Pedagogical ideas of John Locke. Presentation on "John Locke's Pedagogical Ideas" John Locke Raising a Gentleman presentation
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Childhood John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in the small town of Wrington in the west of England, in the family of a provincial lawyer. Parents raised their son in an atmosphere of strict observance of religious rules. The recommendation of an influential acquaintance of his father helped Locke in 1646 to get into Westminster School - the most prestigious school in the country at that time, where he was one of the best students.
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Further fate John Locke was 34 years old when fate brought him together with a man who greatly influenced his entire future biography - Lord Ashley, later Earl of Shaftesbury. First, Locke was with him in 1667 as a family doctor and tutor to his son, and later served as a secretary, and this prompted him to enter politics himself. Shaftesbury gave him great support, introducing him into political and economic circles, giving him the opportunity to take part in public administration himself. In 1668, Locke became a member of the Royal Society of London, and the following year he was a member of its Council. He does not forget about other types of activity: for example, in 1671 he had an idea for a work to which he would devote 16 years and which would become the main one in his philosophical heritage - “An Experiment on Human Understanding”, dedicated to the study of the cognitive potential of man.
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Influence of Locke In 1683, following the Earl of Shaftesbury and fearing political persecution, he moved to Holland. There he strikes up a friendly relationship with William of Orange; Locke has a noticeable ideological influence on him and becomes a participant in the preparation of the coup, as a result of which William becomes the king of England.
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Locke was one of the first philosophers to consider sensory perceptions caused by the external world as the starting point of all mental life. This is one of the main provisions of the materialistic theory of knowledge. Thus, Locke laid the foundation for empirical psychology, in which paramount importance was attached to self-observation (introspection). Locke was one of the first philosophers to consider sensory perceptions caused by the external world as the starting point of all mental life. This is one of the main provisions of the materialistic theory of knowledge. Thus, Locke laid the foundation for empirical psychology, in which paramount importance was attached to self-observation (introspection).
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The most important writings Experience about Some Letters about human thought about religious tolerance understanding understanding
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Return to England Changes allow Locke to return to England in 1689. Since 1691, Ots, the Mesham estate, which belonged to his friend, the wife of a member of parliament, became his place of residence: he accepted her invitation to settle in a country house, because. suffered from asthma for many years. During these years, Locke is not only in the government service, but also takes part in the upbringing of Lady Mesham's son, devotes a lot of energy to literature and science, finishes the "Experiment on the Human Mind", prepares for publication previously conceived works, including "Two treatises on government ”, “Thoughts about education”, “The reasonableness of Christianity”. In 1700, Locke decides to resign from all his positions.
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John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in the west of England in the small town of Wrington, in the family of a provincial lawyer.
He was brought up in a puritan family, which was in opposition to the English church that dominated the country and to the arbitrariness of the absolute monarchy of Charles I.
In his youth, Locke was influenced by the political ideals of his father, who defended the sovereignty of the people, exercised through parliament.
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Timeline of Locke's life
- 1632 - John Locke was born in Somerset, England.
- 1642 - Beginning of the English Civil War. Locke's father leaves home to join the supporters of Parliament.
- 1647–1652 - School at Westminster Abbey.
- 1652 Enters Christ's Church College, Oxford, where he later becomes a teacher.
- 1663 - Locke writes, but does not publish, his Natural Law.
- 1665 - member of the diplomatic mission of England in Brandenburg.
- 1667 - enters the service of Lord Ashley (later - Earl of Shaftesbury).
- 1668 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, the first great scientific institution.
- 1675 - takes a trip to France.
- 1683 - after accession to the throne of James II, Locke flees to Holland.
- 1689 - After the accession to the throne of William of Orange, he returns to England. He publishes his work An Essay on Human Understanding.
- 1691 - retires and goes to live with Lord and Lady Mesham in Essex.
- 1704 Death of Locke. He is buried in the church of the village of High Laver.
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Locke's spiritual heritage is quite impressive. His works include:
- "Elements of Natural Philosophy",
- "The Experience of Tolerance"
- "Two treatises on state government",
- "Some Thoughts on Education"
- famous treatise "An Essay on Human Understanding".
He also published many articles, letters, notes, where issues of economics, politics, ethics, religion, and pedagogy are considered. A number of works were published by Locke under false names (he always feared that he might suffer the fate of Algernon Sidney, who was hanged in the time of Charles II for having found in his papers the manuscript of the Discourse on Government, where the theory of the social contract was defended).
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Locke's main philosophical work is An Essay on the Human Mind. Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, substantiating the sensationalist direction (the direction that recognizes sensations, perceptions as the only source of knowledge) in the theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge comes from experience, and experience is made up of sensations.
Locke's theory was:
1) there are no innate ideas, all knowledge is born in experience;
2) the soul or mind of a person at birth is like a blank slate;
3) there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in sensations, in feelings.
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Locke criticized Descartes' doctrine of "innate" ideas.
The sensations received by a person from his environment, according to Locke, are the first and decisive basis of all knowledge. Locke divides experience into two types: external experience (sensations) and internal (reflection). The source of the first is the objective material world that affects our senses and causes sensations. Internal experience, through reflection, is directed to the observation of one's own observations.
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Ideas according to J. Locke
Locke divides all ideas (representations into simple and complex.) Simple ideas, according to Locke, are formed directly from sensations and reflection. Simple ideas are passive, they seem to be imposed on us from outside. Complex ideas require the activity of the mind. This activity is reduced to combining simple representations. In this way, according to Locke, even the most complex, abstract ideas are formed.
Slide 8
Locke was one of the first philosophers to consider sensory perceptions caused by the external world as the starting point of all mental life. This is one of the main provisions of the materialistic theory of knowledge.
Thus, Locke laid the foundation for empirical psychology, in which paramount importance was attached to self-observation (introspection).
Slide 9
The following main provisions of the philosophy of John Locke can be distinguished:
- the world is materialistic;
- knowledge can be based only on experience ("there is nothing in the thoughts (mind) of a person that was not in the feelings before");
- consciousness is an empty room (empty cabinet), which during life is filled with experience (in this regard, Locke's statement about consciousness as a "blank slate" on which experience is written - tabularasa is world-famous);
- the source of experience is the external world;
- the purpose of philosophy is to help a person achieve success in his activities;
- the ideal of a person is a calm, law-abiding, respectable gentleman who improves his level of education and achieves good results in his profession;
- the ideal of the state is a state built on the basis of the separation of powers into legislative, executive (including the judiciary) and federal (foreign policy). Locke was the first to put forward this idea, and this is his great merit.
Slide 10
The English empiricist philosopher John Locke (1632 - 1704) developed many of the philosophical ideas of Bacon and Hobbes, put forward a number of his own theories, and continued the empirical and materialistic tradition of English philosophy of modern times.
John Locke was sure that by consciously influencing the mind and soul of a person, anything can be achieved from him: a person in his view was a kind of tabula rasa - a blank slate on which education and upbringing write their letters.
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John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in the small town of Wrington in the west of England, in the family of a provincial lawyer. Parents raised their son in an atmosphere of strict observance of religious rules. The recommendation of an influential acquaintance of his father helped Locke in 1646 to get into Westminster School - the most prestigious school in the country at that time, where he was one of the best students.
John Locke was 34 years old when fate brought him to a man who greatly influenced his entire future biography - Lord Ashley, later Earl of Shaftesbury. First, Locke was with him in 1667 as a family doctor and tutor to his son, and later served as a secretary, and this prompted him to enter politics himself. Shaftesbury gave him great support, introducing him into political and economic circles, giving him the opportunity to take part in public administration himself. In 1668, Locke became a member of the Royal Society of London, and the following year he was a member of its Council. He does not forget about other types of activity either: for example, in 1671 he had an idea for a work to which he would devote 16 years and which would become the main one in his philosophical heritage - “Experience on Human Understanding”, dedicated to the study of the cognitive potential of man.
In 1683 he, following the Earl of Shaftesbury and fearing political persecution, moved to Holland. There he strikes up a friendly relationship with William of Orange; Locke has a noticeable ideological influence on him and becomes a participant in the preparation of the coup, as a result of which William becomes the king of England.
Changes allow Locke to return in 1689 to England. Since 1691, Ots, the Mesham estate, which belonged to his friend, the wife of a member of parliament, became his place of residence: he accepted her invitation to settle in a country house, since he suffered from asthma for many years. During these years, Locke is not only in the government service, but also takes part in the upbringing of Lady Mesham's son, devotes a lot of energy to literature and science, finishes "Experience on the Human Mind", prepares for publication previously conceived works, including "Two treatises on government ”,“ Thoughts on education ”,“ Reasonableness of Christianity ”. In 1700, Locke decides to resign from all his positions.
1st year student
Faculty of Management and Marketing
specialties 073
group 6.03.073.010.17.1
Mikhailova E. S.
Checked:
Candidate of Social Sciences, Associate Professor
Zherebyatnikova I.V.
Kharkiv 2017 The purpose of my work:
Familiarize students with an English teacher and
philosopher John Locke, his philosophical
ideas. Convey an important role and contribution to the global
culture of an outstanding philosopher.
Plan: 1. Brief biography of the philosopher. 2. Philosophical doctrine of Locke. 3. Basic philosophical works. 4. Philosophy of knowledge. 5.
short biography
OutstandingEnglish Philosopher,
educator, scientist, doctor and
politician born in
wealthy family
lawyer. John Locke
graduated from Oxford
the university where
later became professor
Greek and
rhetoric.
Fig.1 Oxford University
short biography
Significantphilosophical
achievement
philosopher was his
knowledge doctrine,
to whom he dedicated
its main
work:
"Essays on
human mind."
Philosophical doctrine of Locke
embodiedthe main features of the philosophy of modern times:
opposition to scholasticism, orientation
knowledge in relation to practice.
The aim of his philosophy is man and his
practical life, which found its expression in
Locke's concepts of education and social
structure of society. Appointment of philosophy
seen in working out the means to achieve
a man of happiness.
Locke developed based on sensual
perceptions of the source of knowledge and systematized
modern empiricism.
Major Philosophical Works
"Two treatises on government""Experiments on the Law of Nature"
"Letters on Tolerance"
"Thoughts on Education"
Philosophy of knowledge
Locke considers reason to be the main tool of knowledge,which puts the individual above the rest
sentient beings."
The subject of philosophy English thinker
sees
before
Total
in
research
patterns
human
understanding.
Determine the capabilities of the human mind, and,
accordingly, identify those areas that
act as natural limits
human knowledge by virtue of its very
structure, means to direct human efforts to
solution
real
problems
related
With
practice.
Philosophy of knowledge
The only object of human thoughtis an idea. Unlike Descartes, who
position of "innateness of ideas", Locke argues that
all without exception ideas, concepts and principles (as
private and general), which we find in
the human mind, have their origin in experience, and in
serve as one of the most important sources
sensory impressions. Such an educational
the attitude was called sensationalism.
Sensationalism - a direction in theory
knowledge, according to which sensations and
perception - the main and main form
reliable knowledge.
Philosophy of knowledge
Fundamental to all empiricalphilosophy the idea that experience is so
inseparable limit of all possible
knowledge.
Experience consists of external and internal:
1) we feel material objects
2) we perceive the activity of our mind,
the movement of our thoughts.
Our knowledge can go so far
as far as experience allows us
Philosophy of knowledge
IDEASSimple
Simple ideas serve
the material of all our
knowledge; they are formed
through sensations and
reflections. From
connection of sensation with
reflection arise
simple ideas of the sensual
reflections, for example
pleasure, pain, strength and
others
Complex
Feelings first give impetus
to the birth of single
ideas, and as
the mind is mastered with them,
they fit in memory.
Accordingly, complex
ideas come when
simple ideas get
higher level for
account of human actions
mind. Locke became one of the founders of the "Treaty"
theory of the origin of the state.
John Locke named one of the key
characters from the cult television series "Stay in
alive."
He also took the surname Locke as a pseudonym
one of the heroes of a series of fantasy novels
Orson Scott Card "Ender's Game". In Russian
translation of the English name "Locke" is incorrect
Referred to as "Loki".
The surname Locke is the main character in the film
Michelangelo Antonioni "Profession: reporter"
1975 and the protagonist of the 2013 film of the same name
(dir. Steven Knight) performed by Tom
Hardy.
Literature:
1. Blaug M. Locke, John // 100 great economists before Keynes =Great Economists before Keynes: An introduction to the lives & works of
one hundred great economists of the past. - St. Petersburg: Economics, 2008.
- S. 175-177. - 352 p. - (The School of Economics Library, vol.
42). - 1,500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903816-01-9.
2. Zaichenko G. A. Objectivity of sensory knowledge: Locke,
Berkeley and the problem of "secondary" qualities // Philosophical sciences. -
1985. - No. 4. - S. 98-109.
3. Locke, John // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron:
in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Locke John / Subbotin A. L. // Kuna - Lomami. - M.: Soviet
encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] /
ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, v. 14).
4. Nureev R. M. Theoretical foundations of criticism of mercantilism.
J. Locke // World History of Economic Thought: In 6 volumes /
Ch. ed. V. N. Cherkovets. - M.: Thought, 1987. - T. I. From the birth
economic thought to the first theoretical systems
political life. - S. 414-418. - 606 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5244-00038-1.
Slides captions:
…pedagogical ideas
Upbringing
gentleman
includes:
Physical education
: promotes the development of a healthy body, the development of courage and perseverance. Strengthening health, fresh air, simple food, hardening, strict regimen, exercises, games.
mental education
should be subject to the development of character, the formation of an educated business person.
Religious upbringing
it is necessary to direct not at accustoming children to rituals, but at the formation of love and reverence for God as the highest being.
moral education
- cultivate the ability to deny yourself pleasures, go against your inclinations and steadily follow the advice of reason. Development of graceful manners, skills of gallant behavior.
Labor education
is to master the craft (carpentry, turning). Labor prevents the possibility of harmful idleness.
Content:
1
. short biography
2.
Basic t
Locke ores
A) pedagogical ideas
B) political ideas
C) the foundations of the rule of law
4. Literature used
Pedagogical ideas
Locke was one
one of the founders of the empirical-sensualistic theory of knowledge.
He thought
that a person has no innate ideas.
Man is born
being a "blank slate" and ready to perceive the world around us through our feelings through inner experience - reflection
.
Target
education
- the education of a gentleman who knows how to conduct his affairs sensibly and prudently, an enterprising person, refined in handling. Locke saw the end goal of education as providing a healthy mind in a healthy
body.
Developed a gentleman education system based on
pragmatism
and
rationalism
. The main feature of the system is
utilitarianism
: each subject should prepare for life.
Locke
does not separate education from moral and physical education. Education should consist in the formation of physical and moral habits, habits of reason and will in the educated person. The goal of physical education is to form the body into an instrument as obedient as possible to the spirit; the goal of spiritual education and training is to create a straight spirit that would act in all cases in accordance with the dignity of a rational being. Locke insists that children train themselves to self-observation, self-restraint, and victory over
yourself.
Basic didactic principle
- in learning to rely on the interest and curiosity of children. The main educational means are the example and the environment. Stable positive habits are brought up by affectionate words and gentle suggestions. Physical punishment is used only in exceptional cases of daring and systematic disobedience. The development of the will occurs through the ability to endure difficulties, which is facilitated by physical exercises and hardening.
Presentation on the topic: biography of John Locke
The presentation was made by a 10th grade student Daria Vasyukhina
... the main works of Locke
Basic
Locke's philosophical work is
"An Essay on the Human Mind".
Locke continued the development of Bacon's empiricism, substantiating the sensationalist
direction to
theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge comes from experience, and experience is made up of sensations.
Theory
Locke said:
1) no
innate ideas, all knowledge is born in experience;
2
) the soul or mind of a person at birth is like a blank slate;
3
) in the intellect there is nothing that was not previously in sensations, in feelings.
Used Books
http://history-persons.ru/2011/04/dzhon-lokk-john-locke
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Locke,_John#
.
D0.9F.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0. B8.D0.B5_.
D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B8
http://
www.epwr.ru/quotauthor/txt_30.php
Key works of Locke:
"Elements of Natural Philosophy",
«
The Experience of Tolerance"
«
Two treatises on state government
»
«
Some thoughts about
upbringing"
«
Experience of human understanding
»
Published
he also has a lot of articles, letters, notes, where issues of economics, politics, ethics, religion, and pedagogy are considered. A number of works were published by Locke under false names (he always feared that he might suffer the fate of Algernon Sidney, who was hanged in the time of Charles II for having found in his papers the manuscript of the Discourse on Government, where the theory of the social contract was defended).
Fundamentals of the rule of law
Locke founds
the origin of the state on the assumption
mutual agreement
, concluded with the consent of all citizens, and they, waiving the right to personally protect their property and punish violators of the law, provide this to the state. The government consists of men elected by common consent to oversee the exact observance of the laws established for the preservation of the general liberty and welfare. Upon entering the state, a person submits only to these laws, and not to the arbitrariness and whim of unlimited power.
State of despotism
worse than the state of nature, because in the latter everyone can defend his right, and before a despot he does not have this freedom. The breach of contract empowers the people to claim back their sovereign right. From these basic provisions, the internal form of the state structure is consistently derived.
State
gets power:
1.Publish
laws that determine the amount of punishment for various crimes, that is, legislative power;
2. Punish
crimes committed by members of the union, that is, executive power;
3. Punish
offenses inflicted on the alliance by external enemies, that is, the right to war and
peace.
short biography
John Locke
- British educator and philosopher, representative
empiricism
(
direction
in the theory of knowledge, recognizing sensory experience as a source of knowledge and considering that the content of knowledge can be presented either as a description of this experience, or reduced to
him
and liberalism. contributed to the spread
sensationalism
(
direction
in the theory of knowledge, according to which sensations and perceptions are the main
the form
reliable
knowledge)
.
His
ideas had a huge impact on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and liberal theorists. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
Born August 29, 1632 in the small town of Wrington in the west of England, near Bristol, in the family of a provincial lawyer. Raised in a Puritan family, in opposition to
dominating
english church
and to arbitrariness
absolute monarchy of Charles
I
. In his youth, Locke was influenced by the political ideals of his father, who defended the sovereignty of the people, exercised through parliament.
political ideas
natural state
-
condition
full freedom and equality in the management of their property and their lives. It is a state of peace and goodwill. The law of nature prescribes peace and security.
Right
property is a natural right; at the same time, Locke understood life as property,
liberty, property and
intellectual property.
freedom
, according to Locke, represents the freedom of a person to dispose and dispose, as he pleases, of his personality, his
actions and
all his
property.
freedom
, explains Locke, exists where everyone is recognized as "the owner of his own personality."
Right
freedom denies any relationship of personal
dependencies.
Man can only serve law and justice
.
Supporter of the constitutional
monarchy
and social theory
agreements
Locke is a theorist of civil society and legal democratic
states.
First proposed the principle of separation of powers
: into legislative, executive and federal. The federal government deals with the declaration of war and peace, diplomatic issues and participation in alliances and coalitions.
.
The state was created to guarantee the natural
rights
and
laws,
it must not encroach on natural law and the law, it must be organized in such a way that natural law is reliably guaranteed.
Developed the ideas of a democratic revolution.
Locke considered it legitimate and necessary for the people to revolt against the tyrannical power that encroaches on the natural rights and freedom of the people.
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