powder.

Depending on the amount of water used to slak the lump lime, the following products can be obtained:

• Hydrated lime ( fluffy)
• Lime dough
• Lime milk

Hydrated lime ( fluffy)

The finest white powder obtained by slaking lime, usually in factory conditions (continuous hydrators) with a small amount of water (slightly higher than theoretically required - 50-70% water by weight of lime). When slaked into fluff, lime increases in volume by 2 - 2.5 times.

Bulk density - 400-450 kg/m 3

Humidity - no more than 5%

Lime dough

It turns out when slaking lime with water, when the amount of water is 3-4 times the mass of lump lime. The extinguishing process is carried out in special extinguishing boxes (tvorils). Lump lime is loaded into the box to no more than 1/3 of its height (layer thickness is approximately 10 cm), since when slaked the lime increases in volume by 2.5-3.5 times. Quickly quenching lime is poured immediately with a large amount of water to prevent overheating and boiling of the water, slowly quenching lime is poured in small portions, making sure that the lime does not cool. From 1 kg of lump lime, depending on its quality, 2-2.5 liters of lime paste are obtained. The water content in lime paste is not standardized. Typically, a well-seasoned dough has a water to lime ratio of about 1:1. The time required for the final completion of the extinction process is at least two weeks.

Lime milk

When extinguishing, the amount of water exceeds the theoretically required 8-10 times.

The advantage of powdered quicklime over lump lime is that when mixed with water, it behaves like gypsum binders: first it forms a plastic dough, and after 20-40 minutes it sets. This is explained by the fact that the mixing water, which forms the dough, is partially spent on slaking the lime. At the same time, the lime dough thickens and loses its plasticity. Due to less free water, powdered lime-based materials are less porous and more durable. In addition, the lime heats up when slaked, which makes it easier to work with in cold weather. Depending on the quality of the lime, the water required for mixing is 100-150% of the mass of lime (determined experimentally).

The most important quality indicators of quicklime powder are:

• Activity is the percentage of oxides that can be quenched.
• The number of unquenched grains (underburned or overburned).

Underburn (undecomposed CASO 3), obtained at too low a firing temperature, reduces the quality of lime, because does not have astringent properties.

Overburn occurs when the firing temperature is too high. Burnout grains are slowly extinguished and can cause cracking and destruction of already hardened material.

• Extinguishing time. Depending on the slaking time, lime is divided into types:
• fast-extinguishing - up to 8 min
• medium-extinguishing - up to 25 minutes
• slow-extinguishing - at least 25 minutes

According to the composition characteristics, lime is divided into 3 grades

OOO "GeoStyle" +7 495 663 93 93 offers slaked hydrated lime

from four manufacturing plants

Comparative table of characteristics of slaked hydrated lime

OOO "GeoStyle" offers for its clients

high-quality ground quicklime calcium lime 2nd grade without additives

produced by JSC Lime Production Plant (Vladimir region)

Quality indicators of ground quicklime

GOST 9179-77

OJSC "Lime production plant"

The chemical composition of lime may vary slightly. By percentage Calcium silicates and aluminoferrites contained in lime are of two main types:

• air lime. This type of lime allows mortars to harden under conditions normal humidity;
• hydraulic lime. Such lime ensures the hardening of solutions used both in air and in water.

For air lime, the typical amount of calcium silicates and aluminoferrites is usually 4-12%, in rare cases up to 20%. Lime with a percentage of clinker minerals of 25-40% is called weakly hydraulic because it exhibits weak hydraulic properties. Highly hydraulic lime contains from 40% to 90% calcium silicates and aluminoferrites.
Lime is also classified according to the type of basic oxide contained in airy lime. There are three types of lime:

• calcium lime;
• magnesium lime;
• dolomitic lime.

Calcium lime contains 70-96% CaO and up to 2% MgO.
The composition of low-magnesium lime consists of 70-90% CaO and 2-5% MgO. Magnesia lime contains MgO in the range of 5-20%, dolomite lime - 20-40%.
Further, depending on the methods of further processing of the burnt product, several types of air lime are distinguished:

• quicklime- boiling water, consisting mainly of Ca(OH);
• quicklime ground lime- powdered product of grinding lump lime;
• hydrated lime (slaked)- fluff - a fine powder obtained by slaking lump lime with a certain amount of water and consisting mainly of Ca(OH);
• lime dough- a dough-like slaking product of lump lime, consisting mainly of Ca(OH) and mechanically mixed water;
• lime milk- a white suspension in which calcium hydroxide is partially dissolved and partially suspended.

According to the slaking time, all varieties of pneumatic quicklime are divided into three groups:

• fast-extinguishing- extinguishing time no more than 8 minutes;
• mid-life- extinguishing time no more than 25 minutes;
• slow-burning- extinguishing time is at least 25 minutes.

Powdered lime, obtained by grinding or slaking (hydration) of lump lime, is divided into: lime without additives and with additives.

Properties and technical specifications
Lime intended for the construction industry is produced in accordance with the requirements of state standards according to certain technological regulations.
To produce building lime, the following components are required: carbonate rocks, mineral additives (granulated blast furnace or electrothermophosphorus slag, active mineral additives, quartz sands). All additives must meet the requirements of the relevant applicable regulations.
The division of lime into grades is carried out as follows: airy quicklime without additives is divided into three grades (1, 2, 3); quicklime powder with additives - into two grades (1, 2); hydrated (quenched) without additives and with additives for two grades (1, 2).

Requirements for airborne lime.

Notes:
1. The MgO content for dolomite lime is indicated in parentheses.
2. CO2 in lime with additives is determined by the gas-volume method.
3. For calcium lime of the 3rd grade, used for technological purposes, the content of unslaked grains is allowed, by agreement with consumers, no more than 20%.
The moisture content of hydrated lime should not be more than 5%. The grade of lime is determined by the value of the indicator corresponding to the lowest grade, if according to individual indicators it corresponds different varieties.

Requirements for the chemical composition of hydraulic lime.

Ultimate strength of samples, MPa (kgf/cm2), after 28 days. hardening must be at least:
a) when bending:
0.4 (4.0) - for weakly hydraulic lime;
1.0 (10) - for highly hydraulic lime;
b) during compression:
1.7 (17) - for weakly hydraulic lime;
5.0 (50) - for highly hydraulic lime.

It is permissible to determine the type of hydraulic lime by its compressive strength if, according to certain indicators, it belongs to different types.
The content of hydrate water in quicklime should not be more than 2%.

The degree of dispersion of powdered air and hydraulic lime must be such that when sifting a lime sample through a sieve with mesh No. 02 and No. 008 according to GOST 6613, respectively, at least 98.5 and 85% of the mass of the sifted sample passes. The maximum size of crushed lime pieces should be no more than 20mm.

Air and hydraulic lime must withstand the test for uniformity of volume change.

The scope of application of lime is extremely wide - lime has been involved in many technological processes for several thousand years. Technologies are developing, involving lime and its derivatives in an increasingly wider production horizon. Consumers of lime include the ferrous metallurgy, construction industry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, sugar industry and agriculture. Lime is also used in significant quantities for protection environment(neutralization of wastewater and flue gases).

The Samara plant "Strommashina" produces equipment and assembles with its equipment complexes for firing and. We can offer both rotary kilns and shaft kilns. In order to determine in which type of kiln it is more correct and profitable to burn limestone to produce lime in your particular case (be it construction or metallurgical), we advise you to read the article “”, or (what is even more correct) contact our contact managers data from the "" section of the site. We will definitely help you.