Features of the development of children with speech impairment presentation. Presentation "Areas of work with school-age children with severe speech disorders (SDI). Active organs of speech to the Lips
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Presentation on the topic: Speech disorders
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The main causes of the pathology of children's speech are: * various intrauterine pathology; * Toxicosis during pregnancy, viral and endocrine diseases, injuries, blood incompatibility according to the Rh factor, etc.; * Birth trauma and asphyxia during childbirth; * diseases in the first years of a child's life.
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Prognostic indicators of the child's linguistic development: * the state of the anatomical and physiological prerequisites for the development of speech; * understanding of speech in the sensorimotor period of development, the nature of the successive stages of mastering impressive speech; * vocal production, determining the age and stages of vocalization, the repertoire of consonant sounds, the structure of syllables, prosody (rhythm and melodics); * the beginnings of active speech, the ability to imitate sounds and words, communicative types of speech intonation, the appearance of the first words and word-like complexes;
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* volume of the dictionary and features of the nomination; * early children's syntax, accompanying speech; * the level of speech initiative, its motivation by an action, situation or word of an adult; * mastering the phonemic structure of speech - the consistent formation and differentiation of phonemes according to articulatory and acoustic features, the nature of phonetic transformations; * microsocial and pedagogical conditions for the formation of speech activity.
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Violations of oral speech 1. Phonation (external) design of the statement, which are called violations of the pronunciation side of speech. 2. Structural-semantic (internal) design of the statement, which are called systemic or polymorphic speech disorders.
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Disorders of phonation design aphonia, dysphonia - the absence or violation of the voice; bradilalia - pathologically slow rate of speech; takhilalia - pathologically accelerated rate of speech; stuttering is a violation of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech, due to the convulsive state of the muscles of the speech apparatus; dyslalia - a violation of the pronunciation side of speech with normal hearing and intact innervation of the speech apparatus; rhinolalia - a violation of the timbre of the voice and sound pronunciation, due to anatomical and physiological defects of the speech apparatus; dysarthria is a violation of the pronunciation side of speech, due to insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus.
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Violations of the structural and semantic design of the statement of alalia - the absence or underdevelopment of speech due to an organic lesion of the speech zones of the cerebral cortex; aphasia - complete or partial loss of speech due to local lesions of the brain
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Psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders I. Violation of language means of communication (speech components): phonetic underdevelopment; phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment; general underdevelopment of speech. II. Violations in the use of language means of communication in the process of speech activity (communicative aspect): stuttering; manifestations of verbal negativism.
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Speech therapy assistance in the education system is provided in the following types of institutions: * nursery garden for children with speech disorders, * speech therapy kindergarten (compensating preschool educational institution), * groups for children with speech impairments at general kindergartens (combined preschool educational institution), * pre-school speech therapy center, * educational complexes (UVK) for children with speech disorders, * school for children with speech disorders (1st and 2nd departments), * speech therapy centers at secondary schools, * groups for children with speech disorders at orphanages of a general type.
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Reporting documents of a speech therapist at a preschool speech center: Journal of primary examination and consultations. List of children enrolled in classes. Individual cards of corrective work with children. Plans for individual and subgroup correctional speech classes with children. Plans for consultative and methodological work with the teaching staff of a preschool educational institution and parents.
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Speech therapy centers (rooms) in a secondary school (more than 10,000 in the country) The main task is to correct violations of oral and written speech of students. Speech disorders include General underdevelopment of speech. Accompanied by dyslexia, dysgraphia and specific difficulties in mastering the Russian language program. Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment. The most common cause of phonemic dyslexia. Stuttering of varying degrees. Pronunciation disorders due to articulation defects.
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The effectiveness of the work of speech therapy centers at general education schools is determined by the following provisions: in speech therapy classes without interruption from school education, the normalization of various types of speech activity is consistently carried out; the method of oral advance forms the readiness to master the language patterns in the lessons of the Russian language; verbal-cogitative activity is activated and the features of mental development due to speech disorders are corrected.
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The activities of a speech therapist working in a children's clinic are pedagogical (speech therapy) work to correct children's speech disorders in systematic and advisory classes; identification of children with speech underdevelopment and referral to PMPK for subsequent placement in preschool and school institutions or speech hospitals of various profiles; participation in the recruitment of speech therapy institutions of health care and education and registration of speech therapy characteristics for each child; preventive examination of children attending preschool institutions; health education work with parents, pediatricians, kindergarten teachers.
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Normative legal documents on correctional pedagogy 1 Correctional educational institutions: legal documents. – M.: Sfera, 2004. wwww.tc-sfera.ru Tel. 107-59-15 Address: Moscow, st. Agricultural. 18, bldg. (m. Botanical Garden). 2. Stepanova O.A. Organization of speech therapy work in a preschool educational institution. - M.: Sfera, 2003. 33. Vodovatov F.F., Bumagina L.V. Organization of activities of correctional educational institutions: Textbook. – M.: Academy, 2000.
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Normative legal documents on correctional pedagogy 4. Handbook of a speech therapist: reference method. allowance / authors-compilers L.N. Zueva, E.E. Shevtsov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2005 www.ast.ru Address: Moscow, Zvezdny Boulevard, 21, 7th floor. 215-53-10 5. September 1 Publishing House publishes legal documents http://psy.1september.ru 6. Journal of Education of Russia www.school.edu.ru 7. Official website of the Ministry of Education and Science RF: http://www.mon.gov.ru 8. Russian Education Federal Portal: www.edu.ru
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* Program for training and educating children with FFN. (Senior group of kindergarten) Educational kit for speech therapy T.B. Filicheva, G.V. Chirkina - M .: MGOPI, 1993. The program is intended for educators, speech therapists of preschool groups for children with FFN . The material provided contains a description of the features of the speech development of 5-year-old children with FSP, the methodological methods of their examination reveal the organization and content of remedial training to overcome FSP in children. *The program of education and upbringing of children with FFN. (Senior group of kindergarten). T.B. Filicheva, G.V. Chirkina, M.: MGOPI, 1998 Filicheva, G.V. Chirkina, M.: Shk.-press, 2002.
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The characteristic signs of mental retardation are a limited, age-inappropriate stock of knowledge and ideas about the environment, a low level of cognitive activity, insufficient regulation of voluntary activity and behavior, and a lower capacity for receiving and processing information compared to normally developing children of the same age.
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The most typical errors in the grammatical design of the speech of children with hearing impairment are violations of the syntactic links of coordination and control (“the boy answered” - answered the boy; “butterfly with a dot on the wing” - a butterfly with a dot on the wing); replacement, omission and inclusion of unnecessary prepositions (“took off from myself” - took off from himself, “climbs a tree” - climbs a tree, “from school to home” - from school home); inaccurate use of generic and case endings (“yellow eyes” - yellow eyes); incorrect change in the type of declension (“drawn by a horse” - drawn by horses); incorrect use of parts of speech or their forms (“We learned poems, songs, dance” - We learned poems, songs, dances); omission of members of the proposal.
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Measures for the primary prevention of speech disorders 1. Measures for the prevention of ante- and perinatal pathology of the fetus and newborn: health protection of expectant mothers and pregnant women, optimal organization of monitoring of pregnant women and prevention of pregnancy complications; prevention of birth trauma; infection of the fetus and newborn, etc. 2. Measures to reduce somatic and infectious morbidity in children in the first years of life.
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Secondary prevention of speech disorders To prevent reading disorders, it is recommended: 1. To form a functional basis for reading skills. 2. Teach reading ahead. To prevent violations of the letter, it is recommended: 1. Timely identification of the risk group. 2. Correction of phonetic and phonemic disorders. 3. Formation of the functional basis of writing. 4. Children at risk need individualization of the pace and methods of teaching writing.
Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Sverdlovsk Region State Budgetary Educational Institution
secondary vocational education in the Sverdlovsk region
"Kamyshlov Pedagogical College"
Children with speech disorders
Performers: Biryukova V., Ivanova S., students of the 3rd CP group. Head: Mitrofanova S.V., teacher of pedagogical disciplines
Children with speech disorders- these are children with deviations in the development of speech with normal hearing and intact intelligence. Speech disorders are diverse, they can manifest themselves in violation of pronunciation, grammatical structure of speech, poverty of vocabulary, as well as in violation of the pace and fluency of speech.
The main symptom of severe speech impairment- a pronounced limitation of the means of verbal communication with normal hearing and intact intelligence. Children suffering from such disorders have a meager speech reserve, some do not speak at all.
- The adaptation process is difficult;
- Anxiety fears predominate;
- They do not know how to negotiate;
- Low self-esteem;
- indecisive;
- Not capable of long-term play activity;
- Stubborn;
- Transition from an impulsive state to an inhibited one;
- Silent;
- Do not seek cooperation;
- Disorder of the emotional-volitional and personal spheres.
- Mandatory work with a speech therapist;
- Creation and support of developing speech space;
- Compliance with timely work and rest;
- Formation of an adequate attitude of the child to a speech disorder;
- Stimulation of the child's activity in correcting speech errors.
Speech disorders. Alalia. Causes of speech disorders. Speech therapy session for children with ONR. Correction of the speech of preschool children. Speech tempo disorders. Graphical errors. BOS-LOGOTHERAPEUTIC OFFICE. Adapted Exemplary Basic Educational Program for Preschoolers with Severe Speech Disorders Edited by Professor L. V. Lopatina.
Features of work in groups for children with ONR. Correction of the syllabic structure of words in children 6-7 years old. Solving the problems of the formation of dialogical speech in preschoolers with OHP. Correction of speech disorders, taking into account the gender characteristics of preschoolers. Correction of sound pronunciation in older preschoolers with general underdevelopment of speech.
"Interaction of participants in the correctional process" a child with speech disorders. Principles of correctional and speech therapy work in the elimination of violations of written speech. Prevention of optical dysgraphia in pupils aged 5-7 years with severe speech impairment. The use of peptide bioregulators for the prevention and correction of body functions disorders.
The effectiveness of self-studying adaptive physical culture of schoolchildren with posture disorders. Model of interaction between the center of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation and correction with preschool institutions. Formation of ideas about related words in older preschoolers with severe speech disorders by means of project activities.
An example about asteroids. Speech therapist didactic speech game. Spring for preschoolers by months. Magic fairy worlds for children. Guess the story from the passage for preschoolers. Correction of speech disorders through the use of fairy tale therapy. Virtual excursions for preschoolers to the Museum of New Year's toys.
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GBOU ENGLISH SCHOOL No. 1375 PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: Correctional Pedagogy Theme: "Children with Speech Disorders" TEACHER Kushcheva I. A. Moscow, 2016
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Children with speech disorders are children who have deviations in the development of speech with normal hearing and intact intelligence. Speech disorders are diverse, they can manifest themselves in violation of pronunciation, grammatical structure of speech, poverty of vocabulary, as well as in violation of the pace and fluency of speech.
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The terms speech disorders, speech defects, speech pathology are also used to refer to speech disorders. A speech disorder does not disappear on its own, without specially organized corrective work. The branch of defectology, speech therapy, is engaged in the study, prevention and correction of these violations. Speech therapy is the science of speech disorders, their overcoming and prevention by means of corrective training and education. It is one of the sections of special pedagogy. Speech therapy studies the causes, mechanisms, symptoms, course, structure of speech disorders, and the system of corrective action.
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Dyslalia (tongue-tied tongue) Until a certain age, this disorder does not require intervention from specialists. The essence of dyslalia is a violation of sound pronunciation, namely: sounds can be distorted, replaced by others, mixed up or simply absent. This diagnosis is made when the child is over 4 years old, he has good hearing, sufficient vocabulary, correctly builds sentences, avoiding grammatical errors, but at the same time pronounces sounds like a child, like a little one.
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Rhinolalia This is a violation of the timbre of the voice and sound pronunciation, due to anatomical and physiological defects of the speech apparatus. At the same time, the child speaks as if “in the nose” or nasally. In addition, a change in the timbre of the voice is also possible when a sufficient amount of air does not enter the nasal cavity. Often this occurs with adenoids, polyps, curvature of the nasal septum, which greatly complicates nasal breathing. At the same time, the pronunciation of nasal consonants and vowels suffers.
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Dysarthria As a result of an organic lesion of the central nervous system, another speech disorder occurs - dysarthria. In this case, it is not the pronunciation of individual sounds that suffers, but the entire pronunciation side of speech. Dysarthria occurs when the speed, strength and volume of movements of the speech organs are limited. For example, it is difficult for a child to control his tongue, which becomes awkward, naughty, and protruding outward may deviate to the side. It is difficult for such a child to do the elementary: puff out his cheeks, frown or raise his eyebrows, since the muscles of the face are inactive. With dysarthria, all components of the pronunciation side of speech are violated: sound pronunciation, voice, speech breathing, intonation and the general melody of speech. But you need to know that this is not an independent disease, but part of a violation of a wide motor sphere. In this case, the child is treated comprehensively.
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Alalia Speaking of alalia, they mean the complete or partial absence of speech in children with good physical hearing. At the same time, the child is in a speech environment, seeks to communicate with others (but does this with the help of facial expressions and gestures), is not mentally retarded, his speech apparatus is without anomalies, paralysis or paresis. What is it connected with? Experts note that the occurrence of this disorder is due to underdevelopment or damage to the speech areas in the left hemisphere of the brain. What does such violations occur in the prenatal or early period of a child's development. Alalia is divided into sensory (when the child does not understand and, therefore, cannot reproduce human speech) and motor (in this case, the child understands the speech addressed to him, but cannot master it).
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Stuttering (logoneurosis) Mechanisms (reasons and essence) of logoneurosis occurrence are not fully disclosed. This type of speech disorder is based on the repetition of sounds (in most consonants), the "stretching" of vowels, stopping speech, repeating a syllable or word, and is often caused by fear. Quite often at the same time coordination of movements of the speech apparatus and breath is broken. Dysgraphia and dyslexia If a child does not have intellectual or auditory impairments, but he is not able to master writing and reading (or does it with great difficulty), they speak of dysgraphia and dyslexia. Speech Delay (SPD) This diagnosis is usually made in young children. With ZRR, the child is quite normal, but much later and more slowly than his peers, he masters speech. Among the reasons for the occurrence of ZRR are an inferior speech environment, poor physical and mental health of the child, or a special, slow rate of maturation of nerve cells responsible for speech.
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Pre-school institutions of the education system Children's (speech therapy) kindergartens for children with speech disorders provide mass assistance to children with various deviations in speech development. Their main task is the correction of speech disorders and preparation for education in a general education school or in a special general education school for children with severe speech disorders. In accordance with the model regulation on preschool institutions and groups of children with speech disorders, three profiles of special groups are defined: 1) groups for children with phonetic and phonemic underdevelopment (FFN); 2) groups for children with general speech underdevelopment (ONR); 3) groups for children with stuttering.
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Children with a violation of the pronunciation of individual or several sounds, sound combinations or whole groups of sounds are sent to the FFN groups, i.e. children with dyslalia (in cases where the defect is exhausted by a violation of sound pronunciation or is combined with rhinolalia). At the same time, not only impaired sound pronunciation is noted, but also a violation of speech breathing, voice, nasalization - nasal connotation (nasal). Children with dysarthria, when pronunciation and prosodic defects are associated with a violation of the innervation of the articulatory apparatus (paralysis and paresis of the organs of articulation), are also sent to groups of this profile. Children are enrolled in the FFN group for six months or a year. The system of education and upbringing of such children includes the correction of a speech defect and preparation for the full acquisition of literacy. Correctional education provides for the development of a circle of knowledge and ideas about the environment, the development of a dictionary, sound analysis and synthesis, speech skills that should be mastered by children at this age stage.
The presentation was made bystudent of the FSP-31 group
Korobeynikova Oksana
VyatGGU
Kirov 2010 Organs of speech, structure
Speech disorders
Causes of speech disorders
Speech disorders of speech:
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Alalia
dysarthria
Dyslalia
Stuttering
Dysgraphia
Dyslexia
Treatment
Pathology of the organs of speech
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Oral disease
Diseases of the pharynx
Disease of the larynx
Study of the organs of speech
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in
children
Organs of speech
The organs of speech are speech,or pronunciation,
apparatus, human organs
different physiological
function, which
are also used for
formation of speech sounds. Organs of speech
Respiratory system
Organs directly
involved in sound production
Active
organs of speech
Passive
organs of speech
Speech organs to Respiratory organs
Speech organs Respiratory organsRespiratory organs - lungs, bronchi, trachea,
diaphragm, intercostal muscles
jet necessary for sound generation
air;
All speech sounds are formed only when
exhale. The lungs rest on the diaphragm, an elastic muscle, which in a relaxed
state has the shape of a dome. When
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
shrink, chest volume
increases and inhalation occurs when
relax - exhale.
Bronchial system of an adult. Back view:
1 - windpipe;2 - top of the right lung;
3 - bronchi of the upper lobe;
4 - right bronchus;
5 - bronchi of the middle lobe;
6 - base of the lung;
7 - bronchi of the lower lobe;
8 - left bronchus;
9 - bronchi of the lower part of the lower lobe;
10 - bronchi of the upper part of the lower lobe;
11 - top of the left lung;
12 - bronchus of the upper lobe.
:
Organs of speech Organs,sound production:
Active (mobile),
able to change volume
and shape of the vocal tract
and create in it
barriers to
exhaled air,
Passive (fixed),
deprived of this
capabilities.
Organs of speech to Active organs of speech:
Organs of speech Activespeech organs:
Active organs of speech:
1) Larynx
2) Throat
3) Language
4) Lips
5) Palatine curtain
with a small tongue
Active organs of speech to the larynx
Active organs of speech LarynxThe larynx, consists of the cricoid,
thyroid and two pyramidal or
arytenoid cartilages and two pairs of muscle
folds, of which the lower one is called
true vocal cords, upper -
false.
The posterior end of each of the true vocal
ligament connected to one of the arytenoids
cartilage, the anterior ends converge into
inner corner of the thyroid cartilage.
Due to the fluctuations of these ligaments under
caused by exhaled air
tone called Voice Human larynx (back view):
1 - epiglottis;
2 - large hyoid horns
bones;
3 - ligaments between the hyoid
bone and thyroid cartilage;
4 - arytenoid cartilages;
5 - thyroid cartilage;
6 - cricoid cartilage;
7 - windpipe;
8 - santorini cartilage.
Sagittal section through
human larynx:
1 - epiglottis;
2 - entrance to the larynx;
3 - blinking ventricle;
4 - true vocal cord;
5 - cavity of the larynx;
6 - the cavity of the respiratory throat.
larynx cavity
A (entrance to the larynx); B (side view in section).1 - glottis;
2 - vocal fold;
3 - subvocal cavity;
4 - ventricle of the larynx;
5 - quadrangular membrane;
6 - vocal cord
Cartilages, ligaments and joints of the larynx:
Side view, back view and side view insection.
1 - thyroid cartilage;
2 - the upper horn of the thyroid cartilage;
3 - hyoid bone;
4 - thyroid-hyoid ligament;
5 - protrusion of the larynx ("Adam's apple");
6 - the lower horn of the thyroid cartilage;
7 - epiglottis and epiglottic cartilage;
8 - cricoid joint;
9 - notch of the thyroid cartilage;
10 - thyroid-epiglottic ligament;
11 - cricoid cartilage;
12 - cricotracheal ligament;
13 - the first cartilage of the trachea;
14 - arytenoid cartilage;
15 - vocal process;
16 - cricoid joint
Active organs of speech to the pharynx
Active organs of speech ThroatThe pharynx can narrow and expand.
Organs of speech k Organs directly involved in sound production
Organs of speech Organs,directly involved in
sound production
Active organs of speech to Language
Active organs of speech LanguageThe language used in the formation of various
speech sounds. Language (lingua). View from above.
1-top (tip) of the tongue;
2-back of the tongue;
3-median furrow of the tongue;
4-gutter papillae;
5-border furrow;
6-blind hole;
7-root of the tongue (lingual tonsil);
8-lateral lingual-epiglottic fold;
9-epiglottis;
10 pear pocket;
11-fold of the vestibule;
12-voice fold;
13-glottis;
14-intercranial notch;
15-preepiglottic deepening;
16-median lingual-epiglottic
fold;
17-mushroom papillae;
18-leaf-like papillae;
19-filamentous papillae;
Active organs of speech to Lips
Active organs of speech LipsLips capable of performing various articulations.
Active organs of speech to veil of the palate
Active organs of speechcurtain
A palatine curtain with a small tongue, rising,
closes the passage to the nose and separates thus. nasal cavity from
pharynx; when lowered, it leaves a passage into this cavity
open.
Organs of speech to Passive organs of speech:
Organs of speech Passive organsspeeches:
Passive organs of speech - teeth (upper and lower),
hard palate, nasal cavity.
These are immovable organs that serve as a fulcrum
for active organs.
Organs of speech k Organs directly involved in sound production
Organs of speech Organs,directly involved in
sound production
All active organs can, approaching or
in contact with the passive, as well as with each other,
create a barrier to the exhaled air stream. AT
a source of noise is created in the place of the obstacle,
necessary to form consonants.
Teeth and hard palate are just a place
actions of active organs (tongue and upper lip).
The nasal cavity serves as a resonator, which, being
turned on, gives the sound a nasal character.
Organs of speech
We must not forget about the brain, whichcoordinates the work of the organs of speech and subordinates the technique
pronouncing the creative will of the speaker.
Organs of speech
Speech disorders
Speech disorders are known from a deepantiquities. No doubt these diseases
exist as long as human
word. It's fairly common
phenomenon in both children and adults.
Greeks and Romans who have a public word
played an important social role
and the training of graceful speech was included in the circle
subjects of general education, already had
concept of many speech disorders.
This was reflected in a large number
terms used for
their designations. Already at Hippocrates
there are references to almost all
forms of speech disorders known to us:
loss of voice, loss of speech, speech impediment,
slurred speech, stuttering, etc.
Causes of speech disorders
The causes of speech impairment can be various factors ortheir combinations:
- Difficulties in distinguishing sounds by ear (with normal
hearing);
- damage during childbirth of the speech zone located
at the crown;
- defects in the structure of the speech organs - lips, teeth, tongue,
soft or hard palate. An example would be a short
frenulum of the tongue, cleft palate, popularly called
"cleft palate", or malocclusion;
- insufficient mobility of the lips and tongue;
- developmental delay due to
mental retardation;
- illiterate speech in the family, etc.
What's happening?
In the most severe speech disorders,not only the pronunciation of sounds, but also the ability to distinguish
sounds by ear. At the same time, the active
(used in speech) and passive (one that
the child perceives by ear) the dictionary of the child,
problems with the construction of sentences
and phrases.
All these violations, if they are not corrected in time,
cause communication difficulties
with those around you. In the future, they may
to the development of a complex in a child,
preventing him from learning and fully revealing his
natural abilities and possibilities.
Speech disorders of speech
According to the severity of speech disorders can bedivide into those that are not an obstacle
to education in a public school, and severe violations,
requiring special training. From heavy
speech disorders are most common alalia,
various types of dysarthria, some forms of stuttering
and etc.
Alalia
Alalia is full or partiallack of speech in children with good
physical hearing due to
underdevelopment or impairment of speech
areas of the brain.
With sensory alalia, the child is ill
understands other people's speech,
does not recognize exactly the sounds of speech: hears,
that a person says something, but does not understand,
what exactly. This is similar to how
we do not understand those who speak the unknown
us a foreign language.
With motor alalia, the child cannot
master the language (its sounds, words,
grammar).
dysarthria
Dysarthria (anartria) ispronunciation disorder that occurs
due to damage to the nervous
systems.
suffering from dysarthria
not the pronunciation of individual sounds,
but all speech.
A child with dysarthria is indistinct,
blurry sounds, his voice
quiet, weak, or vice versa, too
cutting; the rhythm of breathing is disturbed; speech
loses its fluency, rate of speech
abnormally accelerated or too
slowed down Common in children with dysarthria
small movements of the hand are disturbed, they
awkward physically.
dysarthria
Children with erased forms of dysarthriado not stand out sharply among their
peers, even do not always immediately turn
attention to yourself.
However, they have some
peculiarities. So these kids don't speak clearly
and eat poorly. Usually they don't like meat,
bread crusts, carrots, hard apple,
as it is difficult for them to chew. chewed a little,
the child can hold food in the cheek until
adults will not reprimand him. Often
parents make concessions to the baby - give
soft food, just to eat. Thus, they
unwittingly contribute to the delay
movement development in a child
articulation apparatus.
Dyslalia
Dyslalia is a violation of the pronunciation of varioussounds, another name for this type of speech disorder is
tongue-tied.
The types of tongue-tied tongue are very diverse. For
their designations are usually used in Greek
the names of those speech sounds, the pronunciation of which
disturbed: the distorted pronunciation of the sound "r" received
the name of rotacism, the sound "l" - lambdaism, whistling
and hissing sounds (“s”, “z”, “c”, “sh”, “g”, “g”, “u”) -
sigmaism (from the Greek letters "ro", "lambda", "sigma").
If the pronunciation of all consonants is violated
and sound combinations with the exception of "t",
so the speech becomes quite
incomprehensible, then use the term
"tethism" (from the Greek name for the letter
"t" (theta)).
Stuttering
Stuttering is a breaking pacerhythm, fluency of speech, caused
convulsions, spasms in various parts
speech apparatus. At the same time, the child
in speech there are forced
stopping or repeating individual
sounds and syllables. Stuttering most often
occurs in children under the age of two
up to five years.
It is very important not to miss the first
signs of stuttering: the child suddenly suddenly
shut up, refuses to speak. it
state can last up to several
days. In this case, you need to urgently
see a doctor.
Often the cause of stuttering is
fright or long-term mental trauma.
Dysgraphia
Speech disorders in preschool age, in the absence ofcorrective work will inevitably lead to problems at school,
in particular, dysgraphia may develop - a violation of writing, so
called tongue-tied in writing. It usually appears
when a child begins to learn to read and write.
The reason for this disorder is the underdevelopment or violation
phonemic hearing. By the way, speaking aloud all operations
when writing a letter in the desired sequence - quite
an effective tool for teaching a child to think correctly
about the action, that is, it can be a prevention of the occurrence
graphical errors
younger students.
Dyslexia
In the first grades, the child may also showdyslexia (alexia) - a violation of the reading process
or mastering it with the defeat of various departments
cortex of the left hemisphere (in right-handers).
Depending on which areas
affected, distinguish different types of alexia.
Treatment
Some speech disorders disappear with age, some of themcan be eliminated with little help from a speech therapist in work
with parents or at a speech clinic, children's polyclinic or
in a normal garden.
Children with severe speech disorders need mandatory
long-term assistance of a speech therapist in speech groups of speech therapy
kindergartens.
Moreover, the earlier you turned to a speech therapist for help, the
corrective work with your child will be more successful.
Pathology of the organs of speech
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity–
–
–
–
Narrowing and overgrowth of the nasal cavity
Nose injury
Foreign bodies of the nose
Coryza
Oral disease
–
–
–
–
Lip and palate defects
Language defects
Jaw and teeth defects
Neuromuscular disorders
Diseases of the pharynx
– Anomalies of development
- Angina
- Chronic tonsillitis
Disease of the larynx
– Anomalies of development
– Acute laryngitis
- Malignant tumors of the larynx
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Narrowing and overgrowth of the nasal cavity. Observedcongenital narrowness of the nasal passages in one or both
halves of the nasal cavity. In other cases
congenital constriction concerns only the entrance to the nose and
consists in partial or complete overgrowth, or
atresia of the nostrils.
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Nose injury. As a result of damagenasal bones deformity of the nose may occur in
shifting it to the side. When damaged
nasal septum often forms submucosal
hemorrhage, or hematoma, which subsequently
turns into an abscess.
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Foreign bodies of the nose. They lead to congestionone, and sometimes both halves of the nasal cavity and
often cause purulent inflammation of the mucosa
nasal membranes. More often foreign bodies get stuck in
the initial section of the lower nasal passage and easily
removed by a doctor under visual control.
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Coryza. Maybebe seen as independent
disease or as one of
manifestations of a common infectious
diseases (flu, measles,
scarlet fever). Cause
acute rhinitis is more often
penetration into the mucosa
membranes of pathogens
microorganisms. It occurs in
the result of a cold.
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Signs of acute rhinitis aresensation of dryness and burning in the nose and in
nasopharynx, sneezing, slight increase
temperature. Nasal congestion leads to
change in the timbre of the voice, appears
nasality, impaired sense of smell.
The inflammatory process can
spread through the Eustachian tube to
middle ear.
Treatment is to eliminate
nasal congestion through various
medications, as well as treatment
the underlying disease that caused the runny nose.
Disease of the external nose and nasal cavity
Ozena is a special chronicdisease accompanied by
atrophy of the nasal mucosa and
the underlying airways. With her
also atrophy of the bone skeleton
shells, so that the nasal passages become
at the lake even wider. AT
important role in the development of the disease
environmental factors play in
particular material and household
terms. Treatment is symptomatic
character and is reduced to a mechanical
removal of crusts and moistening of the mucous
membranes by washing the nose with alkaline
solutions and inlet drops.
Oral disease
Lip and palate defects. Frequent anomaliesdevelopment of the lips and palate are gap defects
upper lip and palate resulting from
delays in the fusion of embryonic primordia,
forming these parts of the oral cavity.
There are various degrees of anomaly, more
clefts of the upper lip are mild, which
can be unilateral and bilateral.
Oral disease
Unilateral fissure is usually located online corresponding to the gap between the canine and
lateral incisor, more often on the left side.
Bilateral is located most often symmetrically
and divides the upper lip into three parts - 2 lateral and
one medium.
With cleft lips, anomalies are also observed
location and number of teeth.
Oral disease
Language defects. To anomalies of language developmentits complete absence (aglossia). To
congenital developmental defects also include
underdevelopment of the tongue, when its dimensions turn out to be
excessively small (microglossia), and abnormally
large tongue (macroglossia), when as a result
muscle hypertrophy, the tongue is so enlarged that
does not fit in the mouth and protrudes outward between
teeth.
microglossia
due to
separation of language
into slices
Macroglossia
due to
tumor
defeat
Oral disease
Defects of jaws and teeth. More often appear inthe form of malocclusion, which have different
options:
Prognathia - Upper jaw and upper dental arch
strongly pushed forward, lower front teeth
located far behind the top.
Progenia is characterized by significant development
lower jaw. Anterior teeth of the lower jaw
located in front of the teeth of the upper jaw.
An open bite is characterized by the presence
free space between the teeth of the upper and
lower jaws in their closed position.
Oral disease
PrognathiaOpen bite
Progenia
Oral disease
Neuromuscular disorders. Violationsnormal mobility of the lips and cheeks are observed in
as a result of facial paralysis. Cause
lesions of the facial nerve is inflammation
middle ear, as the facial nerve passes through
bone canal in close proximity to
eardrum.
Diseases of the pharynx
Anomalies in the development of the pharynx occur in the formsplitting, shortening or absence of the soft palate
and tongue;
Split
sky
Split
palatine
tongue
Non-infection
palatine arches
Diseases of the pharynx
Angina. Acute inflammation of the tonsils, in whichthe surrounding mucosa is also involved in the process
shell of the pharynx (palatine arches and soft palate). Angina
is an infectious disease caused by
often streptococcus, rarely staphylococcus. Disease
begins with a feeling of dryness, pain appears with
swallowing, the temperature is elevated. Treatment: bed
mode, gargling, heat on the neck,
medical treatment.
Catarrhal angina
Funicular angina
Lacunar angina
Diseases of the pharynx
Chronic tonsillitis.chronic inflammation
tonsils, or chronic
tonsillitis usually develops
as a result of repeated angina and
is quite common
disease.
Diseases of the pharynx
In some cases, chronic tonsillitis canoccur without previous angina. Often when
chronic tonsillitis is observed for a long time
slight increase in temperature in the evenings
(the so-called subfebrile temperature - 37.237.5). On examination, there is little
redness of the tonsils and pharynx. When pressed on
tonsils often stand out whitish
plugs with an unpleasant odor, and sometimes liquid pus.
Disease of the larynx
Anomalies of development. Most often, there are deviations inthe structure of the epiglottis. It may be underdeveloped and even
be completely absent. Sometimes the epiglottis is abruptly
deformed: split into several parts,
rolled into a tube. Defects of the epiglottis usually do not have a significant effect on the function of voice-speech formation.
1 - Soft palate;
2 - Tongue;
3 - Epiglottis;
4 - Submandibular gland;
5 - Esophagus;
6 - Trachea;
7 - Sublingual gland;
8 - Jaw bone;
9 - Language;
10 - Teeth;
11 - Hard palate
Disease of the larynx
Acute laryngitis. Acute mucosal inflammationmembranes of the larynx, or acute laryngitis, develops
most often as part of a diffuse mucosal lesion
membranes of the respiratory tract with influenza and so on
called seasonal upper respiratory catarrh
ways. The occurrence of an inflammatory process in
larynx promotes general and local cooling, and
predisposing factors are
overexertion of the voice and smoking.
The disease manifests itself in a feeling of dryness,
scratching in the throat, then dry
cough, voice becomes hoarse, and sometimes completely
silent - aphonia.
Disease of the larynx
When examining the larynx, its mucous membraneappears reddened, swollen, false
vocal cords are thickened, true vocal cords
ligaments do not close when trying to pronounce sounds
(hence hoarseness and aphonia). Acute laryngitis lasts
short and with proper treatment passes within
7-10 days.
The main treatment is complete rest of the larynx. Sick
should not speak for 5-7 days, it is necessary
eliminate irritants from food, and
everything excessively cold and hot; smoking should
be prohibited. Of the medical procedures should be
drinking, warmth on the neck, steam inhalation.
Disease of the larynx
Malignant tumors of the larynx. Laryngeal cancer is more commonoccurs in the elderly (over 40), although
may also occur at a younger age.
Sarcoma (an overgrowth of connective tissue)
develop in childhood.
Membrane
Split
epiglottis
Hyperemia
Voice
folds
Median
neck cyst
Subglottic
laryngitis
(false croup)
Study of the organs of speech
Examination of the speech organs in a child withspeech defects begin with the collection of an anamnesis -
information about the previous general and speech
development.
Study of the organs of speech
Violation of the structure and function of the speech organs are detectedthrough inspection and functional examination. Entrance to
nose and anterior nasal cavity can be examined
lifting the tip of the nose with the thumbs and tilting the head
examined posteriorly. The patency of each half of the nose for
air is determined by alternately closing one or
other nostrils when inhaling and exhaling with a closed mouth. Very comfortably
at the same time, use a thread (V.I. Voyachek's test) or cotton wool
(test of B.S. Preobrazhensky): a thread or fleece is attracted to
nostril during inhalation and exhalation.
Study of the organs of speech
When examining the oral cavity and pharynx for squeezing the tongueuse a spatula. Particular attention is paid to the structure
lips, jaws, teeth, tongue, palate, pharynx (palatine cusps and
tonsils), posterior pharyngeal wall.
Simultaneously, a functional study is carried out,
consisting in determining the mobility of the lips, tongue, soft
palate. The larynx and trachea can be examined with
special toolkit.
Study of the organs of speech
To examine the larynx, doctors use direct laryngoscopy withusing a special device, which is
combination of a blade with powerful lighting.
Study of the organs of speech
Currentlydeveloped and widely
applied methods
endoscopy performed with
using fiber optics
(fiberoscopes). At the same time, it is possible
easy to change the direction of the beam,
which makes it painless
to inspect any lororgan.
To prevent chronic diseases of the voice
apparatus, it is very important to protect children from frequent colds,
tonsillitis, acute laryngitis and other colds.
Here the hardening of the child's body plays an important role.
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in children
Children should not be accustomed to excessive heat, they should notto wrap up, as in this case the body loses the ability
adapt to changes in external temperature,
become sensitive to even small fluctuations, and
the child catches a cold easily at the slightest chill or
draft.
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in children
Of course, when hardening, it is necessary to showcaution: accustom the body to cooling should be gradual,
hardening procedures should begin in the summer, teaching children
walk barefoot, swim in cool water.
In case of any disease, hardening must be stopped and
start it again only after complete recovery.
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in children
important role in promoting health andhardening of the body play physical education and
sports available to children.
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in children
In the origin of chronic inflammation of the mucosamembranes of the larynx (chronic laryngitis)
influence of harmful impurities to
inhaled air, in particular tobacco smoke. Everyone
it is known how often habitual smokers have a voice
becomes rough and hoarse.
Tobacco has a particularly harmful effect.
smoke on the delicate mucous membrane of the children's larynx.
Therefore, the fight against smoking among children should be
carry out especially persistently and vigorously; lead her
not only through outreach,
using every suitable occasion for this
class time and extracurricular activities.
Prevention of voice and speech disorders in children
As already mentioned, during nasal breathing, aircleaned of mechanical impurities, warmed up and
moisturized. If breathing occurs through the mouth, then
elimination of harmful properties of inhaled air
carried out to a lesser extent.
ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS
Articulatory instrumentationapparatus
1.2. Lips. The role of the lips is difficult to overestimate, with this
everyone will agree. They are the main
burden of responsibility for "formatting"
speech articulation.
3-5. Teeth and alveoli. Accept indirect
participation in the preparation of the "performance" of sounds, coupled with
other muscles as an obstacle
the passage of the sound stream. Those who studied
whistle at a conscious age, very good
should feel the meaning of this part
device.
6-8. Solid sky. Like alveoli, passive
articulation component, not transformable
visually in the process of speech and carries a similar
function.
9. Soft palate with a process - tongue. The one who
watched Disney cartoons
remember the vibration of the tongue during wild cries
characters.
10-12. Extension tube with vocal cords.
13-18. Muscles of the tongue. 3 Lower teeth
4 tongue
5 Language
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