Links are important elements of the steel frame, which are necessary for:

1. ensuring the invariability of the frame spatial system and the stability of its compressed elements.

2.perception and transfer to the foundations of some loads (wind, horizontal from cranes).

3. ensuring joint operation of transverse frames under local loads (for example, cranes).

4. Creation of frame rigidity necessary to ensure normal operating conditions.

Connections are divided into connections between columns and connections between farms (tent connections).

The system of connections between the columns ensures during operation and installation the geometric invariability of the frame and its bearing capacity in the longitudinal direction, as well as the stability of the columns from the plane of the transverse frames.

To perform these functions, at least one vertical hard disk is required along the length of the temperature block and a system of longitudinal elements attaching columns that are not included in the hard disk to the latter. The hard disks include two columns, a crane beam, horizontal braces and a grid, which ensures geometric invariability when all elements of the disk are hinged. The lattice is most often designed cross, the elements of which work in tension for any direction of the forces transmitted to the disk, and triangular, the elements of which work in tension and compression. The lattice scheme is chosen so that its elements can be conveniently attached to the columns (the angles between the vertical and the lattice elements are close to 45 °). With large column pitches in the lower part of the column, it is advisable to arrange a disk in the form of a double-hinged lattice frame, and in the upper part - to use a truss truss. Spacers and grating at low heights of the column section are located in one plane, and at high heights - in two planes. Torques are transmitted to the bond disks, and therefore, when the vertical bonds are located in two planes, they are connected by horizontal lattice bonds.

When placing hard drives along the building, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of moving columns during thermal deformations of the longitudinal elements (Fig. 11.6, a). If you put the disks on the ends of the building (Fig. 11.6, b), then in all longitudinal elements (crane structures, truss trusses, bracing braces) excessive temperature forces occur.

Therefore, with a small length of the building (temperature block), a vertical connection is placed in one panel (Figure 11.7, a). With a large length of the building (or block) for columns at the ends, inelastic displacements increase due to the compliance of the fastenings of the longitudinal elements to the columns. The distance from the end to the disk is limited in order to secure the columns located close to the end from loss of stability. Under these conditions, vertical connections are placed in two panels (Figure 11.7, b), and the distance between the axes should be such that the force is not very large.

At the ends of the building, the extreme columns are sometimes interconnected by flexible upper ties (Fig. 11.7, a). The upper end connections are also made in the form of crosses (Figure 11.7, b).

The upper vertical ties should be placed not only in the end panels of the building, but also in the panels adjacent to expansion joints, as this increases the longitudinal rigidity of the upper part of the frame; in addition, during the construction of the workshop, each temperature block can for some time be an independent structural complex.

Vertical connections between columns are placed along all rows of columns of the building; they should be placed between the same axes.

The connections installed within the height of the crossbars in the connection block and the end steps are designed in the form of independent trusses, in other places spacers are placed.

The longitudinal elements of the connections at the points of attachment to the columns ensure that these points are not displaced from the plane of the transverse frame (Fig. 11.8, a). These points in the calculation scheme of the column (Figure 11.8, b) can be taken by hinged supports. With a high height of the lower part of the column, it is advisable to install an additional spacer (Fig. 11.8, c, which fixes the lower part of the column in the middle of its height and reduces the estimated length of the column (Fig. 11.8, d).

With a long length of the connection elements that perceive small forces, they are calculated according to the ultimate flexibility.

Coverage links.

Links between the trusses, creating a general spatial rigidity of the frame, provide: stability of the compressed elements of the crossbar from the plane of the trusses; redistribution of local loads applied to one of the frames; ease of installation: a given frame geometry; perception and transmission to the columns of some loads.

The coating tie system consists of horizontal and vertical ties. Horizontal connections are located in the planes of the lower and upper chords of the trusses and the upper chord of the lantern. Horizontal connections consist of transverse and longitudinal (Fig. 11.10, 11.11)

The elements of the upper chord of the truss trusses are compressed, so it is necessary to ensure their stability from the plane of the trusses.

To secure the slabs and girders from longitudinal displacements, transverse braces are arranged along the upper chords of the trusses, which are advisable to be located at the ends of the workshop so that they provide spatial rigidity of the coating. With a large length of the building or temperature block (more than 144m), additional cross-braced trusses are installed. This reduces the transverse movements of the truss chords resulting from the compliance of the ties.

Particular attention is paid to the tying of truss knots within the lantern, where there is no roofing. Here, to unfasten the knots of the upper chord of the trusses from their plane, spacers are provided, and such spacers are required in the ridge knot of the truss. The spacers are attached to the end ties in the plane of the upper chords of the trusses.

In buildings with overhead cranes, it is necessary to ensure the horizontal rigidity of the frame both across and along the building. During the operation of overhead cranes, forces arise that cause transverse and longitudinal deformations of the shop frame. Therefore, in single-span buildings of great height (), in buildings with overhead cranes and in a very difficult mode of operation, for any load capacity, a system of connections along the lower chords of trusses is required.

To reduce the free length of the stretched part of the lower chord, in some cases it is necessary to provide braces that secure the lower chord in the lateral direction. These braces perceive the conditional transverse force Q.

In long buildings consisting of several temperature blocks, cross-braced trusses along the upper and lower chords are placed at each expansion joint, bearing in mind that each temperature block is a complete spatial frame. Rafter trusses have a slight lateral rigidity, therefore, it is necessary to arrange vertical connections between trusses, located in the plane of the vertical racks of truss trusses (Figure 11.10, c).

When supporting the lower support node of the rafters on the head of the column from above, vertical connections must also be placed along the supporting posts of the trusses.

In multi-span communication shops along the upper chords of trusses and vertical ones are placed in all spans, and horizontal along the lower chords - along the contour of the building and some middle rows of columns through 60-90m along the width of the building (Figure 11.13). In buildings with differences in height, longitudinal braced trusses are also placed along these differences.

The constructive scheme of connections depends mainly on the pitch of the roof trusses. For horizontal connections with a step of 6m trusses, a cross lattice is usually used, the braces of which work only in tension (Fig. 11.14, a), and trusses with a triangular lattice can also be used (Fig. 11.14, b) - here the braces work both in compression and in stretching. With a step of 12m, the diagonal bracing elements, even those working only in tension, turn out to be too heavy, so the bracing system is designed so that the longest element is no more than 12m, and these elements support the diagonals.

Links between columns.

The system of connections between the columns ensures during operation and installation the geometric invariability of the frame and its bearing capacity in the longitudinal direction, as well as the stability of the columns from the plane of the transverse frames. To perform these functions, at least one vertical hard disk is required along the length of the temperature block and a system of longitudinal elements attaching columns that are not included in the hard disk to the latter. The hard disks include two columns, a crane beam, horizontal braces and a grid, which ensures geometric invariability when all elements of the disk are hinged. The lattice is often designed cross (its elements work in tension in any direction of forces) and triangular (elements work in tension, compression). With large column pitches in the lower part of the column, it is advisable to arrange a disk in the form of a double-hinged lattice frame, and in the upper part - a truss truss. Spacers and lattices at low heights of the section of the columns are located in one plane, and at high heights - in two planes. Torques are transmitted to the bond disks, and therefore, when the vertical bonds are located in two planes, they are connected by horizontal lattice bonds. When placing hard disks (connection blocks) along the building, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of moving columns during thermal deformations of longitudinal e-s. If you put the disks on the ends of the building, then in all the longitudinal electrics (crane structures, under-rafter truss struts of connections) there are significant temperature forces. Therefore, with a small length of the building, a vertical connection is placed in one panel. With a large length of the building for columns at the ends, inelastic displacements increase due to the compliance of the fastenings of the longitudinal e-s to the columns. The distance from the end to the disk is limited in order to secure the columns located close to the end from loss of stability. In these cases, the connections are placed in two panels, and the distance between their axes should be such that the efforts are not very large. Limit distances m / y disks are set from possible differences in t and are established by norms. At the ends of the building, the extreme columns are sometimes connected to each other with flexible upper ties. They are made in the form of crosses, which is advisable from the point of view of installation conditions and uniformity of solutions. The upper vertical connections should be placed not only in the end panels of the building, but also in the panels adjacent to the expansion joints, because this increases the longitudinal rigidity of the upper part of the frame. Vertical connections are installed along all rows of columns of the building, they have m / y with the same axes. When designing connections along the middle rows of columns in the crane section, it should be borne in mind that sometimes it is necessary to have free space between the columns, then portal connections are designed. In hot shops with continuous crane beams or heavy crane trusses, it is advisable to provide for special design measures: reducing the length of temperature blocks. Connections, in addition to conditional transverse forces, perceive the wind load directed to the end of the building and from the longitudinal effects of overhead cranes. The wind load on the end of the building is perceived by the uprights of the end fachwerk and is partially transferred to the connections along the lower belt of the trusses. The tent ties transmit this force to the rows of columns.

The system of connections in the coatings of industrial buildings

The ties in the coatings are designed to ensure spatial rigidity, stability and immutability of the building frame, to absorb horizontal wind loads acting on the ends of the building and skylights, horizontal braking forces from overhead support and overhead cranes and transfer them to the frame elements.

Relationships are divided into horizontal(longitudinal and transverse) and vertical. The connection system depends on the height of the building, the span, the pitch of the columns, the presence of overhead cranes and their lifting capacity. In addition, the design of all types of connections, the need for their installation, the location in the coating is determined by the calculation in each specific case and depends on the type of load-bearing structures of the coating.

In this section, examples of the arrangement of a bonding system in coatings with planar load-bearing structures made of metal, reinforced concrete and wood are considered.

Connections in coatings with metal planar supporting structures

The system of connections in the coatings of buildings with metal farms depends on the type of trusses, the pitch of the truss structures, the conditions of the construction area and other factors. It consists of horizontal ties in the plane of the upper and lower chords of roof trusses and vertical ties between trusses.

Horizontal connections along the upper chords truss trusses are most often provided only in the presence of lanterns and are located in the under-lantern space.

Horizontal connections in the plane of the lower chords There are two types of truss trusses. Connections first type consist of transverse and longitudinal braced trusses, struts and stretch marks. Connections second type consist only of transverse truss trusses, struts and stretch marks.

Cross-link trusses located at the ends of the temperature compartment of the building. With a temperature compartment length of more than 96 m, intermediate cross-braced trusses are installed every 42-60 m.

Longitudinal horizontal braced trusses along the lower belts of truss trusses for ties of the first type, they are located in one-, two- and three-span buildings along the extreme rows of columns. In buildings with more than three spans, longitudinal trusses are also located along the middle rows of columns so that the distance between adjacent trusses does not exceed two or three spans.

Connections first type are mandatory in buildings:

a) with overhead cranes that require the installation of galleries for passage along the crane tracks;

b) with truss trusses;

c) with an estimated seismicity of 7 - 9 points;

d) with a mark of the bottom of the truss structures of more than 24 m, (for single-span buildings - more than 18 m);

e) in buildings with a roof on reinforced concrete slabs, equipped with general-purpose bridge support cranes with a lifting capacity of more than 50 tons at a truss step of 6 m and a lifting capacity of more than 20 tons at a truss step of 12 m;

f) in buildings with a roof on a steel profiled flooring -

in one- and two-span buildings equipped with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of more than 16 tons and in buildings with more than two spans with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of more than 20 tons.

In other cases, links should be applied second type, while with a pitch of truss trusses of 12 m and the presence of longitudinal half-timbered racks along the columns of the extreme rows, longitudinal truss trusses should be provided.

Vertical links are located at the locations of transverse truss trusses along the lower chords of truss trusses at a distance of 6 (12) m from each other.

The mounting fastenings of the ties to the coating structures are taken on bolts or on welding, depending on the magnitude of the force effects. Link elements are designed from hot-rolled and bent-welded profiles.

Figures 5.2.1 - 5.2.10 show the layout of the bonds in the roof with trusses from paired corners. Connections in coatings using wide-shelf tees, wide-shelf I-beams and round pipes are solved similarly. Structural solution of vertical ties with a span of 6 and 12 m is shown in Figure 5.2.11, 5.2.12

Connections in the roof with trusses from closed bent-welded profiles of the Molodechno type are shown in Figures 5.2.13 - 5.2.16.

The basis for the invariability of the coating in the horizontal plane is a solid disk formed by a profiled decking fixed along the upper chords of the trusses. The flooring unties the upper chords of the trusses from the plane along the entire length and perceives all horizontal forces transmitted to the floor.

The lower chords of the trusses are untied from the plane by vertical braces and spacers, which transfer all forces from the lower chord of the trusses to the upper disk of the cover. Vertical connections are established through 42 - 60 m along the length of the temperature compartment.

In buildings with roof structures of the "Molodechno" type with a slope of the upper chord of 10%, the arrangement of vertical braces and struts is similar to that shown in Figures 5.2.14 - 5.2.16. The vertical connection in this case is performed by a V-shaped span of 6 m (Fig. 5.2.11).

Fig.5.2.5. Schemes of arrangement of vertical bonds in coatings

using profiled flooring

(sections are marked in Fig. 5.2.1, 5.2.2)

Fig.5.2.8. Scheme of arrangement of vertical ties in coatings using reinforced concrete slabs

The metal frame, as many people know, is the main structure of frame-panel buildings. It consists of a wide variety of structural elements: beams, trusses, fachwerks, spacers and others. In this review, we will consider such constructive elements as connections.
Metal ties are designed for the overall stability of the metal frame in the longitudinal and transverse directions, so their value is quite large. It is they who counteract the main horizontal load on the frame, which comes from the wind. The greatest effect here is noticeable when using anti-corrosion materials. What factors and materials should be taken into account? Siding series "Mitten" and all types of siding from the manufacturer. Fiberglass septic tanks are also important for the sewerage of the residential sector or a country house, where repairs and arrangements are provided. Thanks to them, positive results can be achieved. And, of course, foundation work, preceded by land activities, is important. Which of them to highlight? Drilling wells for water, water treatment and water supply all year round - all this is relevant for an industrial building. However, any real estate objects are interesting. Fashion for real estate allows you to buy an apartment in a new building at convenient conditions. What is the rationale for this? Huge selection. New buildings in Moscow from developers. No commission.
There are three types of connections in a metal frame: cross, corner and portal. Today it is easy to purchase such products not only from industrial manufacturing enterprises, equipment of the Eurostandard brand stands out in particular. These products are also available on the Internet. According to experts, the cost of creating a construction online store is low, so it is very profitable to buy metal products there. An energy audit will help to estimate the cost, regardless of the calculations.
Cross ties are the classic and simplest option, when the elements of the ties intersect and are attached to each other in the middle of the length. Such technologies, as professionals notice, are often used in the installation of utility rooms and structures. What can be noted? Cabins and containers with dry closets. Toilet cabins, according to experts, have a wide range. They are very popular at the moment. As practice shows, it is only necessary here. Installation of durable metal doors with existing modernization in 4 hours will be an excellent technological solution for these structures. This is also true for the facade. Hurry up to buy with a rational approach facade thermal panels with clinker and light tiles at a special price! Order a car for this. Forward! A car loan is almost like buying a car. Legal advice is also relevant here.
Corner ties are usually used for small spans and are arranged in a row in several parts. They are smaller in height than cross links. Of course, it is recommended to use insulating materials here. Today this is not a problem. It is enough to look at the advertisements of some companies that demand to buy "technological" insulation on favorable terms - only with the best filling! And this, according to experts, is the right approach to construction.
Portal connections are the largest in terms of the size of the working area. They have a U-shaped appearance and are used in those spans of a metal frame where window or door openings or furniture elements are provided. Learn all the secrets of furniture makers: custom-made kitchens with custom-made furniture. An excellent repair of a one-room and complex apartment to order is also provided.
If we talk about, which are used to make connections, then most often it is a corner or a bent square or rectangular profile, less often - a channel or an I-beam.
Of the existing frames for connections, bolted connections are most applicable, as they are technologically and structurally the most efficient and convenient for installation.
In accordance with the rules of the metal frame, the connections are located both in the longitudinal direction of the designed structure, and in the transverse direction - along its ends. In this case, we are talking about vertical metal bonds. They are used in many systems, even in everyday life. What can be taken as an example? The electrical system of steam generators and air conditioners is a unique combination. This is a very popular modern technological device.
Sometimes the structural scheme of the metal frame also requires the use of horizontal ties. For the most part, this takes place on a large scale, with long spans and significant heights for typical columns. Horizontal links here are usually of a cross type and are arranged several modules in a row in longitudinal spans between trusses, which are always designed for large-sized metal frames.
As for the designations of metal bonds in a metal frame, a thick dash-dotted line is usually used for them.

The metal frame consists of many load-bearing elements (truss, frame, columns, beams, girders), which must be “linked” to each other to maintain the stability of the compressed elements, the rigidity and the geometrical invariability of the structure of the entire building. To connect the structural elements of the frame are used metal ties. They perceive the main longitudinal and transverse loads and transfer them to the foundation. The metal ties also distribute loads evenly between the trusses and frame frames to maintain overall stability. Their important purpose is to counteract horizontal loads, i.e. wind loads.

The Saratov Reservoir Plant produces connections from hot-rolled profiled angles, bent angles, bent profile pipes, hot-rolled profile pipes, round pipes, hot-rolled and bent channels and I-beams. The total mass of the metal used should be approximately 10% of the total mass of the steel structure of the building.

The main elements that connect links are trusses and columns.

Metal connections of columns

Column connections provide transverse stability of the metal structure of the building and its spatial immutability. Connections of columns and racks are vertical metal structures and structurally represent struts or disks that form a system of longitudinal frames. The purpose of hard drives is to fasten columns to the foundation of a building. Spacers connect columns in a horizontal plane. Spacers are longitudinal beam elements, for example, interfloor ceilings, crane beams.

Inside the connections of the columns are distinguished ties of the upper tier and ties of the lower tier of columns. The connections of the upper tier are located above the crane beams, the connections of the lower tier, respectively, below the beams. The main functional purposes of the loads of two tiers are the ability to transfer the wind load to the end of the building from the upper tier through the cross braces of the lower tier to the crane beams. Top and bottom ties also help keep the structure from tipping over during installation. The connections of the lower tier also transfer loads from the longitudinal braking of cranes to the crane beams, which ensures the stability of the crane part of the columns. Basically, in the process of erecting the metal structures of the building, the connections of the lower tiers are used.

Scheme of vertical connections between columns

Metal truss ties

To give spatial rigidity to the structure of a building or structure, metal trusses are also connected by ties. A truss connection is a spatial block with adjacent truss trusses attached to it. Adjacent farms along the upper and lower belts are connected horizontal truss ties, and along the racks of the lattice - vertical truss ties.

Horizontal truss ties along the lower and upper chords

Horizontal truss ties are also longitudinal and transverse.

The lower truss belts are connected by transverse and longitudinal horizontal ties: the first ones fix vertical ties and stretch marks, thereby reducing the vibration level of the truss belts; the latter serve as supports for the upper ends of the racks of the longitudinal fachwerk and evenly distribute the load on adjacent frames.

The upper chords of the trusses are connected by horizontal cross braces in the form of spacers or girders to maintain the designed position of the trusses. Cross ties unite the upper chords of the truss into a single system and become the “closing edge”. The struts just prevent the trusses from moving, and the transverse horizontal trusses / ties prevent the struts from moving.

Vertical connections of farms are necessary in the process of erecting a building or structure. They are often referred to as mounting links. Vertical connections contribute to maintaining the stability of trusses due to the displacement of their center of gravity above the supports. Together with intermediate trusses, they form a spatially rigid block at the ends of the building. Structurally, vertical truss ties are disks consisting of spacers and trusses, which are located between the racks of truss trusses along the entire length of the building.

Vertical connections of columns and trusses

Structures of metal ties of a steel frame

By design, metal bonds are also:

cross-links, when the elements of the links intersect and connect to each other in the middle

angular bonds, which are located in several parts in a row; are mainly used for the construction of low-span frames

portal connections for U-shaped frames (with openings) have a large surface area

The main type of connection of metal ties is bolted, since this type of fastening is the most effective, reliable and convenient during installation.

Specialists of the Saratov Reservoir Plant will design and manufacture metal connections from any profile in accordance with the mechanical requirements for the physical and chemical properties of the material, depending on the technical and operational conditions.

Reliability, stability and rigidity of the metal frame of your building or structure largely depends on the quality of the production of metal ties.

How to order the production of metal ties at the Saratov Reservoir Plant?

To calculate the cost of metal structures of our production, you can:

• contact us by phone 8-800-555-9480
• write technical requirements for metal structures by e-mail
• use the form "", specify contact information, and our specialist will contact you

Plant specialists offer complex services:

• engineering surveys at the operation site
• design of oil and gas facilities
• production and installation of various metal structures

The forces from the wind load acting on the outer walls are collected in the planes of the floors and roofs and then transferred to the vertical elements of the supporting frame. In most cases, the load-bearing structures of floors and roofs form rigid disks capable of transferring wind loads from the outer walls to the building frame. Otherwise, special horizontal connections are required. In multi-storey buildings, it is sufficient to have horizontal connections in the plane of every second or third floor. The bearing capacity of the columns in most cases is sufficient to absorb the wind load from the cargo area with a height of two or three floors.

Floor slabs can perform the functions of horizontal wind ties only after they acquire the required strength after concreting, therefore, temporary ties are needed for the frame installation period, which can later be removed.

Wind ties are not required over the entire area of ​​coverage or interfloor overlap, and their placement should be such that the transfer of horizontal forces to vertical ties is ensured.

1. Vertical connections are located around the staircase in three planes. The horizontal truss truss in the longitudinal direction of the building is formed by placing braces between the rand beams and the belt parallel to the outer wall. The transverse horizontal braced truss is formed between two floor beams serving as its belts.

2. Vertical connections in the planes of the end walls and between two internal columns. The horizontal truss truss in the longitudinal direction of the building is formed between the run beams and purlins running in the plane of the vertical ties. The belts of the transverse truss truss are two floor beams.

3. Vertical connections in the planes of the end walls and between two internal columns. A horizontal truss truss in the longitudinal direction of the building is formed between two rows of internal columns (a good solution when planning a centrally located corridor).

The transverse horizontal braced truss is formed between two middle rows of floor beams.

4. Horizontal connections in the plane of the upper chords of floor beams and rand beams Corner braces. The gusset and bolt heads may interfere with the installation of corrugated decking sheets.

5. Ties are installed in the plane of the lower chord of the floor beam.

6. Fastening of braces from the corners in the junction of the end beam and floor beam to the column.

7. In the absence of a longitudinal beam, which is at the same time the belt of a truss truss, an additional element is required (here, one channel).

8. Fastening of intersecting tie rods to the floor beam.

9. If the floor beams lie on the girders, then the best solution would be to place the ties in the plane of the bottom chords of the beams.