Crash on roo presentation. Emergencies of peace and wartime. Classification of emergencies of technogenic origin. Radiation and chemically hazardous objects (roo and hoo). Causes of accidents and disasters. Nuclear submarine "Nerpa"
Today, human activity is associated with the use of complex technologies. Manufacturing and agriculture use various potentially hazardous substances everywhere. Technological cycles use various toxic chemicals, atomic energy. Human economic activity can lead to various accidents, emergencies of various scales.
In each country, the state and relevant services monitor the implementation of all safety standards. There is a certain list of what objects are potentially dangerous. Residents of each region should be aware of the consequences of disrupting the operation of such enterprises. Knowing how to behave properly in an emergency can save your life in the event of an accident.
Definition
It is very important to know. This issue is discussed in detail in the curriculum. Each region, district, city has a special list, which includes such objects. These include buildings, structures, other economic units, in the event of an accident on which death of people, damage to property is possible.
Previously, humanity faced disasters only of a natural nature. Today, with the development of the economy, they have also been supplemented. As a result of an emergency, not only people can die or suffer, but also animals and nature.
To prevent the development of adverse effects, a register of such objects is maintained. A special commission constantly inspects them, assesses the completeness of the implementation of all requirements and safety standards. This reduces the likelihood of an accident, the severity of the consequences of an emergency. Also, maintaining such a register allows you to provide for the availability of all measures to eliminate negative consequences.
Features of dangerous objects
People need to understand that they are in close proximity to them. Such economic units include territories where buildings, structures and other tangible assets are located, which belong to an increased level of responsibility. This group also includes objects where 5,000 people or more can be located at the same time (determined on the basis of project documentation).
The assignment of certain tangible assets to the category of potentially hazardous is regulated by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. These include technically complex, dangerous or unique objects.
The level of danger that characterizes certain fixed assets may be different. In our country, many ordinary citizens live in the immediate vicinity of such facilities. Most of all, their concentration is determined in areas with the likelihood of releasing chemically hazardous substances into the environment. Up to 54 thousand people live in such zones.
Varieties
Each region maintains its own register of tangible assets that are classified as potentially hazardous. This is influenced by the direction of economic activity of each region. The relevant documentation specifies what potentially dangerous facilities are located in Moscow, Ufa, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and other large and small cities of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the characteristics of the development and course of an emergency, 4 categories of such economic units are distinguished. There are the following types of danger:
- Chemical (XOO).
- Radiation (ROO).
- Explosive and fire hazardous (air defense).
- Hydrodynamic (GDOO).
The scale of the accident may vary. In some cases, an emergency situation can take on the size of not only regional, but also global significance. Therefore, the implementation of all safety rules is a vital necessity.
Statistics
The state maintains certain statistics, what are potentially dangerous objects are in close proximity to people. Also, the frequency of accidents at such enterprises allows the management of such economic units to draw certain conclusions.
According to statistics, there are about 12.5 thousand potentially dangerous objects in Russia. About 8 thousand of them belong to the category of fire or explosion hazardous organizations. 3.8 thousand are chemically hazardous enterprises. A total of 0.8 thousand of all objects of increased potential danger included in the register are classified as hydrodynamic. Only 68 objects pose a radiation threat.
However, despite the fact that most people (about 54 thousand people) live in close proximity to chemically hazardous enterprises. About 7,000 citizens of the Russian Federation live near objects of a hydrodynamic, fire (explosive) category. There are about 4.5 thousand people in the zone of potential radiation threat. Also, about 7 thousand people live in a small distance from the main pipelines. These objects are also recognized as potentially hazardous.
Chemically hazardous objects
Local authorities keep records what potentially dangerous facilities are located in Yekaterinburg, Saratov, Moscow, Ufa and other cities of the Russian Federation. Depending on the type of potential danger of such organizations, appropriate actions are taken to prevent the occurrence of an emergency and eliminate its consequences.
Chemically hazardous objects include objects of material assets, in the event of an accident on which the environment, people, animals, and material assets can be damaged by chemicals. Their content in nature in the disaster zone in this case will exceed the permissible level.
Infection can affect the surface layers of the atmosphere, water sources, vegetation, soil. Moreover, such emergencies can be accompanied by explosions and fires.
Typical XOO
It should be considered in more detail what objects are potentially dangerous. life safety fundamentals(the basics are distinguished by a number of enterprises that belong to the category of XOO. The activities of such organizations are related to work using ammonia and chlorine.
Establishments that potentially pose a chemical threat include water treatment plants, as well as refrigeration plants. Also bear a similar threat to the enterprises of the chemical industry, oil refining organizations. This includes the petrochemical branch of the defense industry.
A potential threat to the environment is posed by pipelines through which toxic substances are transported. Other vehicles that carry similar products are also classified as XOO. Some components, materials used by various enterprises may not be chemically hazardous. However, as a result of an explosion or fire, they enter into chemical reactions. In this case, toxic substances are obtained that can cause significant damage to the environment.
Radiation hazardous objects
Considering which enterprises are classified as potentially hazardous facilities, it is necessary to consider a group of radiation hazardous organizations. There are few of them in our country. However, in the event of an accident, the scale of the disaster may become national.
The ROO category includes nuclear reactors, enterprises that use radiation fuel, as well as reprocessing facilities. The list of such facilities includes storage sites for radiation materials, vehicles and communications through which they are transported.
The category of potentially hazardous radiation objects includes sources of ionizing radiation. In the event of an accident at any of the above facilities, there is a possibility of exposure, radiation pollution of the environment. As a result, significant damage can be caused to people, animals, plants and material values.
Typical ROO
It should also be considered what objects are considered potentially dangerous in the category of radiation potential threat. First of all, nuclear power plants are entered into the ROO register. History knows repeated accidents at such facilities. The effects of some of them last for decades.
Also, the ROO category includes companies involved in the processing and manufacture of nuclear fuel, waste disposal after its use. It is customary to include scientific and research organizations that use radiation installations in their activities. Also, one of the types of ROO are military facilities and enterprises for the production of equipment for them.
The danger posed by the presented objects can be different. It is measured by the amount of radiation that such an enterprise can release into the environment in the event of an accident. This parameter is affected by the power of the installation using nuclear energy. Potentially the greatest danger is concentrated in nuclear power plants, as well as in research centers with nuclear installations.
Explosive and fire hazardous objects
It should be noted that to determine what class do potentially dangerous objects belong to, maybe a special commission. Often, enterprises carry several potential man-made threats at once.
The category of fire-explosive enterprises includes material assets on which the production, storage, use or transportation of flammable substances and materials is carried out. Since the factors that allow one or another organization to be classified in the presented category differ in a number of indicators, the degree of danger may be different.
All objects that potentially carry a fire or explosion threat are divided into 5 categories. They are designated by letters of the Russian alphabet. The most dangerous are the objects of category A. The lowest probability of such a disaster belongs to enterprises of category D.
Typical air defense
Referring to the list what objects are potentially dangerous in the air defense category, all existing groups of such organizations should be considered. Category A includes enterprises in the gas, oil, and chemical industries. They carry the highest potential explosion or fire hazard in the event of an accident.
Category B includes companies engaged in the extraction of coal, wood flour, synthetic rubber and powdered sugar. Woodworking organizations are less likely to cause a fire or explosion. These can be sawmills, carpentry shops, etc. This category includes warehouses where oil is stored.
Group D includes enterprises of the metallurgical industry. These are also boiler houses, shops for heat treatment of materials. Category D includes organizations involved in the processing and storage of cold, non-combustible materials.
Hydrodynamic dangerous objects
Considering what objects are classified as potentially dangerous, economic organizations that carry a hydrodynamic hazard should be considered. Such installations create a difference between the water level on both sides. These are natural dams, hydraulic structures.
Model GDOs
It should be considered what objects are potentially dangerous in terms of hydrodynamics. This category includes natural and artificial dams, pressure basins of thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, water intakes and retaining walls. In the event of an accident at such a facility, large areas may be flooded with water.
Having considered what objects are potentially dangerous, one can conclude that there are such enterprises in the immediate vicinity of one's home, take measures to prevent negative consequences in the event of a dangerous situation.
Characteristics of accidents at ROO: damaging factors, assessment and prediction of consequences.
Radiation hazardous object- this is an object where radioactive substances are stored, processed, used or transported, in the event of an accident or its destruction, exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people, farm animals and plants, objects of the national economy, as well as the natural environment can occur.
These facilities include: nuclear power plants, enterprises for the processing or manufacture of nuclear fuel, enterprises for the disposal of radioactive waste, research and design organizations with nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants in transport
Radiation accident- an accident at a radiation-hazardous facility, leading to the release or release of radioactive substances and (or) ionizing radiation beyond the boundaries provided for by the project for the normal operation of this facility in quantities exceeding the established safety limits for its operation.
Radiation accidents are divided into 3 types:
— local- violation in the operation of the ROO (radiation hazardous facility), in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the provided boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values \u200b\u200bestablished for the normal operation of the enterprise;
— local— violation in the work of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone and in quantities exceeding those established for the given enterprise;
— general- a violation in the work of the ROO, in which there was an exit of radioactive products beyond the border of the sanitary protection zone and in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it aboveestablished norms.
Radioactivity- this is the ability of some chemical elements (uranium, thorium, radium, California, etc.) to spontaneously decay and emit invisible radiation. Such elements are called radioactive.
α-Radiation- a stream of positively charged particles representing a helium nucleus (two neutrons and two protons), moving at a speed of about 20,000 km / s, i.e. 35,000 times faster than modern aircraft.
β- Radiation- flow of negatively charged particles (electrons). Their speed (200,000-300,000 km/s) approaches the speed of light.
γ-Radiation- is short-wave electromagnetic radiation. It is similar in properties to X-rays, but has a much greater speed and energy, but propagates at the speed of light.
damaging factors:
Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
Chemically hazardous facility- a facility where hazardous chemicals are stored, developed, used or transported, in case of an accident or destruction of which, death or chemical contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the natural environment can occur.
Classification of accidents at HOO:
1. Accidents as a result of explosions that cause the destruction of the technological scheme, engineering structures, as a result of which the production of products is completely or partially stopped and special allocations from higher organizations are required for restoration.
2. Accidents as a result of which the main or auxiliary technical equipment, engineering structures are damaged, as a result of which the production of products is completely or partially stopped and the restoration of production requires more than the standard amount for planned overhaul, but special appropriations from higher authorities are not required.
Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities.
Accidents at biologically hazardous facilities
biologically dangerous object is an object where dangerous biological substances are stored, studied, used and transported, in the event of an accident or destruction of which, death or biological infection of people, farm animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the natural environment can occur.
Accidents at fire and explosive facilities
Fire and explosive objects(PVOO) - enterprises that produce, store, transport explosive products or products that, under certain conditions, acquire the ability to ignite or explode.
Accidents at hydrodynamic hazardous facilities
Hydrodynamic dangerous object(GOO) - a structure or natural formation that creates a difference in water levels before and after it.
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Dangers of accidents and disasters (beginning) Lesson plan: Division of accidents and disasters according to the nature of their manifestation. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities
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AHOV - Emergency chemical hazardous substances are chemicals or compounds that, when released or spilled into the environment as a result of an accident or sabotage, are capable of causing mass injury to people or animals, as well as contamination of air, water, soil, plants and various objects above the established maximum permissible values. Terms, abbreviations, warning signs XOO - chemically hazardous objects
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Technogenic emergencies are subdivided Accidents at chemical facilities Accidents at distribution centers Accidents at distribution centers Accidents at fire hazardous and explosive facilities Accidents at hazardous hydrodynamic facilities Transport accidents. Accidents at public utility networks Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
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2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. A chemically hazardous facility is stored, developed, and used Where dangerous chemicals in the event of an accident or destruction of which may cause death or chemical contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the natural environment.
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Chemically hazardous objects are subdivided by the number of hazardous chemicals toxicity hazardous chemicals storage technology hazardous substances or agents. objects producing AHOV objects consuming AHOV
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Classification of accidents at HOO 1. Accidents as a result of explosions that cause destruction of the technological scheme Destruction of engineering structures, Production of products is stopped Restoration requires special allocations from higher organizations 2. Accidents resulting in damage to the main or auxiliary technical equipment, engineering structures, Production of products is stopped to restore production, large expenditures are required for planned overhaul, but special appropriations from higher authorities are not required.
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2. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. a radiation-hazardous facility is stored, developed, and used At which, in the event of an accident, radiation substances or the destruction of which may result in exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as the environment.
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These facilities include: NPPs Enterprises for the processing or manufacture of nuclear fuel Research and design organizations Enterprises for the disposal of radioactive waste Nuclear power plants in transport.
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Radiation accidents are subdivided into 3 types local local general disruption in the operation of the ROO (radiation hazardous facility), in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the provided boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values \u200b\u200bestablished for the normal operation of the enterprise ; violation in the work of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone and in quantities exceeding those established for this enterprise; violation in the operation of the ROO, in which radioactive products escaped beyond the border of the sanitary protection zone and in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established norms.
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Radioactivity is called the instability of the nuclei of some atoms, which manifests itself in their ability to spontaneous transformation (according to scientific - decay), which is accompanied by the release of ionizing radiation (radiation). The energy of such radiation is large enough, so it is able to act on the substance, creating new ions of different signs. It is impossible to cause radiation with the help of chemical reactions, this is a completely physical process.
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There are several types of radiation: Alpha particles are relatively heavy particles, positively charged, are helium nuclei. Beta particles are ordinary electrons. Gamma radiation - has the same nature as visible light, but much greater penetrating power. X-rays are similar to gamma rays, but have less energy. By the way, the Sun is one of the natural sources of such rays, but the Earth's atmosphere provides protection from solar radiation. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that occur mainly near a working nuclear reactor, access there should be limited.
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The most dangerous for humans is Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, which can lead to serious illness, genetic disorders and even death. The degree of influence of radiation on human health depends on the type of radiation, time and frequency. The consequences of radiation, which can lead to fatal cases, occur both with a single stay at the strongest source of radiation (natural or artificial), and when storing weakly radioactive objects at home. These can be: antiques precious stones products made of radioactive plastic
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Means of prevention of radiation 1. Physical activity, bath and sauna - speed up the metabolism, stimulate blood circulation and, therefore, contribute to the removal of any harmful substances from the body in a natural way. 2. Healthy nutrition - special attention should be paid to vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidants (this is the diet prescribed for cancer patients after chemotherapy). Entire "deposits" of antioxidants are found in blueberries, cranberries, grapes, mountain ash, currants, beets, pomegranates and other sour and sour-sweet fruits of red hues.
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Radioactivity units Radioactivity is measured in Becquerels (BC), which corresponds to one decay per second. The content of radioactivity in a substance is also often evaluated per unit of weight - Bq / kg, or volume - Bq / m3. Sometimes there is such a unit as Curie (Ci). This is a huge value, equal to 37 billion Bq. When a substance decays, the source emits ionizing radiation, the measure of which is the exposure dose. It is measured in Roentgens (R). 1 Roentgen value is quite large, therefore, in practice, a millionth (μR) or thousandth (mR) of Roentgen is used. Household dosimeters measure ionization for a certain time, that is, not the exposure dose itself, but its power. The unit of measurement is micro-roentgen per hour. It is this indicator that is most important for a person, as it allows you to assess the danger of a particular source of radiation.
Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities occupy one of the most important places. Chemicalization of the industrial industry in the second half of the 20th century led to an increase in man-made hazards associated with chemical accidents, which may be accompanied by emissions of hazardous chemical substances (AHOV) into the atmosphere, significant material damage and great loss of life. According to statistics, in recent years, 80-100 accidents occur annually on the territory of the Russian Federation at chemically hazardous facilities with the release of hazardous chemicals into the environment.
Chemically hazardous facility(HOO) is a facility where hazardous chemicals are stored, processed, used or transported, in the event of an accident or destruction of which death or chemical contamination of people, farm animals and plants can occur, as well as chemical contamination of the natural environment.
Enterprises include enterprises chemical, oil refining, petrochemical and other related industries; enterprises with industrial refrigeration units that use ammonia as a refrigerant; water and wastewater treatment plants that use chlorine and other enterprises. The assignment of such enterprises to hazardous production facilities is carried out in accordance with the criteria for their toxicity established by the federal law “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities”. There are four categories of the degree of danger of chemical contamination: I - when more than 75 thousand people fall into the zone of possible chemical contamination, II - from 40 to 75 thousand people, III - less than 40 thousand people, IV - the zone of possible chemical contamination that does not go beyond the territory of the object or its sanitary protection zone. Currently, more than 3,600 chemically hazardous facilities operate in the country, 148 cities are located in areas of increased chemical hazard. The total area on which a focus of chemical contamination can occur is 300 thousand km2 with a population of about 54 million people. Under these conditions, knowledge of the damaging properties of hazardous chemicals, early prediction and assessment of the consequences of possible accidents with their release, the ability to act correctly in such conditions and eliminate the consequences of accidental releases is one of the necessary conditions for ensuring the safety of the population.
For the needs of the emergency rescue business, the concept of “emergency chemically hazardous substance” is used, which is a hazardous chemical substance used in industry and agriculture, in the event of an accidental release (spill) of which the environment can be contaminated in concentrations (toxic doses) that affect a living organism. The most important property of AHOV is toxicity, which is understood as their toxicity, characterized by lethal, damaging and threshold concentrations. For a more accurate characterization of AHOV, the concept of “toxodosis” is used, which characterizes the amount of a toxic substance absorbed by the body over a certain period of time.
According to the degree of impact on the human body, AHOV are divided into 4 hazard classes: 1 - extremely dangerous; 2 - highly dangerous; 3 - moderately dangerous; 4 - low-risk.
According to their striking properties, AHOV are heterogeneous. As their main classification feature, the sign of the predominant syndrome that develops during acute human intoxication is most often used.
Based on this, according to the nature of the impact on the human body, all hazardous chemicals are conditionally divided into the following groups:- substances with a predominantly suffocating effect (chlorine, phosgene, etc.);
- substances of predominantly general toxic action (carbon monoxide, etc.);
- substances that have a suffocating and general toxic effect (nitric acid and nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, etc.);
- substances with a suffocating and neurotropic effect (ammonia, etc.);
- metabolic poisons (ethylene oxide, etc.);
- substances that disrupt metabolism (dioxins, etc.).
Hazardous chemicals are found in large quantities at enterprises that produce or consume them. In chemically hazardous plants, they are raw materials, intermediates, by-products and final products, as well as solvents and processing agents. Stocks of these substances are placed in storage facilities (up to 70-80%), technological equipment, vehicles (pipelines, tanks, etc.). The most common hazardous chemicals are liquefied chlorine and ammonia. Some HOOs contain tens of thousands of tons of liquefied ammonia and thousands of tons of liquefied chlorine. In addition, hundreds of thousands of tons of hazardous chemicals are transported around the clock by rail and pipeline.
Chemical accidents
The danger at the HOO is realized in the form of chemical accidents. A chemical accident is an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, accompanied by a spill or release of hazardous chemicals that can lead to death or chemical contamination of people, food, food raw materials and feed, farm animals and plants, or to chemical contamination of the natural environment. During chemical accidents hazardous chemicals are distributed in the form of gases, vapors, aerosols and liquids.
As a result of the instantaneous (1-3 minutes) transition into the atmosphere of a part of the substance from the container, when it is destroyed, a primary cloud is formed. The secondary cloud of AHOV - as a result of the evaporation of the spilled substance from the underlying surface. Chemical emergencies of this type arise from accidental releases or spills of liquefied ammonia and chlorine used in production, storage or transport.
As a result of a chemical accident with the release of hazardous chemicals, chemical contamination occurs - the spread of hazardous chemicals in the natural environment in concentrations or quantities that pose a threat to people, farm animals and plants for a certain time.
The possible release of a cloud of contaminated air beyond the territory of a chemically hazardous facility determines the chemical hazard of the administrative-territorial unit where such an facility is located. As a result of the accident at the CSO, a zone of chemical contamination appears.
Zone of chemical contamination- the territory and water area within which hazardous chemicals are distributed or introduced in concentrations or quantities that pose a danger to human life and health, for agricultural animals and plants for a certain time.
In the zone of chemical contamination, its constituent zones can be distinguished - the zone of lethal toxodosis (zone of extremely dangerous infection), the zone of damaging toxodosis (zone of dangerous infection) and the zone of discomfort (threshold zone, zone of infection).
At the outer border of the zone of lethal toxodosis, 50% of people receive a lethal toxodosis. At the outer border of damaging toxodosis, 50% of people receive damaging toxodosis. At the outer border of the uncomfortable zone, people experience discomfort, an exacerbation of chronic diseases begins, or the first signs of intoxication appear.
In the focus of chemical contamination, mass lesions of people, farm animals and plants occur.
In case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, a complex of damaging factors can act: directly at the accident site - the toxic effect of hazardous chemicals, a shock wave in the presence of an explosion, thermal effects and exposure to combustion products in a fire; outside the object of the accident - in the areas of distribution of contaminated air, only toxic effects as a result of chemical contamination of the environment. The main damaging factor is the toxic effect of AHOV.
Consequences of accidents
The consequences of accidents at chemical facilities are a combination of the results of the impact of chemical contamination on facilities, the population and the environment. As a result of the accident, an emergency chemical situation develops, an emergency situation of a man-made nature arises.
People and animals get damaged as a result of the ingress of hazardous chemicals into the body: through the respiratory system - inhalation; skin, mucous membranes and wounds - resorptively; gastrointestinal tract - orally.
The degree and nature of the violation of the body's vital functions(lesions) depend on the characteristics of the toxic action of hazardous chemicals, their physical and chemical characteristics and state of aggregation, the concentration of vapors or aerosols in the air, the duration of their exposure, and the ways they enter the body.
Mechanism of toxic action AHOV is as follows. Inside the human body, as well as between it and the external environment, there is an intensive metabolism. The most important role in this exchange belongs to enzymes (catalysts) present in all living cells and carrying out the transformation of substances in the body, thereby directing and regulating its metabolism. Numerous biochemical reactions in cells are carried out by a huge number of different enzymes. The toxicity of certain AHOVs lies in the chemical interaction between them and enzymes, which leads to inhibition or cessation of the vital functions of the body. Complete suppression of certain enzyme systems causes a general damage to the body, and in some cases its death.
Most often, violations in the body manifest themselves in the form of acute and chronic poisoning resulting from the inhalation of hazardous chemicals into the human body. This is facilitated by a large surface of the lung tissue, the speed of penetration of AHOV into the blood, increased pulmonary ventilation and increased blood flow in the lungs during work, especially physical.
Environmental consequences of accidents and disasters at objects with chemical technology are determined by the processes of distribution of harmful chemicals in the environment, their migration in various environment-forming components and those changes that are the result of chemical transformations. These transformations, in turn, cause changes in the conditions and nature of certain natural processes, disturbances in ecosystems.
Features of chemical protection of the population
Chemical protection is a set of measures aimed at eliminating or mitigating the impact of hazardous chemical substances on the population and personnel of the HOO, reducing the scale of the consequences of chemical accidents.
Chemical protection measures are carried out, as a rule, in advance, as well as promptly in the course of liquidation of emergencies of a chemical nature.
The following chemical protection measures are carried out in advance:- systems for monitoring the chemical situation in the areas of chemically hazardous facilities and local systems for warning about chemical hazards are created and operated;
- action plans are being developed to prevent and eliminate a chemical accident;
- personal respiratory and skin protection equipment, chemical reconnaissance devices, degassing agents are accumulated, stored and maintained in readiness;
- are maintained in readiness to use shelters that protect people from hazardous chemicals;
- measures are taken to protect food, food raw materials, fodder, sources (reserves) of water from contamination with AHOV;
- preparations are being made for actions in the conditions of chemical accidents of emergency rescue units and personnel of the HOO;
the readiness of the forces and means of subsystems and units of the RSChS, on the territory of which chemically hazardous facilities are located, is ensured for the elimination of the consequences of chemical accidents.
The main measures of chemical protection include:- detection of the fact of a chemical accident and notification of it;
- identification of the chemical situation in the zone of a chemical accident;
- compliance with the regimes of behavior in the contaminated area, norms and rules of chemical safety;
- providing the population, personnel of the emergency facility and participants in the liquidation of the consequences of a chemical accident with means of individual protection of the respiratory organs and skin, the use of these means;
- evacuation of the population, if necessary, from the accident zone and zones of possible chemical contamination;
- shelter of the population and personnel in shelters that provide protection from hazardous chemicals;
- prompt use of antidotes (antidotes) and skin treatments;
- sanitization of the population, personnel and participants in the liquidation of the consequences of accidents;
- degassing of the emergency facility, territory, facilities and other property.
Notification of a chemical accident should be carried out by local warning systems. The decision to notify personnel and the public is made by duty shifts of the dispatching services of emergency chemically hazardous facilities.
In case of accidents, when the spread of damaging factors of AHOV outside the facility is predicted, the population, managers and personnel of enterprises and organizations that fall within the boundaries of local warning systems (within a 1.5-2-kilometer zone around the HOO) are notified.
In case of large-scale chemical accidents, when local systems do not provide the required warning scale, along with them, territorial and local centralized warning systems are activated. In addition, at present, only about 10-12% of chemically hazardous facilities in Russia have local warning systems.
In the event of a chemical accident, in order to implement specific protective measures, the chemical situation in the zone of a chemical accident is detected; chemical reconnaissance is organized; the presence of hazardous chemicals, the nature and volume of the release are determined; the direction and speed of the cloud movement, the time of arrival of the cloud to certain objects of industrial, social, residential purposes; the territory covered by the consequences of the accident, including the degree of its contamination with AHOV and other data.
In case of chemical accidents, personal protective equipment is used to protect against hazardous chemicals. The main means of individual protection of the population from hazardous chemicals of inhalation action are civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-7V, GP-7VM, GP-7VS. All these means have a major drawback - they do not protect against some hazardous chemicals (ammonia vapor, nitrogen oxides, etc.). To protect against these substances, additional cartridges for gas masks DPG-1 and DPG-3 are used, which also protect against carbon monoxide.
There is currently a serious the problem of timely provision of the population with personal protective equipment respiratory organs in conditions of chemical accidents. To protect against hazardous chemicals, the funds must be issued to the population as soon as possible, however, due to the remoteness of storage places, the time for their issuance can be from 2-3 to 24 hours. During this period, the population that has fallen into the zone of chemical contamination can receive lesions of varying severity.
Timely evacuation of the population from possible areas of chemical contamination can be carried out in a proactive and emergency manner. Preventive (advance) evacuation is carried out in cases of threat or in the process of long-term large-scale accidents, when the threat of spreading the zone of chemical contamination is predicted. Emergency (immediate) evacuation is carried out in conditions of fleeting reactions in order to urgently free people from the area in the direction of the distribution of the AHOV cloud.
An effective way of chemical protection of the population is a shelter in the protective structures of civil defense, primarily in shelters that provide respiratory protection from hazardous chemicals. This method of protection is especially applicable to personnel, since a significant part of chemically hazardous facilities (up to 70-80%) have shelters of various classes. Reliable protection of sheltered persons can be provided up to 6 hours. Then the sheltered must be taken out of the shelters, if necessary - in individual protective equipment. Currently, the use of shelters for chemical accidents is complicated by the declining efficiency of air purification equipment. Due to the crisis in the economy, the production of this type of equipment was discontinued or its production volumes were reduced, and the expiration date of the filter-ventilation shelters in most cases has expired or is close to it.
In this regard, under the conditions of a chemical accident, in some cases it is more expedient to use residential, public and industrial buildings, as well as vehicles, inside or near which people are located, to protect people. It should be borne in mind that AHOV is heavier than air (chlorine) will penetrate into the basements and lower floors of buildings, and AHOV is lighter than air (ammonia) - fill the higher floors of buildings. The less air exchange in the room used for protection, the higher its protective properties. As a result of additional sealing of window, door openings and other elements of buildings, the protective properties of the premises can be increased by 2-3 times.
When sheltering indoors, feeling the signs of the appearance of AHOV, you must immediately use a gas mask, simple or improvised personal protective equipment. You should not panic, since the threshold for feeling AHOV vapors is much lower than their damaging concentration.
All those who take refuge in buildings must be prepared to leave the infection zone on the instructions of the civil defense authorities or on their own (if the risk of exit is justified).
When deciding on an independent exit (or receiving an indication to exit) from the infection zone, it should be borne in mind that its width, depending on the distance from the source of infection and weather conditions, can be from several tens to several hundred meters, to overcome which along the shortest path - perpendicular to the direction wind may need no more than 8-10 minutes. This time may be enough for a safe exit even in the simplest personal protective equipment.
Thus, it is possible to reduce possible losses and protect people from the damaging factors of accidents at chemical weapons facilities by carrying out a special set of measures. Some of these measures are carried out in advance, others are carried out constantly, and still others - with the emergence of a threat of an accident and with its onset.
The activities carried out constantly include the control of the chemical situation both in the CSOs themselves and in the territories adjacent to them. The chemical environment refers to the presence in the environment of a certain amount and concentration of various chemically hazardous substances.
The control of the chemical situation is carried out in all elements of the biosphere: the air of the atmosphere, the soil of the lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. The main attention is paid to the control of air pollution as a determining factor in the chemical pollution of the entire environment.
BUT variations
at radiation hazardous facilities
Performed:
Shumskaya Anna Eduardovna
Lifestyle and technology teacher
NIGHT "Orthodox Classical Gymnasium "Ark"
Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, village Dushonovo
Nuclear power plant (NPP)
- Nuclear power plants (nuclear power plants (NPP), nuclear combined heat and power plants (ATES), nuclear heat supply stations (ATS)
In the Russian Federation, eight out of ten
- Obninskaya (Kaluga region).
2.Leningradskaya.
3. Kursk.
4. Smolenskaya.
5. Kalininskaya.
6. Novovoronezhskaya.
7. Balaklava (Saratov region).
8.Rostovskaya.
These objects include:
Nuclear fuel reprocessing or fabrication facilities
Today SNF reprocessing plants operate only in four countries of the world - Russia, France, Great Britain and Japan.
The only operating plant in Russia - RT-1 at the Mayak Production Association - has a design capacity of 400 tons of SNF per year, although now its loading does not exceed 150 tons per year
These objects include:
research and design organizations
These objects include:
Enterprises and places for the disposal of radioactive waste
These objects include:
nuclear power plants in transport.
Nuclear icebreaker "Russia"
Nuclear submarine "Nerpa"
These objects include:
Nuclear weapons and warehouses for their storage
In the event of an accident at radioactive waste, exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people may occur,
farm animals and plants,
as well as the natural environment.
Radiation sickness occurs when exposed to
body of ionizing radiation in doses exceeding
limit values.
Acute radiation sickness of mild (I) degree develops with short-term irradiation of the whole body at a dose exceeding 100 rem. It is accompanied by dizziness, rarely - nausea, observed 2-3 hours after irradiation.
Acute radiation sickness (II) degree develops when exposed to ionizing radiation at a dose of 200 to 400 rem. The primary reaction (headache, nausea, sometimes, sometimes vomiting) occurs after 1-2 hours.
Acute radiation sickness of severe (III) degree develops when exposed to ionizing radiation at a dose of 400 to 600 rem. The primary reaction occurs after 30-60 minutes and is pronounced (repeated vomiting, fever, headache).
Radiation sickness occurs when the body is exposed to ionizing radiation in doses exceeding the maximum allowable.
At present, the consequences of a single exposure of a person are well studied and several degrees of radiation injury have been identified.
600 In most cases, death occurs" width="640" Consequences of a single total exposure
Dose, rem
Effects
No clinical symptoms
Minor discomfort that usually resolves quickly
mild radiation sickness
The average degree of radiation sickness
Severe radiation sickness
In most cases, death occurs
Radiation accidents are divided into 3 types
local
local
general
disruption in the work of the ROO (radiation hazardous facility), in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the provided boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values established for the normal operation of the enterprise;
violation in the work of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone and in quantities exceeding those established for this enterprise;
violation in the operation of the ROO, in which radioactive products escaped beyond the border of the sanitary protection zone and in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established norms.
There are several types of radiation:
X-rays are similar to gamma rays, but have less energy. By the way, the Sun is one of the natural sources of such rays, but the Earth's atmosphere provides protection from solar radiation.
Alpha particles are relatively heavy, positively charged particles that are helium nuclei.
Beta particles are ordinary electrons.
Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that occur mainly near a working nuclear reactor, access there should be limited.
Gamma radiation - has the same nature as visible light, but much greater penetrating power.
The most dangerous for humans is Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, which can lead to serious illness, genetic disorders and even death.
The degree of influence of radiation on human health depends on the type of radiation, time and frequency.
The consequences of radiation, which can lead to fatal cases, occur both with a single stay at the strongest source of radiation (natural or artificial), and when storing weakly radioactive objects at home
It can be:
antiques
gems
radioactive plastic products
Driving in areas contaminated with radioactive substances
When driving in areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary to
- be in personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin;
- unnecessarily do not sit down and do not touch local objects;
- avoid driving on tall grass and shrubs;
- do not eat, drink, smoke;
- do not raise dust and do not put things on the ground.
Being in the zone of radioactive contamination, a person is irradiated and as a result he may experience radiation sickness.
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