Presentation on the theme of kutuzov 13 slides. Research work and presentation on the topic "Great sons of Russia - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, an outstanding commander." There are events whose meaning is so great that the story about them lasts for centuries. Each new generation
Michael Illarionovich Kutuzov
Mikhail Kutuzov was born in 1745 in St. Petersburg in a famous noble family. From childhood, the boy was strongly built, distinguished by enterprise and a kind heart.
While studying at the Engineering Cadet Corps, he attended the lectures of M. V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time.
Having received a serious home education, Mikhail Kutuzov graduated from the Artillery and Engineering gentry (noble) cadet corps.
By the age of 14, he helped teachers in teaching students geometry and arithmetic. He was fluent in French, English, German, Swedish, Turkish.
Kutuzov's star has risen in Patriotic War of 1812, after the emperor was forced to appoint him commander-in-chief of all the forces of the Russian army.
The battle of Borodino and the abandonment of Moscow to the enemy were difficult, but, as subsequent events showed, an absolutely right decision.
M.I.Kutuzov kept the army.
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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Outstanding Russian commander. Life and activity. Kurnosov Yu. B. - teacher of history.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich - one of the most eminent commanders during the Patriotic War of 1812. His father served as a lieutenant general. Until the age of seven, the boy studied at home, then went to the Noble Engineering School. After graduation, Mikhail received the rank of ensign engineer. For the success of his studies, the graduate received an offer to remain a teacher of mathematics.
Mikhail Kutuzov showed an extraordinary mind and organizer abilities. Soon he commands a company under the command of Colonel A. Suvorov. During the battles of the Russian-Turkish war, he gains invaluable experience and showed the best professional features of an officer. In battle, Kutuzov was wounded in the face and sent to Austria for aftercare. Then he commands the Mariupol regiment. Having suppressed the Crimean uprising, he created a corps of rangers and worked out the latest techniques in the art of war with him.
After the end of the war with Turkey, Kutuzov was appointed Russian ambassador to Turkey, where he ensured Russian influence and protected the interests of Russia. Despite his military talent, victories, Kutuzov was excommunicated from the troops when there were no wars, and called up again when Russia was in danger, when the Russian army needed true commanders.
Before the war of 1812, Kutuzov managed to make war with Napoleon in Europe, including at Austerlitz. At the beginning of World War II, the general became the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. But in view of the failures at the front, Alexander I was forced to appoint Kutuzov as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army. This decision caused a patriotic upsurge.
Russian artillerymen in battle
The Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon took Smolensk, a serious danger loomed over Russia, Alexander I was forced to appoint Kutuzov as Commander-in-Chief. Huge responsibility fell on the shoulders of Kutuzov, he was entrusted with the fate of Russia, and he justified this trust. Borodino field lies on the way to Moscow. Here the victorious path of the conqueror - Napoleon was stopped. These were battles never seen before. The French and Russians fought to the death. Russian artilleryman
Questions: 1. Social origin of MI Kutuzov. 2. Who was his father? 3. What kind of upbringing and education did Koutuzov M.I. receive? 4. What was Kutuzov's first military rank? 5. What qualities allowed Kutuzov to make a successful career as an officer? 6. What positions did M. Kutuzov hold? 7. What military units did he serve in? 8. Who are the huntsmen? 9. In what country did Kutuzov M.I. serve as an ambassador? 10. What tasks does the ambassador solve? 11. What kind of relations did Russia have with the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 18th century?
12. What events took place in Russian history in 1805-07 and 1812-14? 13. What positions did M. I. K utuzov hold at the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812? 14. Why did Alexander the First appoint Kutuzov Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army? 15. Tell the Battle of Borodino.
In front of the village of Shevardino, a redoubt was built, a pentagonal fortification surrounded by a moat and an earthen rampart. It had 12 cannons. On August 24 (September 5), the battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt began. The French had difficulty mastering it. Their losses amounted to about 6 thousand people.
The battle of Borodino broke out on August 26 (September 7). The French captured the village (in the center of the Borodino field). Barclay de Tolly walked away. But Napoleon captured the village of Borodino in order to divert the attention of the Russian command from the left flank. Napoleon struck the main blow on the left flank (the village of Semenovskoye) - at the Semenov flushes. Here, against the troops of Bagration, the best French troops moved for artillery shelling.
Eight times Semyonov's flushes passed either to the Russians or to the French. So that the French would not go around from the left flank, near the village of Utitsy, there was a detachment of General Tuchkov, who did not allow the enemy to fulfill the plan.
The center was protected by the Raevsky battery, placed southeast of the village of Borodino. The French called this battery "the redoubt of death." Sudden attacks by Cossacks and cavalry under the leadership of Uvarov and Platov instilled fear in the enemy. At the burned Russian village of Semenovskoye, Napoleon realized that “of all the battles I have given, the most terrible is the one I gave near Moscow. The French in it showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible. Medal for the Patriotic War of 1812
Kutuzov was a brave commander and a wise politician. What courage one had to have in order to issue an order for the surrender of Moscow in the name of saving the army. These were the most bitter days of his life. Leaving Moscow did not mean that Napoleon won, won the war. The battles in Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, the retreat of the French along the hungry Smolensk road, the battle of Vyazma led to the defeat of the Napoleonic army and the shameful withdrawal from Russia. Cannon of the Napoleonic Wars
In 1813, in Silesia, on the way to Bunzlau, the field marshal fell ill. Colds, heavy military campaigns, wounds - all this affected his health. On April 16 (18), 1813, the brilliant Russian commander died. The body of the late field marshal was sent to St. Petersburg for burial in the Kazan Cathedral. Thousands of people met and saw off the ashes of the savior of Russia. Cannon, early 19th century
Questions: 16. What happened in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino? 17. How did the surrender of Moscow to the French troops affect the outcome of the war? 18. What contributed to the expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia? 19. What was the state of the Napoleonic army during the retreat from Russia? 20. How did M. I. Kutuzov end his life? 21. Explain the following terms: foreign policy, war, army, commander, general, officer, recruit, soldier, feat, patriotism, partisan, militia, Cossack, cuirassier, hussar, artilleryman, redoubt, order, medal.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich - the great Russian commander.
- Teacher MKOU "Sitzevskaya secondary school"
- Svetlakova Salia Akramovna.
- Battles and victories
- Great Russian commander. Count, Most Serene Prince of Smolensk. Field Marshal General. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812.
- His life was spent in battles. Personal courage brought him not only many awards, but also two wounds to the head - both were considered fatal. The fact that he survived both times and returned to duty seemed like a sign: Golenishchev-Kutuzov was destined for something great. The answer to the expectations of contemporaries was the victory over Napoleon, the glorification of which by descendants elevated the figure of the commander to epic proportions.
- Monument to Field Marshal Kutuzov Smolensky in St. Petersburg Sculptor B.I. Orlovsky
- Assault on Ochakov December 6, 1788. Artist Ya. Sukhodolsky. 1853
- After a secondary wound to the head, Kutuzov's right eye was damaged, he began to see even worse, which gave contemporaries a reason to call Mikhail Illarionovich "one-eyed." It was from here that the legend began that Kutuzov wore a bandage over his wounded eye. Meanwhile, in all lifetime and first posthumous images, Kutuzov is drawn with both eyes, although all portraits are made in the left profile - after being wounded, Kutuzov tried not to turn his right side to his interlocutors and artists. For distinction during the siege of Ochakov, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree, and then the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.
- Suvorov and Kutuzov before the assault on Izmail in 1790. From a painting by the artist O.G. Vereisky. 1950 Kutuzov takes possession of the bastion, tears off the gates of the fortress and scatters the enemy with bayonet attacks. “I won’t see such a battle for a century,” the general wrote to his wife after the assault, “the hair stands on end. Whom in the camp I will not ask, either died or is dying. My heart bled and burst into tears."
- When, after the victory, having assumed the position of commandant Izmail, Kutuzov asked Suvorov what his order for the post meant long before the capture of the fortress. "Nothing! - was the answer of the famous commander. - Golenishchev-Kutuzov knows Suvorov, and Suvorov knows Golenishchev-Kutuzov. If Izmail had not been taken, Suvorov would have died under its walls, and Golenishchev-Kutuzov too! According to Suvorov, Kutuzov was awarded the insignia of the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree for his distinction under Izmail.
- The assault on the fortress of Izmail by the troops of A.V. Suvorov in 1790. Artists E.I. Danilevsky and V.M. Siberian. 1972-1974 Part 1
- When in 1798-1799. Turkey will open a passage through the straits for the ships of the Russian squadron of Admiral F.F. Ushakov and join the second anti-French coalition, this will be the undoubted merit of M.I. Kutuzov. This time, the general's reward for the success of his diplomatic mission will be the award of nine estates and over 2,000 serfs in the lands of former Poland.
- M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Prince of Smolensk. Artist I.I. Oleshkevich
- R.M. Volkov. Portrait of Prince M.I. Kutuzov-Smolensky. First half of the 19th century
- Monument to Kutuzov in Moscow Sculptor N.V. Tomsk
- Message from M.I. Kutuzov to the troops on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Artist Y. Atlanov. 1982
- Battle for Maly Yaroslavets. Artist N.S. Samokish
- On October 12, 1812, near the city of Maloyaroslavets, the Russian army blocked the path of the enemy. During the battle, the city changed hands 4 times, but all French attacks were repulsed. For the first time in this war, Napoleon was forced to leave the battlefield and begin a retreat towards the Old Smolensk Road, the area around which was devastated during the summer offensive. From this moment begins the final stage of the Patriotic War. Here Kutuzov p
- Death of M.I. Kutuzov
- Contribution of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the art of war is now evaluated differently. However, the most objective is the opinion expressed by the famous historian E.V. Tarle: “The agony of the Napoleonic world monarchy lasted an unusually long time. But the Russian people inflicted a mortal wound on the world conqueror in 1812. An important remark should be added to this: under the leadership of M.I. Kutuzov.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Timiryazev secondary school"
Research work
"Great sons of Russia - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov,
outstanding commander"
Shcherblyuk Kirill
Supervisor: T.S. Askarova
year 2014
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There are events whose meaning is so great that the story about them lasts for centuries. Each new generation wants to hear about it, and when people hear it, they become stronger in spirit, because they learn from what strong root they come from.
Relevance of the topic.
AT 2012 We are celebrating the bicentennial anniversary of the victory of our people in the Patriotic War of 1812. For this significant event for all Russians, I prepared a research paper in which I considered the problem: victory in this war - an accident or a pattern? To whom should we, the descendants, be grateful for the opportunity to live in our homeland, to be free people?! In Western historiography, there is an opinion that Napoleon was simply unlucky with the weather. In our historical science, considerable emphasis is placed on the military leadership talents of our generals, who have correctly developed a strategy for waging war. In my work, I investigated this issue, based on real historical events, focusing on facts confirming the undeniable importance of the role of the Russian people, both as a whole and in the person of its individual representatives, in achieving victory. Personality was of particular interest to me. the great son of Russia, General Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov who took responsibility for the fate of the country.
Goal and tasks.
Hypothesis
Without the talent of the greatest commander Kutuzov M.I. victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 might not have happened!
Target
Confirm (or disprove) the hypothesis put forward in the process of studying materials on the research topic.
Tasks
1. Study all available information on the topic.
2. Assess the significance of the personality of the greatest commander M.I. Kutuzov
3. Prepare a presentation and report on the topic of the project.
Introduction.
Representatives of the new generation “bow” before the talents of foreign leaders and commanders, often forgetting the great sons of Russia, and it was precisely the “Russian weapons” that could withstand and defeat such conquerors as Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Hitler, and it is possible that if not Russia, the modern political map had a completely different shape.
I would especially like to note the Patriotic War of 1812, and the role in it Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who is called the savior of Russia. What he did for the Fatherland during the war of 1812 is hard to overestimate. In our time, the name of Kutuzov is undeservedly little mentioned, although his feat, and the feat of the entire Russian people during the Patriotic War of 1812, is an example of true patriotism, heroism and self-sacrifice for the good of the fatherland. An analysis of the huge, very complex historical figure of Kutuzov sometimes drowns in a motley mass of facts that depict the war of 1812 as a whole. At the same time, the figure of Kutuzov, if not hiding at all, sometimes turns pale, his features seem to blur. Kutuzov was a Russian hero, a great patriot, a great commander , which is known to everyone, and a great diplomat, which is not known to everyone.
The identification of Kutuzov's enormous personal merits was hampered, first of all, by the fact that for a long time the entire war of 1812, from the moment the Russian army withdrew from Borodino to the arrival in Tarutino, and then until its entry into Vilna in December 1812, was not considered as an implementation Kutuzov's deep plan - a plan for preparing and then implementing an uninterrupted counteroffensive that led to the complete disintegration and eventual destruction of the Napoleonic army.
Now the historical merit of Kutuzov, who, against the will of the tsar, against the will of even part of his headquarters, brushing aside the slanderous attacks of foreigners interfering in his affairs, emerges especially clearly. Valuable new materials prompted Soviet historians dealing with 1812 to begin to identify their shortcomings and errors, omissions and inaccuracies, to revise their previous opinions about Kutuzov’s strategy, about the significance of his counteroffensive, about Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, and also about the beginning of a foreign campaign. 1813, about which we know very little, of which almost all the literature about 1812 is guilty. Meanwhile, the first four months of 1813 give a lot to characterize Kutuzov’s strategy and show how the counteroffensive turned into a direct offensive with the precisely set goal of destroying the aggressor and, in the future, overthrowing the grandiose Napoleonic predatory “world monarchy”.
Kutuzov was a brilliant commander. He was rightly revered not only as an outstanding strategist and tactician, but as one of the best military engineers in Russia.
Biographical note.
To 
Utuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813)
His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky (1812), Russian commander, Field Marshal General (1812). A student of A. V. Suvorov. Member of the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century, distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail. In the Russo-Austrian-French War (1805) he commanded the Russian troops in Austria and, by skillful maneuver, brought them out of the threat of encirclement. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812, the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army (1811-12), won victories near Rushuk and Slobozia, concluded the Bucharest peace treaty. During the Patriotic War of 1812, he was commander-in-chief of the Russian army (since August), which defeated Napoleon's army. In January 1813, the army under the command of Kutuzov entered Western Europe.
Youth and the beginning of the service.
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Olenishchev-Kutuzov M.I. came from an old noble family.
His father rose to the rank of lieutenant general and the rank of senator. Having received an excellent home education, 12-year-old Mikhail after passing the exam in 1759 he was enrolled as a corporal in the United Artillery and Engineering noble school; In 1761 he received his first officer rank, and in 1762, with the rank of captain, he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment., headed by Colonel A.V. Suvorov. The quick career of the young Kutuzov can be explained both by getting a good education and by the troubles of his father. In 1764-1765 he volunteered to take part in skirmishes of Russian troops in Poland., and in 1767 he was seconded to the commission to draw up a new Code created by Catherine II.
Russian-Turkish wars.
His participation in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 became a school of military skill., where he initially acted as a divisional quartermaster in the army of General P. A. Rumyantsev and was in battles at Ryaba Mogila, r. Largi, Cahul and during the assault on Bendery. From 1772 he fought in the Crimean army. July 24, 1774 during the liquidation of the Turkish landing near Alushta Kutuzov, commanding a grenadier battalion, was seriously wounded- A bullet through the left temple came out near the right eye. Kutuzov used the vacation received to complete the treatment to travel abroad, in 1776 he visited Berlin and Vienna, visited England, Holland, and Italy. Upon returning to duty, he commanded various regiments, and in 1785 he became commander of the Bug Chasseur Corps. From 1777 he was a colonel, from 1784 a major general.
During the Russo-Turkish War 1787-1791 during the siege of Ochakov (1788) Kutuzov again dangerously wounded- the bullet passed right through "from temple to temple behind both eyes." The surgeon Massot, who treated him, commented on his wound in the following way: "It must be assumed that fate appoints Kutuzov to something great, for he survived after two wounds, fatal according to all the rules of medical science." At the beginning of 1789, he took part in the battle of Causeni and in the capture of the fortresses of Akkerman and Bender.. During the assault on Izmail in 1790, Suvorov instructed him to command one of the columns and, without waiting for the capture of the fortress, appointed him the first commandant. For this assault, Kutuzov received the rank of lieutenant general.
Diplomat, soldier, courtier.
Kutuzov's personality had many attractive and striking features:high intelligence, European education, knowledge of six foreign languages, gentlemanly manners, picturesque speech, a heightened sense of patriotism. Experienced and omniscient, wise and insightful, secularly educated, Kutuzov could be equally charming in dealing with monarchs and with "lower ranks." At the same time, Kutuzov proved himself to be an outstanding diplomat: his several diplomatic missions, and especially negotiations with Turks in 1812, which led to the conclusion of the Peace of Bucharest, is a brilliant example of diplomatic art, and we all have the right to admire it.
One of the main features of Kutuzov– caution . He was prudent to such an extent that not only numerous ill-wishers, but even comrades-in-arms and students, not understanding his foresight, reproached the commander for slowness, inaction, and, enemies, even for cowardice. Kutuzov's military philosophy was expressed by himself in a simple but capacious formula: "It is better to be too careful than to be blundered and deceived."
Combination of vast life experience and rare intuition , calculation - from gift of foresight can't help but amaze. On August 19, 1812, from near Gzhatsk, he sends one and then a second letter to his daughter Anna Mikhailovna Khitrovo, insistently demanding that she leave her estate in Tarusa and leave the Kaluga province with her family for Nizhny Novgorod. Although the field for the general battle has not yet been found, and the outcome of this battle is unpredictable, it seems that Kutuzov’s mind is already turned to the Kaluga road, where he will repel Napoleon and drive him back along the plundered and devastated Smolensk road.
Another feature of Kutuzov - a man and a military leader was cunning. Those who reproached him for inactivity and passivity did not suspect what a huge temperament is hidden, hidden in Kutuzov under the mask of complacency and calmness. From an early age, his nature was characterized by extraordinary theatricality, artistry - with pretense, play, cunning. This is not an everyday trick that takes the form of the mind, but next to the mind it turns out to be stupid itself - this is a trick that is characteristic of rare people. Thinking deeply about his every step, he tried to take by cunning where the use of force was inappropriate. The balance of his clear mind and steady will was never disturbed. He knew how to be charming in handling, understood the nature of the Russian soldier, knew how to raise his spirit and enjoyed the boundless trust of his subordinates.
“The old fox of the North,” Napoleon said about Kutuzov. “Smart, smart, and Ribas himself will not deceive” - thirty-two years earlier, in his favorite “seal” manner, Suvorov spoke about him
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich always distinguished by an enviable endurance and knew how to keep dignity even in the most critical moments of the battle. He was a follower of Suvorov and, undoubtedly, one of the best Russian military leaders.
Kutuzov possessed a clear and subtle mind, strong will, deep military knowledge and extensive combat experience . As a strategist, he always tried to study his opponent, knew how to take into account all the elements of the situation and steadily strived to achieve his intended goal. There is a phrase that he said, setting off for the army in August 1812, in response to his nephew’s careless question: “Really, uncle, do you think defeat Napoleon? - “Break? No ... - then Mikhail Illarionovich said. - But to deceive - yes, I expect! If Napoleon’s motto was: “we’ll get involved, and then we’ll see,” then Kutuzov could oppose him with a different one: “we’ll get out, and then we’ll see.”
He was reproached for indecision and passivity. He made so many enemies that he probably would have had ten of them. Laziness, sybaritism, gluttony, womanizing, drowsiness, as if indifference and resignation to fate - what Kutuzov was not accused of! But in the midst of all this, like Krylov's elephant surrounded by a pack of moseks, he calmly walked forward. Without explaining or making excuses, Kutuzov carried out his difficult mission.
French invasion.
AT 
At the beginning of the 1812 campaign against the French, Kutuzov was appointed commander in chief of all armies, acting against Napoleon (August 8). Kutuzov was forced to continue the retreat strategy. But, yielding to the demands of the army and society, he gave the battle of Borodino (promoted to general - field marshals) and at the military council in Fili made a difficult decision to leave Moscow. Russian troops, having made a flank march to the south, stopped at the village of Tarutino. Kutuzov himself was sharply criticized by a number of top military leaders.
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waiting for the departure of the French troops from Moscow, Kutuzov accurately determined the direction of their movement and blocked their path at Maloyaroslavets. The parallel pursuit of the retreating enemy, which was then organized, led to the actual death of the French army, although army critics reproached the commander-in-chief for passivity and for striving to build a “golden bridge” for Napoleon to leave Russia.
AT 
1813 he led the allied Russian-Prussian troops. The previous strain of strength, a cold and "nervous fever complicated by paralytic phenomena" led to his death on April 16 (28). A few days before the death of the seriously ill Kutuzov, Emperor Alexander I visited. They say he asked for forgiveness for undeservedly treating him badly - the man who saved his throne. To this Kutuzov replied: "I forgive, sir, but will Russia forgive".
The embalmed body of Kutuzov was transported to St. Petersburg and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.
Conclusion.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was the greatest military leader, and the heroic behavior of the regular army, the active assistance of the guerrilla war, the popular character of the entire war as a whole - all this created a solid ground on which Kutuzov's strategic combinations developed and led to a victorious end.
The formidable year 1812 goes farther into the depths of history. It's been 200 years "since the time of Borodin". Now this is a distant page of history. Much has happened in the world since then, much has changed. But the heroic feat performed by our ancestors in the Patriotic War of 1812 in the name of protecting our Motherland from foreign invaders still evokes admiration and a noble sense of national pride among people.P 
The memory of the great commander is majestically immortalized in Russia.The tomb of the field marshal is preserved with honor in the central hall of the Kazan Cathedral, and in front of the cathedral there is a bronze monument to him by sculptor B.I. Orlovsky, erected here in 1837.
In Moscow, near the Borodino panorama, since 1973, there has been an equestrian statue of Kutuzov, sculpted in bronze by N.V. Tomsk. Next to the panorama and the statue is the “Kutuzovskaya Izba” (the place of the military council in Fili), partially burned down in 1867, restored - already as a museum - in 1877, and since 1962 operating as a branch of the Borodino Panorama Museum battle".
Streets and avenues are named after Kutuzov. There is Kutuzov Street in our hometown of Gorodets. Cruisers, ships named after the great commander, dissect the expanses of water.
AT 
days of the Great Patriotic War was established Order of Kutuzov 1st, 2nd (1942) and 3rd degree (1943)- the third most important of the highest military awards of the USSR (after the orders of Victory and Suvorov).
In Soviet times, from 1945 to 1991, there was also the only museum in the world (on the territory of Poland) of Kutuzov - in the very house where the field marshal died, in the city of Bolesławiec, the former Bunzlau
Already today, on December 16, 2000, according to the results of a survey of Russians by the Public Opinion Foundation, Kutuzov was named the “man of the century” (XIX century), ahead of A.S. Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy, P.I. Tchaikovsky and D.I. Mendeleev.
Bibliography
Abalikhen B.S. Bogdanov L.P. Buchneva V.P. Russian army in 1812. Organization, management, weapons. M., military publishing house. 1979
Bogdanov Buganov.V.I. "It's not for nothing that the whole of Russia remembers ...". M., Young Guard. 1988.
Balyazin V. N. “1000 entertaining stories from Russian history”. M., Knowledge. 1995
P. R. Lyakhov “Great commanders”, M., Nauka. 2002
Tarle. E.V. "Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - Commander and diplomat" M., 2001
Internet directories
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The only son of lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva. The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, established in the literature until recent years, was considered 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formulary lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters, indicate the possibility of referring this date to 1747. 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies. From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Veymarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates. In 1767, he was recruited to work on the "Commission for the drafting of a new Code", an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century, which consolidated the foundations of an "enlightened monarchy". In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.
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Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience accumulated by him during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov, as a combatant and staff officer, took part in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. For distinction in battles he was promoted to Prime Major. In the position of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander, and for success in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, the 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in gait, pronunciation and gimmicks, allowed himself to mimic the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. According to another version, the reason for the transfer of Kutuzov to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about the Most Serene Prince Potemkin, that the prince was brave not with his mind, but with his heart. In conversation with father
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Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of the Most Serene Prince, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not in vain that a person was given two ears and one mouth so that he listened more and spoke less. In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded a battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which forever stopped seeing. The Empress awarded him the military order of St. George 4th class and sent him abroad for treatment, taking on all the expenses of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to replenish his military education.
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In 1804 Russia entered into a coalition to fight against Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50,000-strong Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to connect with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with the enemy, who had a significant superiority in strength. Saving the troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat march 425 km long from Braunau to Olmutz and, having defeated I. Murat near Amstetten and E. Mortier near Dürenstein, withdrew his troops from the impending threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a remarkable example of a strategic maneuver. From Olmutz, Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border, so that, after the approach of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, to go on the counteroffensive. Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of the emperors Alexander I and the Austrian Franz I, inspired by a small numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive.
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On November 20, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was slightly wounded by a bullet in the face, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tizenhausen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, publicly did not blame Kutuzov and awarded him in February 1806 with the Order of St. Vladimir of the 1st degree, but he never forgave him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov deliberately framed the king. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander. In September 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian army, but due to disagreements over the further conduct of the war with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky, in June 1809 Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian military governor.
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At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he would act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him." On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received the army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province. During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it lost almost half of the personnel of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), he left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved to be worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal on August 30. After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Once to the south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his path of movement to the southern regions of the country.
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Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, on October 7 (19) Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were food and fodder supplies, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. The Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided frontal battle with large masses of troops. Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov in the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times was criticized for his unwillingness to act more decisively and offensively, for his preference to have a sure victory at the expense of resounding glory. St. George Cavalier. Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not embarrassed in expressions. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov's command in the Patriotic War, preferring to lay the blame for the complete destruction of his army on the "harsh Russian winter." Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations.
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