The coal industry is an important link in the fuel and energy complex (FEC). According to CEO JSC "Rosugol" Y. Malyshev, who made a report on the socio-economic situation of the coal industry, Russia's share in the world's proven coal reserves is 12%, and predicted reserves are estimated at 30%. It accounts for 14% of world coal production.

Main directions industrial use coal: production of electricity, metallurgical coke, combustion for energy purposes, obtaining various (up to 300 items) products during chemical processing. The consumption of coals for the production of high-carbon carbon-graphite structural materials, mountain wax, plastics, synthetic liquid and gaseous high-calorie fuels, aromatic products, and highly nitrous acids for fertilizers is increasing. Derived from hard coal coke is needed in large quantities by the metallurgical industry. During the processing of coal, it is extracted from it in industrial scale vanadium, germanium, sulfur, gallium, molybdenum, zinc, lead. Ash from coal combustion, mining and processing waste are used in the production of building materials, ceramics, refractory raw materials, alumina, and abrasives. For the purpose of optimal use of coal, it is enriched (removal of mineral impurities).

Getting coke carried out at coke plants. Hard coal undergoes dry distillation (coking) by heating in special coke ovens without air access to a temperature of 1000 °C. This produces coke - a solid porous substance. In addition to coke, during the dry distillation of coal, volatile products are also formed, when they are cooled to 25-75 ° C, coal tar, ammonia water and gaseous products are formed. Coal tar undergoes fractional distillation, resulting in several fractions:

Light oil (boiling point up to 170 ° C); it contains aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, acids) and other substances;

Medium oil (boiling point 170-230 o C). These are phenols, naphthalene;

Anthracene oil - anthracene, fenathrene;

Heavy oil (boiling point 230-270 o C). These are naphthalene and its homologues, etc.

The composition of gaseous products (coke oven gas) includes benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, ammonia and other substances. Crude benzene is extracted from the coke oven gas after purification from ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide compounds, from which individual hydrocarbons and a number of other valuable substances are isolated.

Hydrocarbons are recovered from coke oven gas by washing in scrubbers with liquid absorption oils. After distillation from oil, distillation from a fraction, purification and re-rectification, pure commercial products are obtained: benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc. From unsaturated compounds contained in crude benzene, coumarone resins are obtained, which are used for the production of varnishes, paints, linoleum and in rubber industry.

A characteristic feature of emissions from coke production is a wide variety of harmful substances contained in them (dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide (II), hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phenols, benzene hydrocarbons, etc.). Although the number of individual components is small, they have significant toxicity.

The main sources of air pollution with dust include: the coal preparation shop, the coke sorting department, coke ovens during the loading of the charge and the issuance of coke. Atmospheric pollution by the latter is periodic and short-term (three operations for the issuance of coke lasting 2-3 minutes in 1 hour). When extinguishing coke in towers, together with water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxide, phenols, and resinous substances enter the atmosphere. To prevent these substances from entering the atmosphere, dry quenching units are installed on new coke oven batteries. In addition, in the coal preparation shops and coke sorting departments, the equipment is equipped with aspiration systems. From all aspiration systems of the plant, dust emission is about 0.9 kg per ton of coke. Approximately 0.4 kg of dust per ton of coke is released when coal is reloaded and loaded into furnaces.

Among the environmental pollutants generated in coke production, there may be polycyclic hydrocarbons (including benzo-(a)-pyrene), which are carcinogenic substances. They can pollute atmospheric air, water and soil.

At the same time, coking plants produce a large amount of Wastewater. They contain production wastes and make up about 38% of the mass of the coked charge. About 30% of them are above-tar waters containing up to 3 g/l of volatile and non-volatile phenols, which significantly exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations phenols in water, which is sent for biochemical treatment. Therefore, such wastewater is deresined on quartz filters, after which it is fed to an ammonia column to remove ammonia, and then to a dephenolization scrubber. Only after that they are cooled and mixed in an equalizer with other waters. A more efficient extraction of phenols is achieved as a result of the use of steam circulation and liquid extraction methods, which reduce the concentration of phenols in wastewater to 10 -4%. This eliminates the toxicity of wastewater, due to the presence of phenols in them.

Significant volumes of waste are generated at coking plants (acid tar, fuses, flotation waste, processed acids, etc.). About half of them are not disposed of, but are taken to industrial landfills. Industrial wastes from coke plants contain large amounts of phenols (up to 880 mg/kg), cyanides (more than 120 mg/kg), thiocyanates (more than 10 mg/kg), etc. To prevent pollution environment and to preserve the health of the population, it is necessary to establish an accurate accounting of waste at coke plants, to ensure their maximum utilization. For non-recyclable waste, it is also necessary to ensure the collection of pitch and slag in metal containers with tight-fitting lids and store them in special landfills with waterproofing. Waste removal from the territory of the enterprise should be carried out by special transport according to the schedule.

Methods for obtaining synthetic fuels from coal. Highly promising direction coal processing is the production of synthetic fuels from it. Synthetic fuels derived from coal can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Solid synthetic fuels include a large number of refined or improved fuels such as "pure coal", coal briquettes, semi-coke, thermal coal, autoclaved coal. Synthetic liquid fuels are represented by boiler fuel (substitute for petroleum fuel oil), motor fuels and methanol. Gaseous fuels derived from coal are fuel gas, "natural gas substitute" and synthesis gas.

The production of synthetic fuels from coal is carried out by various methods. solid fuel with increased environmental cleanliness is obtained by removing harmful impurities from the original coal, such as sulfur and mineral impurities.

The advantages of "clean coal" are the reduction of SO 2 and particulate emissions during combustion, as well as an increase in calorific value compared to the original coal. When receiving fuel for domestic purposes, briquetting of coal fines is used. As a result, particulate emissions from combustion are reduced and the calorific value of the fuel can be increased. In some cases, special chemical additives are introduced into the briquettes, which reduce the yield of tar, soot, sulfur, and others. harmful products when burned.

Improving the quality of brown coals with low calorific value due to a large number moisture and oxygen, is achieved by their upgrading during pyrolysis or treatment with superheated steam.

Thermal upgrading of brown coal increases its calorific value, in addition, SO 2 and NO X emissions (for semi-coke and thermal coal) are reduced, and particulate emissions can be reduced when autoclaved lump coal is burned.

The process of coal gasification is multipurpose in relation to the composition of the produced gas. When obtaining gaseous fuels, there are three main areas associated with the production of fuel gas, natural gas substitute and synthesis gas.

The use of fuel gas allows solving environmental and technological problems in power engineering, metallurgy and other industries. A feature of the resulting natural gas substitute is a low CO content and, consequently, relatively low toxicity, which allows this gas to be widely used for domestic purposes. Synthesis gas is used for chemical processing into methanol, motor fuels or for hydrogen production. To obtain liquid fuels directly from coal, the processes of hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and liquefaction with solvents are used.

Upon receipt of boiler fuel (substitute for petroleum fuel oil) and motor fuels, it is required additional application processes for hydroprocessing liquid coal products in order to reduce the content of sulfur and other undesirable impurities. The most easily processed "coal oil", obtained in the process of catalytic hydrogenation of coal.

An alternative direction for the production of synthetic liquid fuels is the combination of the processes of obtaining synthesis gas from coal and its chemical processing.

Liquid fuels from synthesis gas are much more environmentally friendly than fuels obtained by direct liquefaction of coal. The latter contain a high amount of carcinogenic polycyclic compounds.

Processing of waste coal . Analysis of the chemical composition of technological wastes from 80 coal preparation plants of the main coal basins of the USSR showed a fairly stable content of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 in them, which allows them to be used as raw materials for the production of ceramic products. In the initial state, these wastes do not soak in water, but after crushing and grinding, their clay component is released and the waste acquires the ability to form a plastic mass with water, from which a raw brick can be formed, which is superior in some properties to similar ones from ordinary clay. The production of clay (red) bricks consists in firing a molded clay mass, to which sawdust, some organic waste, and sifted coal as a fuel (burnable) component are added. To reduce shrinkage during drying and firing, as well as to prevent deformation and cracks of manufactured ceramic products, natural ( quartz sands) or artificial (dehydrated clay, chamotte) lean materials. Firing of products from such waste is usually carried out under conditions that ensure the completion of the process of carbon burnout by the time the intensive sintering of the shard begins.

Coal contained in coal preparation waste can be used as a fuel during their thermal processing (mixed with clay rocks) into bricks, ceramics and other building materials. In this way, for example, agloporite- an artificial lightweight porous aggregate for concrete, the production of which has been established in a number of foreign countries and is being developed in Russia.

The production technology of agloporite can be different. At a number of plants, it consists in heat treatment by agglomeration of a granular charge from clay rocks or waste from mining, enrichment and combustion of coal, followed by crushing the “cake” resulting from sintering and separating the required aggregate fractions during sieving. Similarly, oil shale enrichment waste can be processed.

Sulfur dioxide production. The enrichment carried out in order to reduce the sulfur content in coal is accompanied by the formation of carbonaceous pyrites containing 42-46% sulfur and 5-8% carbon.

Pyrite is a potential raw material for the production of sulfuric acid, however, its direct processing into SO 2 by roasting leads to the production of low-concentration gases (as a result of their dilution with the formed CO 2) and is associated with technical difficulties due to the need to remove excess heat from exothermic reactions. High-temperature processing of carbonaceous pyrites together with gypsum (40-45%) in mechanical furnaces does not provide decomposition of the latter by more than 20%, and leads to the formation of high-sulfur (10-15%) cinder.

In industrial practice, a method for the production of SO 2 has been used, by thermal processing of carbonaceous pyrites together with iron sulfates, which are waste products of metal pickling processes in the ferrous metallurgy and hardware industry, to obtain pigment TiO 2 . The output of iron sulfates in these industries is approximately 500 thousand tons / year in the form of FeSO 4 ∙ 7H 2 O. Roasting gases, the maximum concentration of SO 2 in which does not exceed 18.3%, are sent to the washing department of the sulfuric acid production.

Ghost town without coal. This was the Japanese Hasima. In the 1930s, it was recognized as the most densely populated.

On a tiny piece of land fit 5,000 people. All of them worked in the coal industry.

The island turned out to be literally built from a stone source of energy. However, by the 1970s, coal reserves were depleted.

Everyone left. Only the dug up island and the buildings on it remained. Tourists and the Japanese call Hashima a ghost.

The island clearly shows the importance of coal, the impossibility of mankind to live without it. There is no alternative.

There are only attempts to find it. Therefore, we will pay attention to the modern hero, and not to vague prospects.

Description and properties of coal

Coal- this is rock organic origin. This means that the stone is formed from the decomposed remains of plants and animals.

In order for them to form a dense thickness, constant accumulation and compaction is required. Suitable Conditions at the bottom of the reservoirs.

Where there is coal deposits, once there were seas, lakes. Dead organisms sank to the bottom, pressed down by the water column.

This is how it was formed peat. Coal- a consequence of its further compression under pressure of not only water, but also new layers of organic matter.

Main hard coal reserves belong to the Paleozoic era. 280,000,000 years have passed since its end.

This is the era of giant plants and dinosaurs, the abundance of life on the planet. It is not surprising that it was then that organic deposits accumulated especially actively.

Most often, coal was formed in swamps. There is little oxygen in their waters, which prevents the complete decomposition of organic matter.

Externally coal deposits they look like burnt wood. By chemical composition the rock is a mixture of carbon aromatic compounds of a high molecular type and volatile substances with water.

Mineral impurities are insignificant. The ratio of components is not stable.

Depending on the predominance of certain elements, they distinguish types of coal. The main ones are brown and anthracite.

Buraya type of coal saturated with water, and therefore, has a low calorific value.

It turns out that the rock is not suitable as a fuel, as stone. And brown coal found another use. Which?

This will be given special attention. In the meantime, let's figure out why the water-saturated rock is called brown. The reason is the color.

Coal brownish, without, loose. From a geological point of view, the mass can be called young. That is, the processes of "fermentation" are not completed in it.

Therefore, the stone has a low density, when burned, a lot of volatile substances are formed.

fossil coal anthracite type - fully formed. It is denser, harder, blacker, shiny.

It takes 40,000,000 years for a brown rock to become like this. Anthracite has a high proportion of carbon - about 98%.

Naturally, the heat transfer from black coal is at a height, which means that the stone can be used as fuel.

The brown species in this role is used only for heating private houses. They do not need record energy levels.

All you need is ease of handling fuel, and anthracite is problematic in this regard. Lighting coal is not easy.

Manufacturers, railroad workers, adjusted themselves. Labor costs are worth it, because anthracite is not only energy intensive, but also does not sinter.

Hard coal - fuel, from the combustion of which remains ash. What is it from, if organic matter is converted into energy?

Remember the note about mineral admixture? It is the inorganic component of the stone that remains at the bottom.

A lot of ash was also left at the Chinese deposit in the province of Liuhuanggou. Anthracite deposits burned there for almost 130 years.

The fire was extinguished only in 2004. Every year, 2,000,000 tons of rock were burned.

Here, count how much coal wasted away. Raw materials could be useful not only as fuel.

The use of coal

Coal is called solar energy encased in stone. Energy can be transformed. It doesn't have to be thermal.

The energy obtained from the combustion of the rock is converted, for example, into electricity.

Combustion temperature of coal brown type almost reaches 2,000 degrees. In order to get electricity from anthracite, it will take about 3,000 Celsius.

If we talk about the fuel role of coal, it is used not only in pure form.

In laboratories, they learned how to obtain liquid and gaseous fuels from organic rock, and on metallurgical plants have been using coke for a long time.

It is obtained by heating coal to 1,100 degrees without oxygen. Coke is a smokeless fuel.

The possibility of using briquettes as ore reducers is also important for metallurgists. So, coke comes in handy when casting iron.

Coke is also used as a batch baking powder. This is the name given to the mixture of the initial elements of the future.

Being loosened by coke, the mixture is more easily remelted. By the way, some components for are also obtained from anthracite.

As impurities, it may contain germanium and gallium - rare metals and not found anywhere else.

buy coal also strive for the production of carbon-graphite composite materials.

Composites are masses of several components, with a clear boundary between them.

Artificially created materials are used, for example, in aviation. Here, composites increase the strength of parts.

Carbon masses withstand both very high and low temperatures, are used in racks of a support of contact networks.

In general, composites have already firmly entered into all spheres of life. Railroad workers cover new platforms with them.

Supports are made from nanomodified raw materials building structures. In medicine, with the help of composites, it is proposed to fill in chips on the bones and other injuries that are not subject to metal prosthetics. Here what kind of coal versatile and multifunctional.

Chemists have developed a method for producing plastics from coal. At the same time, no waste is wasted. The low-grade fraction is pressed into briquettes.

They serve as a fuel that is suitable for both private houses and production workshops.

AT fuel briquettes there is a minimum of hydrocarbons. They, in fact, are the females valuable in the coal.

From it you can get pure benzene, toluene, xylenes, coumorane resins. The latter, for example, serve as the basis for paint and varnish products and such material interior decoration rooms like linoleum.

Some of the hydrocarbons are aromatic. People know the smell of mothballs. But, few people know that they produce it from coal.

In surgery, naphthalene serves as an antiseptic. AT household the substance fights the moth.

In addition, naphthalene is able to protect against the bites of a number of insects. Among them: flies, gadflies, horseflies.

Total, coal in bags purchase for the production of more than 400 types of products.

Many of them are by-products obtained in the coke production.

Interestingly, the cost of additional lines is usually more than that of coke.

If we consider the average difference between coal and goods from it, it is 20-25 times.

That is, the production is very profitable, quickly pays off. Therefore, it is not surprising that scientists are looking for more and more new technologies for processing sedimentary rock. There must be a supply for the growing demand. Let's get to know him.

Coal mining

Coal deposits are called basins. There are over 3,500 of them in the world. total area basins - about 15% of the land. Most coal in the United States.

23% of world reserves are concentrated there. Hard coal in Russia is 13% of the total reserves. at China. 11% of the rock is hidden in its bowels.

Most of them are anthracites. In Russia, the ratio of brown coal to black coal is approximately the same. In the United States, the brown type of rock predominates, which reduces the value of deposits.

Despite the abundance of brown coal, the US deposits are striking not only in volume, but also in scale.

The reserves of the Appalachian coal basin alone amount to 1,600 billion tons.

In the largest basin of Russia, for comparison, only 640 billion tons of rock are stored. We are talking about the Kuznetsk field.

It is located in the Kemerovo region. A couple more promising basins have been discovered in Yakutia and Tyva. In the first region, the deposits were called Elga, and in the second - Eleget.

The deposits of Yakutia and Tyva belong to closed type. That is, the rock is not at the surface, at depth.

It is necessary to build mines, galleries, shafts. It raises coal price. But, the scale of the deposits is worth the cost.

As for the Kuznetsk Basin, they work on a mixed system. About 70% of raw materials are extracted from the depths by hydraulic means.

30% of coal is mined openly using bulldozers. They are sufficient if the rock lies near the surface, and the covering layers are loose.

Coal is also mined openly in China. Most of China's deposits are located far outside the cities.

However, this did not prevent one of the deposits from causing inconvenience to the population of the country. This happened in 2010.

Beijing has sharply increased its demand for coal from Inner Mongolia. It is considered a province of China.

So many trucks with goods set off on the road that Highway 110 stood up for almost 10 days. The traffic jam started on the 14th of August, and was resolved only on the 25th.

True, there were no road works. Coal trucks made the situation worse.

Highway 110 belongs to the state roads. So, not only was the coal delayed on the way, but other contracts were also in jeopardy.

In you can find videos where drivers who drove along the highway in August 2010 report that they overcame a 100-kilometer stretch for about 5 days.

Vladimir Khomutko

Reading time: 3 minutes

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What products are obtained from coal and oil?

Oil and coal are minerals and are actively used by mankind as energy sources.

But if coal can be used in its pure form, then oil cannot. It must first be processed in order to obtain products suitable for practical application. However, from coal, you can get related elements that have practical value.

Oil is a combustible oily liquid, which is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbon compounds.

Its composition contains dissolved associated gases, which, when raw materials rise to the surface, begin to be actively released. These include the well-known methane and hydrogen sulfide.

The list of processed products of this mineral is very extensive, so listing them all would take a long time. Let's try to approach this issue from the point of view of the aggregate state of the products.

Petroleum gases

These substances released from the hydrocarbon mixture raised to the surface are called associated.

They are isolated both in the process of primary processing of raw materials in the fields (separation) and in oil refineries (refineries). These products include ethane, propane and butane, from which products such as ethylene and propylene are obtained by dehydrogenation. Propane-butane is the same liquefied gas that is still used for domestic needs.

Liquid petroleum products

There is a much longer list here. From the hydrocarbon raw materials extracted at the fields, the following is produced:

• motor fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation kerosene, jet fuel); their share in the processed raw materials is from 50 to 80 percent;
• boiler and marine fuel (fuel oil);
• kerosene (including lighting);
• various types of oils (lubricating, transmission and so on);
• gas oil (raw material for the production of benzene and toluene) and so on and so forth.

Oil refining is driven by high temperatures, which due to different points boiling oil components allow you to decompose the raw material into individual components.

The remainder of this process is tar, from which bitumen is subsequently made, which is actively used in the production of road and roofing works.

This mineral is in a solid state of aggregation. Its processing is carried out by coking in specialized furnaces, which exclude the ingress of oxygen into them. As a result of the series chemical reactions, coke is made from coal, which is in great demand at the enterprises of the metallurgical industry, and coke oven gas, which decomposes into tar and ammonia water during the condensation process.

With the use of dry distillation, tar is formed from coal, which is widely used in the construction industry and in the manufacture of various building materials as a binder.

Ammonia water gives ammonia, which is part of a large amount of chemical fertilizers, so necessary for the agricultural industry.

The use of coal in industry

Synthetic hydrocarbons are also obtained from coal (however, as well as from liquid hydrocarbons), which are actively used in the fuel balance. Since they cause much less harm to our environment, their use will expand in the future.

what is made from coal?

plastics, acids, fibers and more. In addition, some coal is coked, and coke is used in metallurgical production. It is used as a domestic, energy fuel, raw material for metallurgical and chemical industry, as well as for extracting rare and trace elements from it. Coal, coke-chemical industry, branches of heavy industry carry out the processing of coal by coking. Coking- industrial method coal processing by heating up to 950-1050 C without air access. The main coke-chemical products are: coke oven gas, processed crude benzene, coal tar, ammonia. Hydrocarbons are recovered from coke oven gas by washing in scrubbers with liquid absorption oils. After distillation from oil, distillation from the fraction, purification and re-rectification, pure marketable products are obtained, such as: ...

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Ghost town without coal. This was the Japanese Hasima. In the 1930s, it was recognized as the most densely populated.

On a tiny piece of land fit 5,000 people. All of them worked in the coal industry.

The island turned out to be literally built from a stone source of energy. However, by the 1970s, coal reserves were depleted.

Everyone left. Only the dug up island and the buildings on it remained. Tourists and the Japanese call Hashima a ghost.

The island clearly shows the importance of coal, the impossibility of mankind to live without it. There is no alternative.

There are only attempts to find it. Therefore, we will pay attention to the modern hero, and not to vague prospects.

Description and properties of coal

Coal is a rock of organic origin. This means that the stone is formed from the decomposed remains of plants and animals.

In order for them to form a dense thickness, constant accumulation and compaction is required. Suitable conditions at the bottom of reservoirs....

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What is obtained from coal?

Of course, you know that coal is a fuel used both in everyday life and in industry. Coal was the first fossil material to be used as a fuel. It was thanks to coal that the industrial revolution took place. In the 19th century, a lot of coal was consumed vehicles. In 1960, 50% of the world's energy production depended on coal. However, by 1970 its share had dropped to one-third as oil and gas became more popular sources of energy.

However, the scope of coal is not limited to this. Coal is a valuable raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries.

The coal industry provides coal coking. Coke plants consume up to a quarter of the coal produced. Coking processes hard coal by heating it to 950-1050°C without oxygen. Decomposing, coal forms a solid product - coke ...

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Coal is one of the most essential minerals for man. Its heat heats our homes, gives energy to steamboats, turns into electricity in the turbines of power plants. Without coal, it is impossible to smelt metal from ore and prepare cement.
Coal is used to make liquid fuels, lubricating oils, paints, inks, and plastics. Coal does not smell of anything, and perfumes and various odorous syrups for sweets and cakes are prepared from it.
Coal is completely opaque, and the most best glass- light, strong, clean.
And they also make fertilizers from coal, from which the earth bears fruit better and fruits, vegetables, wheat and rye grow. Even vitamins can be extracted from coal....

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Lesson on the world around: "Coal"

Sections: Ecology

Subject: Coal.

To develop observation, practical skills and abilities of students; develop cognitive interest in native nature, curiosity; bring children's knowledge into the system; expand and deepen knowledge about coal; create conditions for the formation of a sense of pride in motherland.

I. Working with the Observation Diary

a) A story about February.

Snow falls in bags from the sky,
There are snowdrifts from the house!
That snowstorms and snowstorms
They attacked the village.
The frost is strong at night
In the daytime, a drop is heard ringing.
The day has grown noticeably
It's February, that's right.

February - snowy, bokogrey, fierce.
February 1 - what is the weather on this day, this will be the whole of February.

Well, nature is nature.
What's the weather like outside?

b) *Characteristic...

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Coal is important for the national economy

Coal is one of the first minerals that man began to use as a fuel. Only at the end of the 19th century, other types of fuel began to gradually replace it: first oil, then products from it, later gas (natural and obtained from coal and other substances). Coal is widely used in the national economy. First of all, as fuel and chemical raw materials. For example, the metallurgical industry in the smelting of pig iron cannot do without coke. It is produced at coke-chemical enterprises from coal.

Where else is coal used?

Powerful thermal power plants in Russia and Ukraine (and not only) operate on the waste of coal mining (anthracite sludge). The metal was first obtained using coke from iron ore in the 18th century in England. This in metallurgy was the beginning of the use of coal, more precisely, coke - a product of its processing. Prior to this, iron was obtained using ...

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Coal processing products

Coal is a mineral of sedimentary type, a product of centuries of deep decomposition of ancient plant rocks. In addition to its traditional use as a fuel, hard coal is exposed as a raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries.

Coal processing products are diverse and widely used in various industries. Processing of hard coal is carried out by the method of coking - heating to a temperature of 1000 ° C without oxygen.

In this way, coke oven gas, ammonia, coal tar and numerous benzene transformation products are obtained.

Main products

Processing of coke oven gas occurs by washing with liquid washing oils in special devices - scrubbers, followed by purification and re-rectification.

Toluene, benzene, xylenes and a number of other pure products are obtained in this way. Aromatic hydrocarbons, including...

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Of course, you know that coal is used as a fuel, both in everyday life and in industry. Coal was the first fossil material that people began to use as fuel. It was coal that led to the industrial revolution. In the 19th century, a lot of coal was used for transportation. In 1960, coal provided about half of the world's energy production. However, by 1970, its share had fallen to one third: coal as a fuel was replaced by other energy sources, in particular oil and gas.

However, the use of coal is not limited to this. Coal is a valuable raw material for the chemical and metallurgical industries.

The coal industry uses coal coking. Coke plants consume up to 1/4 of the coal produced. Coking is a process of coal processing by heating up to 950-1050°С without oxygen access. During the decomposition of coal, a solid product is formed - coke and volatile products - coke oven gas.

Cox makes...

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Coal pyrolysis: concept and products

The term coal pyrolysis is commonly understood as a set of processes that occur when coal is heated in the absence of any reagents. However, in last years under the pyrolysis of coal began to mean also the processes occurring with the influence of any additional reagent (the so-called hydropyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis).

Often, the term pyrolysis is also understood as the procedure for gasification of coal, although this is not entirely true, since additional reagents are also used.

Thermal processing of coal is widely used to obtain various carbonaceous hard materials, and liquid and gaseous products. In this regard, depending on the purpose of the end products of pyrolysis, almost any coal can be the feedstock for processing. This is very convenient, since all the mined coal can be processed, and not to the solid household waste processing plant.

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Coal - sedimentary rock plant origin, which has the property of flammability. Basically, coal consists of carbon and various kinds of impurities. The percentage of impurities determines the quality of the rock.

Classification and varieties of coal.

The composition of coal is determined by its age. Brown coal is considered the youngest, followed by hard coal, and the older one - anthracite. The highest quality coal is anthracite, since as it ages, carbon accumulates and the concentration of volatile substances in coal decreases. For example, brown coal on average has more than 50% of volatile impurities, hard coal - 40% impurities, anthracite - only 5-7%.

In addition to carbon and volatile substances, the composition of coal includes non-combustible elements that form ash when coal is burned. Ash plays the role of an environmental pollutant, and also sinters into slag, which makes it difficult to burn coal and, accordingly, reduces the amount of heat released by it during combustion.

Another component...

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