Thanks to the latest options for the distribution of electricians in the room, it is hidden wiring in a wooden house that has become an alternative, the installation of which is carried out in accordance with the PUE.

To tackle the reproduction of hidden electricity, it is important to be as prepared as there are new, but very specific risks. It is important to study a number of standards and GOSTs and only then proceed with the installation of the current method for laying electricity.

Advantages of hidden electrical wiring in wooden houses

Everyone is familiar with the design firsthand, and if it is broken by a banal electrical wiring, it will be obvious. Let's take a look at some of the benefits:

Hidden wiring in a wooden house is installed not only according to regulatory requirements, but also taking into account aesthetic considerations.

Some rules to be followed

As we said, neglecting the rules when working with electrical networks has a dangerous outcome.

Important! Compliance with state standards regarding the establishment of electrical wiring in a wooden house is a chance for the successful operation of electrical appliances.

We are for safety! In order to avoid any problems after the installation is completed, it is important to carry out all work exclusively according to the instructions of the diagram. Such a scheme can be drawn up independently or found on the Internet, choosing according to the conditions of building a house. Only in this way can safety be guaranteed.

Eliminate fire! Try to lay electrical wiring in places where there is no possibility of ignition of wood, in the event of a short circuit or overcurrent breakdown. Typically, installation is carried out on non-combustible materials, for example, in partition walls.

We save the interior of the house! To make the branching of the wires invisible, you should make them in baseboards, door frames or near windows, placing them in special wooden boxes. You can also make an electrical network in special pipes with corrugated insulation, you can also lay an asbestos gasket in it. It protects the insulation from powerful wiring.

Such a wiring connection in wood is prohibited.

Accounting free access! Despite the preservation of the design solutions of the living space, it is important at any time to quickly get to the boxes where all the conductors are hidden. It happens that you have to fix some breakdowns, and destroying half a wall for this will cost you a lot.

Concealed wiring in wood insulation

How should hidden wiring enter a wooden house?

Many unfortunate electricians try to use the most primitive and lightweight methods to connect their wooden housing to a common electrical network. However, this issue has its own nuances. We invite you to consider them.

1. In no case be guided by the old methods of factory electricians in the house. It is likely that such options do not meet the requirements for a long time.
2. It is not recommended to place conductors on ceramic heads attached to the street wall of a wooden house, as they say - this is a time bomb! Sooner or later you will run into a fire problem.
3. Do not install the electrical network through a wooden attic. In conditions of dampness and an unheated under-roof space, the insulating layer is often broken, as a result of which there is a risk of a short circuit.
4. Use approved wiring entry methods. One of the best is the air method. But its disadvantage is that for implementation it is necessary to involve professional electricians.
5. Underground wiring is characterized by reliability and durability. These qualities are due to the fact that the wires are completely hidden and are not exposed to atmospheric phenomena or mechanical influences carried out by the human factor.

Important! The complexity of laying hidden wiring in the house is proven by the implementation of labor-intensive tasks.

This wiring is prohibited.

Remember that more than one centimeter of the electrical cable should not come into contact with wooden walls or other ceilings, therefore, steel or copper pipes are a prerequisite for electrical wiring in wooden housing.

prokommunikacii.ru

Installation of hidden wiring in a wooden house according to PES: cable laying with step-by-step instructions

Many owners of wooden buildings were able to make sure that they have a lot of advantages over brick and other structures. Despite this, wooden buildings also have a number of disadvantages, among which rapid ignition should be especially emphasized.

Often, such fires do not occur due to banal reasons in the form of careless handling of fireplaces, stoves and other heating devices, but due to the incorrect location of the electrical wiring and its pre-incorrect installation option.

Wiring: how it should not be laid

The rules for the installation of electrical installations, or PUE, are the bible of every electrician and it is in them that it is indicated exactly how it is necessary to install the electrical wiring. If you follow these rules, the operation of the house will become as safe as possible, and the installation itself will be reliable and durable.

According to the PUE, laying a cable on wooden structures of a residential building and especially facing with flammable materials is strictly prohibited. It will be a big mistake to rely on a high-quality wiring winding, since the design of any cable provides for a huge variety of different processes that, in principle, cannot be predicted.

These include:

• Deformation of wiring at the micro level.
• temperature fluctuations.
• Increase and decrease in air humidity.
• Possibility of dust accumulation.

Sometimes when the electrical wiring in a wooden house is stretched parallel to each other, especially in the absence of protection from the base and when the voltage rises in the mains, a fire may occur.

Again, as the rule says, namely paragraph 7.1.38 of the PUE, the installation of hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house cannot be carried out on top of wooden structures. It is also forbidden to place cables in plastic boxes and corrugations.

Why can't plastic parts be installed? Because because of them dangerous situations can arise due to wrecking by rodents and the accumulation of wood dust, which is extremely combustible.

It is important to note that if hidden wiring lights up, even if hidden in a corrugation, the elevated temperature will certainly be transferred to the walls, since any corrugated product is not able to prevent high temperatures.

In this regard, some builders are interested in why corrugation is needed then and what is its meaning? In fact, corrugated structures are necessary, since their purpose is to withstand a short circuit and not burn through at the time that is necessary for self-extinguishing.

If you need a full-fledged action, you must use steel components, which just recommend these same rules.

How to wire correctly

Today, every electrician, if asked, can answer that there are many ways to install electrical wiring, but if the electrical installation is in accordance with the PUE, there are only a few of them. The most important thing to focus on is fire safety requirements, and it does not matter whether it is design or installation.

If we consider the installation of wiring in a building made of rounded logs, we can see that it passes through exclusively non-flammable channels. If a fire does occur, it is immediately extinguished in the box itself.

The main rule is not to strive and put exceptional design and visual beauty in the first place! If all this is not omitted, then such beauty can be lost and, in addition, suffer yourself.

It is best to hide metal pipes and steel boxes in a wooden house when laying wires, which can be hidden in numerous voids. If, however, cables are laid in corrugations and junction boxes, exclusively non-combustible materials, then it is necessary to prepare special gaskets for installation in advance in the form of:

• Plasters.
• Gypsum.
• Concrete.

The choice of the thickness of these gaskets must be selected individually, depending on the characteristics of a particular cable.

If you follow the rules for electrical installations, then the most reliable is installation in boxes and pipes made of steel or copper. For example, copper pipes, if necessary, can be bent at the required angle on their own and without any extra effort, and this is a significant advantage with an extensive power supply scheme.

If, when laying a cable in a wooden house according to the PUE, steel pipes are used, then it is recommended to invite qualified workers for their installation, since working with steel is much more difficult, especially if the replacement occurs in parts.

Again, cutting sharp edges on the boxes also requires skill, and if this is not done, the wiring can be severely damaged.

Where to start

Without the PUE, it is literally impossible to take a single step in any actions that relate to electrical wiring, including the selection and marking of the electrical wiring line.

When marking, it is advisable to try to keep the possible number of bends and turns as small as possible, and in places where wiring is possible, but complicated by complex architectural solutions, it is strictly necessary to use junction boxes.

The rules of the PUE categorically prohibit the installation of junction boxes in hard-to-reach places. They should have absolutely free access, which may be needed in unforeseen situations.

In order not to damage the structure of the house, steel or copper pipes should be positioned with the necessary calculation. Depending on the electrical wiring, the required thickness of the tubes and their cross section are selected, since the cable itself, according to the rules, can occupy up to 40% of the internal space and, if necessary, can be easily pulled into the pipe cavity.

If it is customary to lay more than one wire, but 2 or 3, then the pipe should be selected with a larger diameter, since the rules remain the same - up to 40%.

It is also necessary to calculate the insulation resistance and this is done before the wiring begins. This is necessary in order to:

• To be able to determine whether the wire meets the requirements.
• Find out possible damage to the insulation during transport and storage.
• To comply with all the same rules regarding the preparatory stage.

How to choose electrical wiring

When the stage has come to an end, which includes the marking of nodes and the development of circuits, it is necessary to select the wire itself, which will have to be used for laying. Wooden structures should choose wires of the following markings:

• VVGng-PLS.
• VVGng (A).
• VVGngLS.
• VVGng-P (A).

Wires VVGng (A) or VVGng-P (A) have solid copper construction and double insulation. The inner layer is made strictly from non-combustible PVC and, most importantly, each core is protected separately and has its own color, which greatly facilitates the installation of any type of sockets, lighting devices, switches, etc. The second type of insulation is made in the form of composite plastic and fits the wire from the outside. It can be used in a wide variety of places with temperatures ranging from -50 to +50 degrees Celsius.

As for the cables marked VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS, they basically do not differ in their parameters. The only distinguishing feature is that when heated, they do not emit harmful substances.

And finally, the NYM brand electrical wire. This cable has 3 layers of insulation, and it is manufactured in accordance with GOST 22483. The insulation of this cable is:

• Each core is protected by its own layer.
• All strands in the bundle are re-insulated.
• After that, the insulation takes place in the form of enclosing the entire structure in a PVC sheath.

How to choose places for switches and sockets

When the places where it is planned to mount sockets with switches are determined, first you should drill the sockets with special nozzles and a drill. It is necessary to install metal boxes in these sockets, which are mounted on the same rules as any other soldering analogues.

It is extremely important to ensure grounding during installation. If continuity is achieved when pulling the wire, then grounding can be established through the switchboard.

The device itself for fixing metal boxes to pipes is based on welding and soldering. Of course, there are other possibilities, but in wooden buildings this method has maximum reliability:

• By soldering and welding contacts are achieved maximum strength.
• Protection against environmental influences in the form of corrosion.
• Such fasteners are able to withstand mechanical loads from the outside.

Depending on which pipes are used, a decision is made to connect to the box. For example, when working with copper pipes, all edges in the box are flared, and with steel counterparts, the connection is made using nuts. To do this, you must first cut the thread at the end of the pipes.

All nuts must be processed, since both the quality of installation and their further operation depend on this. When choosing boxes for installing switches with sockets, both distribution and technological, it is necessary to make sure that they comply with the requirements of class IP -54. Only under this condition can you guarantee maximum confidence that neither moisture nor dust will penetrate the box during operation.

Last step: wiring test

When all installation work is completed, boxes and pipes are installed, the grounding device should be checked. This is necessary in order to determine how securely all elements of the common circuit are fixed.

If the check showed that all the requirements of the PUE are met in absolute accuracy, you can start pulling the electrical wire.

It is extremely important to leave a tolerance when pulling the wiring and fixing it in boxes, because sometimes the connection system can change, and if there is no length reserve, then the circuit segment will have to be electrified again.

If the material of the erected building is wood, then according to the rules of the PUE it is allowed to use cables with only 3 or 5 cores. Grounding is also mandatory. If the electrical wiring network is not equipped with grounding, the object for delivery is considered unprepared.

Summing up, we can add that exactly how the entire path of the electrical wiring will be laid, of course, is decided by the customer. Of course, the factors of shrinkage of a wooden house and the combustibility of the material should be taken into account. As for the builders, in fact, they do not care, as they say, they will do it. Only the customer of construction should decide and follow the EMP or design and aesthetics, this is his right.

Video: hidden wiring in a wooden house

derevostroika.ru

Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house: step-by-step instructions, PUE rules, diagrams, hidden and open wiring + photos and videos

A wooden house pleases its inhabitants with lightness and indescribable comfort. But wood, for all its merits, is a combustible material that requires increased attention from the point of view of fire safety. But since the need to equip a house with electricity is not discussed today, before starting work, you need to carefully read the rules for installing electrical equipment (PUE) and the provisions of GOSTs. There are no particular difficulties in observing these rules, but you need to know about them.

Basic requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

Codes of rules for PUE and SNiP are developed by security experts. This is not a whim of an armchair official, but a list of necessary norms, the observance of which brings the level of "carelessness" as close as possible to the desired one. It can be said that life itself writes these dry chapters, behind which human tragedies are sometimes hidden.

The main cause of fires in wooden buildings is a short circuit in the electrical wiring.

Fire statistics unfortunately leave no doubt that timber construction is always at the forefront of fire risk. However, if you remember that for hundreds (or maybe thousands) of years our ancestors lived in wooden log cabins, there is hope that everything is possible, you just need to correctly deal with the wiring. After all, it is in the vast majority of cases that it causes a fire.

The main requirements contained in the PUE and GOSTs are as follows:

• The calculation of the wiring should be made with a margin of up to 30%. This applies primarily to the selection of the cross-sectional area of ​​​​the wires, since the degree of heating of the insulation and the likelihood of a short circuit during operation depend on this. In order to cover the whole picture of electrification as a whole, it is necessary to prepare a working draft with a detailed diagram and specification of electrical wiring, and upon completion of work, get certified and receive a wiring passport.
• The quality of the connections should not allow the slightest possibility of electric shock to the inhabitants of the house.
• Heating and ignition of cables is unacceptable, as this will most likely lead to arson of the entire house. The possibility of short circuits must be completely excluded.

The PUE welcomes the installation of lighting in wooden houses using 12-volt lamps and LED equipment, which is considered the safest today. For example, in mines and mines, especially those where methane gas accumulates and an explosion can occur from a single spark, all equipment is powered by a current of 12 volts. The same is done in cars.

A significant obstacle that makes it difficult to independently carry out work on installing wiring in a wooden house is the lack of a single document regulating the installation. The main regulations are dispersed in the regulatory documents of GOST and SNiP and are not systematized. Therefore, when drafting a project, it is better to contact a specialized organization that has a license for this kind of activity.

Preparation of a power supply project

Project documentation should include all the details of future wiring. It displays the location of lighting fixtures, sockets, mounting boxes, switchboard. The specification describes in detail the brands of conductors used for wiring, their total number and ratings. All electrical devices involved in the power supply scheme, such as an electric meter, RAM, automatic machines and others, are calculated in advance for compliance with the loads that are expected during operation.

A power supply project usually includes a wiring diagram indicating the markings of the cables used, the type of devices installed and the estimated load on each of them

The presence of a project is a sign of a civilized and responsible approach to business.

You can, of course, separate the cables without it, but:

• practice shows that wiring without a preliminary project, as a rule, costs 10-15% more. At the same time, errors are possible, the correction of which also costs money;
• in the event of a fire, the insurance company will require a certified home electrification plan. In its absence, the coverage of damages will be postponed for an indefinite period (until the circumstances are clarified). Well, if only one house burns down. In densely populated areas, a fire can spread to neighboring areas. The culprit will be the owner of the wooden structure from where the fire began to spread. The only way to prove your innocence is to present a certified plan for the electrification of the premises;
• the presence of a plan significantly reduces the cost of preventive and repair work on electrical wiring during further operation, and also helps to quickly find and eliminate the source of damage to the power supply.

A full-fledged project consists not only of drawings, but also of a detailed description of all elements and equipment. It usually includes:

1. A graphic representation of all levels of the living space, on which, using the accepted symbols, the locations of the cable routes, consumers and electrical equipment are reflected.
2. Single-line electrical supply schemes.
3. Detailed calculations of ground loops.
4. Cross-sectional area of ​​conductors.
5. List of switching devices.
6. The maximum current and voltage of the meter.
7. Calculations of the power of electrical receiving devices.

In addition, the project must provide for outdoor lighting of the site and the connection of courtyard buildings - a bathhouse, a garage, utility rooms.

The electrical wiring project of a private house must contain a calculation and diagram of the outdoor lighting device for the adjacent territory

Project documentation is developed in several stages:

1. Formulation of the problem. Power supply is planned in accordance with the terms of reference and conditions. The customer expresses his vision to the contractor orally or with the help of a schematic image. As one of the options, a design project can serve as an order form.
2. Development and approval of the project. If necessary, the project is defended and coordinated with representatives of inspection organizations. The parameters of electrification and their compliance with regulatory documentation are being specified.
3. Project implementation support. Sometimes it is also called supervised installation, during which the designer exercises direct control over the execution of work.

Calculation of the cable section

The calculation of conductors consists in determining two parameters:

In conditions of increased requirements for fire safety, the rules require the use of three-core wires without fail. This measure is dictated by the need for protective grounding of the entire power supply system.

In private houses, wiring should be carried out with a three-core cable: one core is a phase wire, the second is zero, the third is grounding

Table: selection of cable section depending on the current strength

Calculation of electrical installation devices

Electrical installation devices - sockets, switches and junction boxes are selected based on the technological conditions of their operation.

Selection of input cable and circuit breaker at the input

Of great importance in ensuring the safety of electrical wiring is the correct input of electricians inside the house. When choosing a cable and a circuit breaker, it should be borne in mind that in the future the load on it will only increase - the number of household appliances and units that are used at home increases over time.

The cross section of the input cable must be calculated for the future: over time, the number of electrical appliances used and their total power consumption will only increase

The task of an electrician is to choose a cable that will allow the use of electrical appliances without the risk of overvoltage of the lead-in conductor. The optimal placement of the introductory circuit breaker (AB) is considered to be its location in front of the meter. Its task is to turn off the internal network in case of excessive current consumption, for example, in case of a short circuit. But at the same time, it should not turn off at the maximum allowable load. In order to calculate the rating of the input AB independently, use the formula Inom \u003d P / U x cos (f), where Inom is the rated current, P is the total power of all devices, cos (f) is the power factor, which for most electrical appliances can be considered equal to unit. 10% is added to the obtained value of the rated current and a circuit breaker is selected relative to it. Most often, in a private house, AB with a rating of 25 A is enough.

The introductory circuit breaker must withstand the maximum load from all switched on electrical appliances, but open the network when too high currents appear, for example, from a short circuit

Three-phase power supply of a private house

The vast majority of wooden houses use single-phase power. But if it is planned to use high-powered units - for example, powerful electric welding or woodworking machines - a three-phase current supply is necessary. In this case, to calculate the installation devices, you must contact a specialist. Calculations are made according to more complex formulas and in relation to a specific situation.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation in a wooden house

If there is an agreed project, executed in accordance with all legislative norms, you can carry out the installation of electrical wiring yourself. To do this, stock up on the necessary tools and materials, as well as familiarize yourself with the safety rules. Consider the main stages of electrification of the house.

Switchboard installation

The switchboard is the main point of power management. It is a cabinet, inside of which there are devices for monitoring and recording the consumed current. It can be metal or made of dielectric plastic.

The switchboard contains control and monitoring devices for the electrical network: meters, circuit breakers, residual current devices, etc.

The shield is mounted in a convenient place for use, at a height of 1.5 to 1.7 m from the floor surface. Most often, it is located near the front door in such a way that when leaving you can turn off the electricity, and when you return, turn it on. An introductory cable is connected from the power lines to the shield, then the electricity is distributed throughout the house. Inside the shield is installed:

• electricity consumption meter;
• circuit breakers on a DIN rail;
• RCD (residual current device);
• tires for grounding and zero circuit output.

An introductory circuit breaker can also be placed here, but it is also practiced to locate it outside the house at the point where the overhead line is connected to the home network. This option is not without meaning, since the risk of excessive load on the input cable is significantly reduced.

The switchboard is installed first. Particular attention should be paid to the selection of automation, using proven and reliable brands of devices from well-known manufacturers.

Video: switchboard overview for a private house

Entering the cable into the room

There are two options for entering the cable from the power line into the house.

1. Air method, which uses a self-supporting insulated conductor.
2. Underground method, when the cable is brought into the room from underground.

The first option is more common due to speed and economy. The second is more expensive, but has a number of advantages, such as a long service life and independence from atmospheric disasters.

The underground cable entry method is more laborious, but more reliable and durable.

In any case, the rules prescribe to lead the cable into a wooden house through a metal thick-walled (from 2.5 to 3.3 mm) pipe. Its inside must be painted or galvanized, and the installation is carried out at an angle of 3–5o to the horizontal plane so that the resulting condensate can freely flow out (GOST R 50571.15–97 (IEC 364 5 52 93): clause 522.3.2).

The cable is led into a wooden house through a metal sleeve, which is placed at an angle to organize the drainage of condensate

The installation of a metal sleeve and cable entry is always carried out from the outside of the wall. The installer must be suitably qualified and authorized. Most often, this work is performed by employees of the energy supply organization.

Video: cable entry into the house and connection to the shield

Installation of switches and sockets

In wooden buildings there are certain nuances in the installation of switches and sockets.

Otherwise, the installation of sockets and switches is no different from installation in a stone building.

1. First, the wall is marked. It is best to use a building level or a laser level.
2. Next, socket boxes or protective pads are installed.
3. The base of the device is mounted on them.
4. After connecting to the wires, the outer casing is attached.

All of the above applies to junction boxes as well. It is recommended to design wiring in such a way as to minimize their number.

Wire connection

Based on the same prerequisites for increased fire hazard, it is recommended to connect conductors in wooden buildings using factory terminal blocks. Twisting is allowed only in the case of additional soldering of current-carrying wires and using plastic caps.

Wire connections must be made using special terminal blocks, twists can only be used as a last resort

Grounding and installation of RCD

Residual current device (RCD) is designed to protect people (and pets) from electric shock in case of possible leakage on damaged insulation or the metal case of household appliances.

In the electrical wiring diagram in a private house, it is necessary to provide for the presence of an RCD device that protects against electric shock in case of accidental leaks

The device is able to detect minimal leakage and react to it by opening the circuit. The level of sensitivity depends on the brand of the device. The choice is made according to the main parameter - the leakage current, which is expressed in milliamps. If the RCD is included in the whole house protection circuit, a leakage current value of 30 mA is sufficient. If the device is intended to protect individual premises, for example, a bathroom or a bathroom, a higher sensitivity of 10 mA is selected. The RCD is installed in the switchboard. The connection diagram provides for the location of the RCD in front of the circuit breakers.

The residual current device for the common circuit of the house is selected for a leakage current of 30 mA

Video: connecting a circuit breaker and RCD

The same tasks are assigned to the grounding of all electrical installations inside the house. Separately, we can say about the grounding device. In order for the stray current removal system to work properly, you need to follow the recommendations for self-arrangement of the ground strip.

The ground loop consists of three metal plates fixed on reinforcing pins.

To do this, you will need metal fittings of three meters in length and three meter pieces of corners.

Do not forget about the seasonal expansion and contraction of the metal under the influence of changing air temperature.

To prevent the ground bus from breaking, a “compensation hump” is made in it, which is designed to absorb thermal changes.

Methods for open wiring

In practice, three types of external wiring are used in wooden houses:

The choice entirely depends on the aesthetic inclinations of the inhabitants of the house. On sale there are all the necessary materials to realize your preferences in terms of design solutions.

Video: outdoor wiring in a cable channel in a wooden house

Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house

If, for some reason, the customer is not satisfied with the external location of the wiring in the house, the cables are bred in a hidden way. In a wooden structure, this is a rather time-consuming and painstaking procedure. Each wire, regardless of its thickness, must be packed in a metal tube. Sockets and junction boxes must also be made of metal. Pipes are supposed to be protected from corrosion. To do this, they must be painted from the inside with moisture-resistant enamels, and to drain condensate, drill small holes at certain intervals. For the same purpose, it is necessary to place the pipe at an angle so that drops of moisture can flow out. To avoid damage to the insulation, the ends of the pipes are cleaned from sharp burrs and are additionally equipped with plastic tips.

For a hidden wiring device in a wooden house, cables inside the walls are laid in metal pipes and led out into niches closed by metal sockets

A big disadvantage of hidden wiring in a wooden structure is the inaccessibility of cables. If any problems occur, it will be very difficult to replace the old cable with a new one. However, this type of wiring has its fans. Especially among designers who are primarily concerned with the aesthetic solution of the home.

Video: hidden wiring in a wooden frame

Wiring test

After completing the installation, the customer needs to invite employees of the electrical laboratory. The purpose of the test is to measure the resistance of the system as a whole, ground resistance and test all automation: RCDs, circuit breakers, current flow meters. If all parameters correspond to the norm, the customer receives a protocol signed by a responsible person. This document is presented to the service company when concluding an agreement for the supply of an object with electricity.

After the work is completed, it is necessary to invite a specialist to check the system and obtain a test report for the electrical wiring

When carrying out the wiring installation activities yourself, it is important to observe personal safety measures. Electric shock can cause irreparable harm to health, cause death. Installation is carried out only when the power supply is switched off. Putting the equipment into operation is carried out in the presence of an authorized representative of the design organization.

www.techznatok.com

Installation of hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house. Part 2

I welcome you to the site http://zametkielectrika.ru.

In the last article (part 1), I told you about the mistakes that electricians make when doing hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house, as well as what the consequences are.

Today I am writing a continuation of the article for you.

How to properly install?

I will say right away that only the requirements of electrical safety and fire safety should be the fundamental principle. The cost of electrical work and interior design goes into the background.

Laying methods

There are 2 ways of laying cables and wires in voids and ceilings made of wood, i.e. from combustible material.

1. In a metal pipe

The first way I consider the safest and most reliable is the laying of cables and wires in metal pipes or metal boxes.

But this method of laying is quite laborious and labor-intensive. But we'll talk about this a little lower.

2. In a plastic PVC corrugation, a box (channel) and in a metal hose

The plastic surface of the corrugations and boxes refers to non-combustible materials and is designated by the index "ng", i.e. does not spread or support combustion. Read about this in the article requirements for electrical wiring.

I told you about laying wires and cables in a metal hose, PVC corrugation and a box (channel) in the first part of the article. But here I want to add the following.

Such a gasket is allowed to be made under one IMPORTANT condition:

Throughout the entire length and from all sides, it is necessary to lay fireproof material between the metal hose (PVC corrugation and box) and wooden surfaces.

Fireproof materials can be: alabaster, plaster, cement, concrete, etc.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house using metal pipes

As I said above, installing hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house using metal pipes is time-consuming and labor-intensive. And besides, such electrical installation can only be performed by trained and qualified specialists.

Where to begin?

The very first thing you need to start installation is materials. And I advise you to use copper pipes.

Why copper pipes?

Yes, because copper pipes are easily deformed (bend easily). Therefore, when using copper pipes, you can not purchase an additional professional tool.

I want to tell you a few more words that the installation of hidden electrical wiring must be carried out in such a way as to ensure the interchangeability of wires and cables. What can not be said about metal boxes, because. when pulling wires and cables in this case, we will damage their insulation on sharp corners.

1. Marking the route

If you have a project, then this is the task of the designers. But if you do the installation with your own hands (on your own), then the layout of the wiring route must be chosen the most optimal, i.e. with minimal damage to wooden surfaces, tk. chasing and drilling in wooden structures weakens them.

2. Installation of junction boxes

Here I want to say that only metal junction boxes should be installed and in accessible places for inspection and further maintenance and operation.

It is forbidden to hide and hide junction boxes.

3. Metal pipe diameter

Also an important point.

How to choose the correct diameter of a metal pipe?

The diameter of the metal pipe is chosen very simply. It is necessary that the wires and cables enter the pipe freely, while filling 40% of the pipe section.

How to choose the wall thickness of a metal pipe?

The wall thickness of a metal pipe for hidden electrical wiring is selected based on the cross section of the wire or cable cores laid in this pipe.

In order not to load you with unnecessary numbers, I will give the data in the form of a table.

4. Installation of mounting boxes (sockets)

To choose the right location for the sockets, read the article installation of sockets and switches.

It is necessary to use only metal mounting boxes for sockets and switches, which we attach to an already connected metal pipe.

If you used steel pipes, then we connect the pipe and the mounting box with a nut. You can also use welding for the connection, which in my opinion is a more reliable connection. Distribution boxes are attached in the same way.

It looks like this.

If you used copper pipes during installation, then the end of the copper pipe is flared in the mounting box.

5. Grounding metal pipes

Installation of a metal pipe must be carried out without pipe breaks in distribution and installation boxes. In this case, the grounding conductor PE is connected to the pipe in the ASU shield.

If the pipe has breaks, then at the place of the break you need to ensure that the pipe is connected to the grounding conductor PE.

6. Electrical measurements

The next point of installation is electrical measurements. It is necessary to measure the presence of a circuit between grounding conductors and grounded installations and elements of a grounded installation, i.e. metal bond.

How to do this, I will tell you next time. Subscribe to site news.

This measurement gives us a guarantee that all metal junction and installation boxes are continuous and connected to a common PE bus in the ASU of the house.

7. Laying wires and cables

Wiring is carried out with three-core or five-core wires, i.e. according to the TN-C-S or TN-S system. You can choose the brand of wires and cables according to my recommendations. Follow the link and study the material.

For information - PUNP wire is prohibited for use.

Plastic bushings are put on the ends of metal pipes so as not to damage the wires and cables during installation.

Then, “steel” is pulled into the metal pipe, with the help of which wires and cables are subsequently pulled to the junction boxes.

Upon completion of the laying of wires and cables of hidden electrical wiring in metal pipes, it is necessary to measure the insulation resistance to make sure that the insulation was not damaged during installation.

8. Connection

The last step in the installation of hidden wiring in a wooden house is cutting and connecting wires and cables to electrical equipment.

9. Completion of work

After the installation is completed, you need to contact the employees of the electrical laboratory, who will carry out the following acceptance measurements and tests:

After all the measurements, the specialists of the electrical laboratory will write a conclusion on the condition and serviceability of your newly installed hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house.

In the next article, read about open wiring in a wooden house.

P.S. On this article I end. I think I have shown you in detail and clearly demonstrated how to properly install. Ask your questions in the comments.

zametkielectrica.ru

Private buildings made of timber and logs are distinguished by their external attractiveness, living comfort and environmental friendliness. But they are classified as buildings with increased fire hazard, due to the combustibility of wood. Therefore, wiring in a wooden house is carried out taking into account special requirements. They are set out in the Electrical Equipment section of the Building Regulations (SNiP) and the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE).

Show all

Installation requirements and general work plan

If you strictly adhere to the provisions of the PUE and SNiP, it is really possible to equip a reliable and safe power supply system for a wooden house with your own hands. First you need to familiarize yourself with the key requirements of these rules and regulations:

• A competent scrupulous calculation of the cable cross-section is required. Non-combustible material is used for their insulation.
• It is advisable to lay open wiring.
• Concealed wiring is not recommended for wooden structures. If you have to use it, you should work with cables in a metal pipe or in another sheath.
• In the switchboard, a protection device (RCD) and a circuit breaker are mounted and connected.

Wiring is divided into external and internal. The first is laid on the street and is connected to the home network through underground wells and channels or through the air (canopy).

External cables are usually made of wires with aluminum conductors, and only copper products are allowed to be used inside the dwelling. Their connection is carried out in a special adapter called a sleeve. It goes from the electric meter on the outer wall of the building to the switchboard.

Wiring in a wooden house is laid in stages. Experienced electricians are advised to adhere to the following sequence of work:

• The total capacity of the equipment that is planned to be installed in the dwelling is calculated.
• A power supply project is being prepared.
• Selection and purchase of switches, sockets, wires, technical devices.
• Power is being supplied to the building, a circuit breaker, an electric meter and a switchboard (PS) are connected.
• The cable is bred around the house.
• Mounted lighting fixtures, sockets, switches.

Lastly, the RCD is connected and the grounding system is equipped. After that, do-it-yourself wiring is tested for operability and safety of operation.

The nuances of drawing up a project for the energy supply of a wooden house

Work should begin by obtaining technical specifications from the local branch of the electricity supplier. Then they begin to calculate the total power of household appliances, lighting and other appliances. This operation is easy to do with your own hands, using the table below.

After the calculations, an electrical wiring diagram is created. The procedure is simple:

• A house plan is being drawn up. It marks the installation points of electrical appliances, lamps, switches, sockets, and other equipment.
• To connect the equipment, the appropriate type of cable is selected.
• On the wiring diagram, the places where the junction boxes will be placed are marked. One such device is usually used for two adjacent (adjacent) rooms in the house.
• The plan indicates the power of each electrical appliance (taking into account the starting force for installations with its own engine).
• Equipment that consumes a lot of energy (furnaces, heating boilers, water heaters) are combined into one group. A separate machine is used to connect them.
• Less powerful appliances (chandeliers, floor lamps, and so on) are collected in another group.

The diagram shows the distances from the line along which the cable is laid to all window and door openings and the removal of electrical points from the ceiling and floor surfaces. This is done so that later, if it is necessary to carry out repairs in the house, the probability of damage to the wiring is minimal.

During the design process, several important recommendations should be followed. Electricians advise working according to the following standards:

• Cable laying is carried out at the top or bottom of the wall with an indent of 0.2 m from the ceiling or floor.
• The switchboard is installed in the hallway of the house at a height of 150–170 cm so that children cannot reach it.
• Turns of internal wiring are made at an angle of 90 °.
• For reasons of aesthetics and ease of use, all switches are mounted at the same height (0.8–1.5 m). They are usually fixed from the side where the handle of the doors leading to the room is located.

Sockets are installed at any height (PUE and SNiP do not stipulate this point). But the places of their installation should be thought out as competently as possible, taking into account the layout of large household appliances and furniture. Then, after repair, you will not have to use extension cords to connect electrical equipment.

Selection of wires, sockets, switches - the table will help

The electrical network in a wooden house works without accidents and failures if the cross-section of cables is correctly determined, with the help of which lighting, special equipment and household appliances are connected. For many home craftsmen, this part of the work causes difficulties. The table for selecting the diameter of copper conductors for devices operating under certain loads allows you to cope with them.

Section, mm	Voltage, V
	380		220
	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A
120	171,6	260	66,0	300
95	145,2	220	57,2	260
70	118,8	180	47,3	215
50	95,7	145	38,5	175
35	75,9	115	29,7	135
25	59,4	90	25,3	115
16	49,5	75	18,7	85
10	33,0	50	15,4	70
6	26,4	40	10,1	46
4	19,8	30	8,3	38
2,5	16,5	25	5,9	27
1,5	10,5	16	4,1	19

All electrical appliances have a technical passport or instructions for use. They indicate the loads that they consume. Based on this information, it is not difficult to select the required cables.



The safest wiring in a wooden house is obtained using NYM copper products. They are easy to install and process, have good strength, are equipped with additional insulation. Their only drawback is their high cost.



More affordable is the cable marked VVGng. Its insulation is carried out using PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic compound, which does not support combustion.



Switches and sockets are selected according to the type of wiring (open or hidden), the magnitude of the (calculated) current, the possibility of their connection on a single-frame block. Cables with three cores and mandatory grounding are connected to these network elements. The latter provides almost one hundred percent safety of operation of household appliances.

Introductory wire and machine - how to choose the right one?

To determine the cross section of the cable leading to the house, you need to calculate the total power (total rated load) of all available electrical devices and equipment. This is especially important if the wiring in a wooden house is being updated. That is, a complete replacement of auto switches and internal wiring is carried out.

If it is necessary to install a new lead-in cable on a log house or a residential building made of logs, contact the power supply organization. Its replacement is carried out before the installation and sealing of the electricity meter.

If the building network is designed for 380 V, a single-pole automatic machine is installed at the input. With a single-phase power supply (220 V), devices with 1 or two poles are used.



Experts advise choosing an automatic machine with a rating that, at maximum loads, does not turn off the current supply to the dwelling, but breaks the electrical circuit. Thus, it eliminates the risk of a short circuit.

It is easy to decide on the type, characteristics and rating of the introductory machine (VA) on your own. First, the power of all electrical equipment in the house is taken. According to the formula P / U * 0.8, the maximum current indicator is calculated. Its value is multiplied by a special coefficient of 1.1 and the value is obtained at which the switch at the input operates (in most cases, a 25 A fuse is used).

A suitable type of VA is selected according to the short circuit current (SCC). The formula used is: I = 3260 * S (wire cross section in millimeters) / L (cable length in meters).

The characteristic of the circuit breaker is determined by dividing the TKZ by the value of the rated current. For individual housing construction, it is recommended to use category C devices. They have shown themselves well when working in electrical networks with a mixed load.



VA is mounted after the counter. These two devices are mounted in an electrical panel on a DIN rail along with RCDs and automata for individual groups of equipment, after which they begin to lay cables around the dwelling.

Hidden and open wiring - features

Outside, the cable, as noted earlier, is mounted in metal pipes that are buried in the ground or in the air. The first method is more expensive, but really reliable.

Before the internal wiring in the house, the installation points of the switchboard and boxes, switches, sockets, and lighting fixtures are planned. RSH is fixed at the selected location. Then the following actions are performed:

• An electricity meter is mounted in the switchboard housing.
• A VA is placed on the DIN rail, to which the neutral and phase are connected.
• The input of the input machine is connected to the terminals of the metering device.
• Switches and voltage relays for RCDs and individual power groups are installed on the rail.
• All clamps of electrical equipment are connected by a wire to one core.



Proceed directly to the wiring - hidden or open. The first is equipped in cases where the wall decoration in the dwelling is planned to be made as attractive and aesthetic as possible. It is ideal for newly built or overhauled log houses.



Hidden wiring involves placing cables in special non-combustible plastic or metal (aluminum, steel, copper) boxes. The latter are laid between the lining of the vertical surface and its base.

Open-type electrical wiring is installed in long-used houses and when creating retro interiors in new buildings. It is done with:

• Ceramic rollers that act as insulators. This method is optimal for dwellings with walls made of wooden logs.
• Plastic channels for cable fixed on vertical bases. These mounting fixtures are available in different colors, which makes it possible to choose them for any type of skin.
• PVC bracket. This technique is rarely used in homes because of its unattractiveness. It is more suitable for wiring in technical, utility and utility rooms.
• Corrugated pipes filled with cables up to a maximum of 40%.
• Special skirting boards equipped with a gutter. In the latter there are special fixators for the wire.



Important! It is desirable to equip the passages through the walls from one room to another with fire-resistant metal sleeves. And already through them to stretch the cables. In this case, the likelihood of a fire due to faulty wiring is significantly reduced.

Popular Indoor Cable Routing Methods

Open wiring is usually carried out using cable channels. Step-by-step instructions for performing such an operation are given below:

• The marking (according to the existing project) of the network laying line is being carried out.
• Remove the cover from the cable channel.
• Attach the box to the ceiling surface or wall. For this, self-tapping screws are used. Their installation is carried out in increments of 50 cm. At the turns of the route, additional hardware is screwed in.
• Junction boxes are mounted in the designated places.
• The wiring is placed in the cable channels, the latter are covered with a lid, and the fasteners are snapped into place.



Important! At the mounting points of switches and sockets, a small amount of cable should be left. It is required to connect the specified elements.

The wires in the distribution boxes are connected to each other and to the terminals of sockets, circuit breakers, switches. This part of the installation work is described in detail in the next section.

With hidden wiring, the cable is often "hidden" in metal pipes. The algorithm of work is simple:

• They make strobes in the walls.
• Distribution boxes are installed (so that access to them after facing the vertical bases is free).
• Install pipes. If necessary, they are pre-cut. The ends of the products are cleaned, all burrs are removed from them.
• Pipes are fastened with clamps.

The wiring is pulled through fixed metal channels. In junction boxes, the conductors are twisted and insulated.

Briefly about the methods of connecting wires and the intricacies of the procedure

The operation is done by hand in one of three ways. A single internal wiring is created:

• twist.
• Self-clamping Wago-terminals.
• Special caps.

The first technique is inexpensive and available in implementation. The insulator (4–5 cm) is removed from the ends of the cables. The wires are twisted together, soldered and wrapped with a protective adhesive tape.



Wago technology involves removing 1 cm of insulation from the ends of the wires and connecting them using self-clamping terminals. The latter are selected according to the sections of the cables used.



The third method requires the purchase of special caps, inside which a conical spring is installed. How to use them:

• wires are stripped and twisted;
• cover the junction with the described product.

The spring, when screwing on the cap, firmly clamps the electrical cable. And the plastic shell acts as an insulator.



Nuance. The load capacity of the internal route being laid depends on the number of wire connections. The more of them, the less reliable the wiring is in operation.

The final stages of work - little things remain

PUE require that all household electrical equipment with a metal case (refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, boilers, stoves) be grounded. This operation is easy to perform on your own:

• Three reinforcing bars with a section of 3 and a length of 300 cm are cut.
• A triangular ditch 0.3 m deep with sides 1 m is dug in the courtyard of the house.
• The rods are mounted into the ground at the corners of the trench, connected to each other by welding and steel billets.
• An eye (loop) is attached to one of the bars. It is made of steel 10 mm thick.

The eye is connected in the electrical panel to the ground wire. It has a yellow-green insulating layer.



The residual current device is placed in the shield after the meter. It eliminates the risk of electric shock to a person during a breakdown of the latter on the housing of household appliances. RCD is selected according to two indicators:

• Rated current. Its value is taken an order of magnitude higher than the characteristics of the auto switch installed in the circuit.
• leakage current. For residential premises with normal humidity, devices with a response threshold of 30 mA are purchased, for bathrooms, bathrooms and kitchens - 10 mA.

After installation of all elements, the wiring is checked for safety of use and operability by specialists of certified electrical centers and laboratories. They conduct comprehensive tests:

• inspect the wiring for correct installation;
• measure the zero-phase resistance of the ground loop and insulation;
• check the operation of the RCD and machines.



The test results are recorded in the protocol. It must be presented to energy sales representatives who will come to seal the electric meter.

Most of the houses being built cannot boast of the environmental friendliness of the materials used in their structure. For interior decoration, chemistry and synthetics are increasingly being used.

Despite the availability and prevalence of artificial materials, more and more owners prefer to build wooden houses. Such buildings are attractive from the outside, cozy inside, and most importantly - environmentally friendly!

Having decided to build a wooden house, future owners will inevitably face a difficulty: what are the rules for laying wiring in a wooden house?

As you know, wood is an easily flammable, fire hazardous material. For safety reasons, you should follow the rules for electrical installations, especially if you are not a professional.

Do's and Don'ts

Problems often arise from violations of instructions on how to wire. All technologies and methods relevant for laying electricity in stone or concrete walls are not suitable for wooden buildings. It is absolutely impossible to fasten an unprotected cable to a beam or lining!

The main line is not sewn up and not hidden under flammable interior elements. The domestic electrical network must not be subjected to overvoltage. Protective insulation should be protected from moisture, steam, dust and cable deformation.

A mouse can easily gnaw through a wire, and wiring damaged inside the walls will inevitably lead to a fire. From practice: even a small hearth of fire is extremely difficult to extinguish.

Choose the type of wiring

There are the following types of wiring in a wooden house:

Open. This option involves laying wires in special protective channels. It has a number of advantages. Quick access to wiring. Better cooling of laid wires. There is a possibility of laying a new line. This method is more preferable for flat walls. It would be at least inappropriate to lay such, albeit decorative, boxes on walls made of timber.

Note! Protective cable channels are available not only in white, but also in woodgrain color.

On insulators. The principle of installation is quite simple. First install ceramic insulators. After that, the installation of the wiring itself is carried out. A great option if you plan a retro design.

For retro wiring, you can choose special wires of the desired color and texture. To appreciate the newly resurgent style, pay attention to the photo of retro wiring in a wooden house.

Hidden. The advantage of the open method is the possibility of installation upon completion of finishing work. Concealed wiring is laid at the construction stage.

The wiring is placed in metal corrugated hoses and pipes.

All wiring is hidden. According to its characteristics, it is considered a more reliable option. Among the minuses are the high cost of work and more complicated installation.

The choice of the type of installation is influenced by two factors: the price of the issue and the design.

Making a wiring diagram

When drawing up a wiring diagram in a wooden house, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements of GOST.

The key points of the scheme are electrical nodes - a meter, sockets, switches and junction boxes. During the drawing up of the scheme, all of the listed points are placed in places of quick access. This will simplify further operation and repair.

Switches are located depending on the needs and preferences, there are no strict requirements for the placement of these points. Universal solution - one meter from the floor. This placement is convenient for most people.

Sockets are located as close as possible to electrical appliances. This minimizes the need for extension cords. Mounting height - from 250 mm to 400 mm from the floor.

The number of outlets in the room is calculated based on the quadrature of the premises. For every 4 square meters - one outlet. In the hallway - 1 socket for every 10 squares. There are more outlets in the kitchen than in other rooms.

Power lines are located strictly vertically and horizontally. Top and bottom wiring is allowed. Regardless of the option chosen, the distance from the floor or ceiling will be 150 mm. All cables are brought together and connected to junction boxes.

Power cable entry

Another important aspect is the input of the power cable. There are two input options.

Underground. A more thorough and safer way. The cable is reliably protected from external influences. Minimal risk of mechanical damage. The depth of laying the power cable into the ground is 800 mm. The ground part is marked with a warning sign.

The cable passing under the house is reliably protected by a sleeve made of durable metal. This method is carried out at the stage of starting construction work.

Air. SIP cables are used. They are characterized by durable insulation resistant to weather influences. The service life of the cable is up to 30 years. According to the requirements, the power cable does not start in the house. From the switchboard, a VVGng cable is launched into the room, laid in a corrugated sleeve. At the entry point, a sleeve (metal) is installed in the wall for cable entry.

Material selection

When deciding which wiring to use, you need to take into account a number of features of the future home. Will standard 220V be enough, or will 380V be required. Electric stove - if it is electric, at least 8.8 kilowatts of power will be required.

Calculation tables are used to calculate the required wire cross section. In wooden houses, wires VVGng, VVGng-P, VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS and cables made according to German NYM technology are used. These are copper cables with solid cores, and at least double insulation. The outer insulation is fireproof, flexible and at the same time strong. Temperature mode of operation from -50 to +50 degrees.

The electric meter is selected according to the accuracy class, but not less than the second class. Options are available with different pricing. Standard single-tariff and economical two-tariff.

Sockets in most cases are selected according to the design and type of wiring. Preferably switches and sockets with a ceramic base, bronze and brass contacts.

Mounting

Wiring can be done by hand. The action plan is as follows:

The first stage is the installation of wiring cables. The wires are cut according to the number of future sockets and switches with a margin of 200 mm for each point. Depending on the type of wiring chosen, they are laid in cable channels, internal wiring systems, mounted on ceramic insulators, fixed on brackets.

The second stage is the installation of junction boxes.

The third stage is the installation of switches, sockets. External installation of switches and sockets is carried out through aluminum or asbestos gaskets. Wires are connected with color marking.

The fourth stage is the installation of chandeliers and lighting shades. Chandeliers and ceiling lamps with a metal base are ideal for a wooden house.

The fifth stage is the installation of the electrical panel. The electric meter is mounted in a plastic or metal shield. It is better to choose a shield with a small margin of free space. Ground loop: the optimal diameter of the reinforcement for the loop is -16 mm per 3000 mm length. The cross section of the wire taken from the ground bus must match the cross section of the input cable.

Installation of concealed wiring

More complex process. Wiring previously hidden in metal sleeves or pipes is laid behind walls or under the floor.

It is important to minimize the appearance of corrosion in the places where the wiring runs. To avoid this, all structures are painted over with resistant paint.

The sharp edges of the cut pipes and sleeves that protect the wiring are smoothed out. Alternatively, use plastic plugs. If the house is not planned to maintain a constant temperature, the pipes are mounted at a slope. This technique allows the condensate to drain and evaporate.

A wiring diagram with additional marks can be pasted inside the switchboard - for memory.

Wiring done according to the rules will become a safe and reliable source of energy for many years to come!

Photo of wiring in a wooden house

What is attractive idea of ​​building a wooden house? This is the ecological purity of materials that can provide a comfortable and healthy microclimate in the premises of the dwelling and, of course, the desire of homeowners to follow the traditions of Russian architecture. The modern building materials market allows you to build a house made of profiled and glued beams, as well as rounded logs. In contrast to all the advantages inherent in houses made of wood, there is a problem with the arrangement of electrical wiring. The option of open wiring laid in cable channels does not always meet the requirements of an attractive interior design, the homeowner is faced with the question of how to make hidden wiring in a wooden house with his own hands. We will talk about this further.

Advantages of concealed wiring

The indisputable advantages of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house are:

1. The absence of cable channels on the walls, which adversely affect the premises and significantly complicates the process of applying wallpaper.
2. Minimization of the risk of mechanical damage to cables and wires.
3. Possibility of replacing the cable laid in the pipe.
4. A high degree of electrical fire safety, provided that the installation work is correctly performed in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Special security requirements

Hidden installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is very complicated, it requires strict compliance with fire safety standards, requirements of the PUE and compliance with GOST R50572 1-93. A person who does not have experience in electrical installation should not try to do this work with his own hands. The homeowner, who invited specialists for the arrangement, needs to know the basic provisions on installation methods in order to control the progress of work and in no case take this material as a step-by-step instruction.

When designing a house electrical network diagram, the main emphasis is on ensuring fire safety, even if this goes against the aesthetic component. The finished project must be agreed with specialists. The hidden wiring scheme should provide for a minimum of turns in the electric line. Considering the high probability of ignition of wooden structures, the wiring must be laid in such a way that even a meager section of the electric main does not come into contact with wood. The cable must be laid in steel or copper pipes. It is allowed to lay electrical wiring in a corrugated metal hose, as well as in PVC corrugation, provided that they are protected with plaster or asbestos gasket.

The diameter of the pipe is selected taking into account the fact that the hidden electrical wiring laid in it should occupy 40% of its internal cavity, the thickness of its walls should correspond to the cross section of the conductive wires. Pulling an electric line through pipes can cause mechanical damage to its shell, therefore, after each such operation, it is necessary to carry out. Special requirements are imposed on the brand of the cable, its sheath must be made of non-combustible three-layer material, and the marking of domestic samples must necessarily contain the letter symbols "NG". For example, VVGng-p. The imported analogue is the NYM cable.

Pipes must be securely joined by threading, welding or soldering. Places of interior transitions, as well as installation points for wiring elements, should be equipped with metal boxes or glasses wrapped with asbestos and fixed with alabaster plaster. More details about that, we talked about in a separate article.

Mounting Features

The most time-consuming operation when laying hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is the installation of pipes in the body of the wall. The process is quite laborious, requiring the greatest possible accuracy and precision. For the production of these works, special practical skills and a special high-tech tool will be required.

In order to insert insulating pipes into the walls, drilling will be required, both horizontally and vertically. Vertical holes are drilled in the process of laying the frame, horizontal when the walls are already erected. After the pipes are fixed in the body of the wooden walls, a wire is inserted into them, which will serve as a conductor for pulling the wire. The seats are carefully cut to fit the dimensions of the wiring elements, insulating metal boxes are attached to them.

An alternative option is wiring over the floor. Is it possible to avoid such a laborious process associated with the rate of pipes in the walls? Many homeowners, when arranging hidden electrics in a wooden house, practice laying wiring along the ceiling in the attic. The fire safety requirements for this method of electrical installation remain the same, the electrical main in the attic is insulated with metal pipes or trays, as soon as the descents to the switches and sockets are carried out through strobes or vertical drillings in the walls, as shown in the photo below:

Another option is hidden wiring in plaster. You can go the simplest way and lay the wiring between the layers of plaster. The method is primitive and not expensive, but not very safe. The plaster actively absorbs moisture, and also cracks over time, which is why it loses its insulating properties.

Useful information

For laying hidden wiring on wood, experts recommend, developed in Germany, with three-layer insulation made of non-combustible material. The sheath is so strong that it can be laid without PVC corrugations.

The home electrical network must have a TN-S or insulation system, which makes it possible to ground metal pipes, trays, boxes and boxes.

It is better to equip the electrical facilities of the house with protection against short-circuit currents, as well as with RCD functions.

Now you know how hidden wiring can be done in a wooden house with your own hands. We hope that our installation tips, as well as the rules and requirements provided, helped you understand the whole essence of the work!

materials

Installation of equipment in the shield

Having completed the external wiring of a wooden building, it is customary to bring the input cable through a metal sleeve into the room. To receive electricity and distribute it in the house, an input distribution board is used, which must be installed in safe places to ensure free access.

The shield must not be installed in rooms with high humidity.

Residual current devices and circuit breakers are installed in the shield. Particular attention is paid to the selection of automation. It is recommended to use products only from well-known and reliable manufacturers.

Laying the internal network

Internal wiring in a wooden cottage is considered a guarantee of the safety of residents. Unskilled electrical wiring very often causes fires. There are two methods of wiring inside a wooden building - open and hidden. By these names, the appearance of these postings is clear.

Open installation method

Of the two ways, open wiring in a wooden house is safer. In addition, the implementation of such electrical work will be cheaper. Wires are laid along the inner surface of the building, attached to ceilings, walls and other structural elements. You can hide the cable in various ways: by designing it with a retro cable or by placing it in a PVC box.

Open wiring in a wooden house: the cable is placed in self-extinguishing channels

Wiring is laid in self-extinguishing channels. A modern assortment of such products allows you to choose the desired color of the box, which imitates wood, for any design. Such boxes are usually used in houses made of clapboard and rounded logs, where the walls have a flat surface.

Wiring in a cottage using a retro-braided cable is another method of outdoor laying material. The cable looks like a twisted cord and is fixed on ceramic insulators. This installation technique is considered safe because the cable has an outer insulation of natural silk and two of PVC plastic. The main advantage is the gap between the surface and the cable. In addition, this type of wire is able to decorate any log house.

Features of hidden wiring

Concealed installation of electrical wiring is characterized by rather inaccessibility of wires in the case of modernization and repair of housing, higher prices for services and much more time required for work. However, the lion's share of customers prefer this technique, referring to the aesthetic appeal. The owners of wooden cottages do not want to spoil the interior and expensive finishes of their homes with electrical panels and wires.

Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is usually laid at the stage of assembling the house. To comply with all safety standards, the cable must be enclosed in a painted metal or galvanized pipe. All lifts to lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are made in special openings.

Hidden wiring in a wooden house is a very complex and expensive process, justified only by aesthetics.

When installing electrical networks in wooden houses, it is recommended to comply with certain requirements and use special materials to ensure maximum safety and protection against fires. In the ceilings of a wooden building, the cable is placed in pipes made of non-combustible plastic, and it is ensured that there is no mechanical impact on the pipe and cable.

Hidden electrical wiring can be located in grounded metal hoses and metal pipes. Log houses are subject to "shrinkage", so it is recommended to take this into account, not allowing the logs to affect the wiring in metal hoses. The passage of the wire through the wall through is carried out through special metal sleeves. Both methods of wiring installation have advantages and disadvantages, so a combined wiring technique is often practiced.

Marking devices, shields, cables

After completing the power supply project, you need to mark the cable lines and places for the location of switches, sockets, dimmers, shields and lamps. The markup must be carefully approached so that in the future it is not necessary to redo the work performed. The wiring in a wooden house should be planned so that the cable routes do not interfere with the installation of furniture in the future.

The most harmonious and aesthetic will look like a wire in cable channels. You can choose any pattern any shade under the tree. For such channels, you immediately need to buy tees, plugs, adapters. And although the price of these parts is twice as high as the boxes themselves, it is not advisable to save money, since no one will perfectly fit the inconsistent places of the boxes.

When buying channels, you should pay attention to the wall thickness and the lock of the box. Carrying out work on the installation of wire in miniature boxes, which have thin walls and double locks, electrical installation companies do not think that in most situations, maintenance of electrical wiring in such boxes provokes a break in the locks if the channel cover is opened.

To add a cable to the box, you will have to buy new channels and re-wire the wiring and boxes. A double lock requires the use of a specialized tool that can open the cover, but not all electricians think about this at all. It is better to choose a box with a technologically advanced profile geometry, large walls and a single lock.

When the wiring diagram in a wooden house has been studied, and the marking of the cable lines has been completed, you can take on the wiring of switches and sockets. All switches, dimmers and sockets, sconces and lamp bases must have a platform made of metal for mounting an electrical installation product to the ceiling or wall, because wiring electrical equipment on metal platforms is the most fireproof option.

After installing all the sites, you should start installing cable ducts. No matter how accurate the eye of a specialist is, it is necessary to perform all electrical work with the help of a level.

Passage through wooden surfaces

All passages of wiring through wooden walls, partitions, bases must be carried out through pipes made of metal, which are called bushings. Before proceeding with the wiring of wires through combustible walls, it is recommended to drill them, then insert a metal sleeve into the hole so that its edges extend from both sides of the combustible base by at least 1 centimeter.

It is recommended to pay special attention to ensure that such sleeves are equipped with plastic bushings at the edges that can protect the wire from cuts during installation and further operation of the power supply system, in other words, they will keep the cable insulation from damage. After that, the cable channel must be mounted in such a way that the end of the metal sleeve enters the box.

How to choose an electrical cable

Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house requires a specific cable. The wire for power supply of a private house should be bought with the “NG” index, which means “cable that does not support combustion” and with the designation “LS”, which stands for “low smoke emission”. It is preferable for wiring in a wooden building to choose a wire that meets all existing fire safety requirements, and also has all the necessary quality certificates.

The choice of wiring section depends directly on the power that the electrical equipment consumes. Designers usually lay in their power supply projects 3 by 1.5 millimeters for lighting, and 3 by 2.5 millimeters for groups of outlets. To organize the power supply of electric stoves, you need a wire with a cross section of at least 6 millimeters square. Don't skimp on the cable. Outlet lines must be calculated with a minimum number of outlets that are located on the same group. If a wire is laid from the shield to the block, which consists of 4 sockets, then it is not recommended to connect anything else to it. Only then the wiring will last for many years. The link between the cable cross-section and the power of electrical appliances can be found in the corresponding tables.

After doing such work as wiring in a wooden house, you must immediately measure the insulation resistance of the wiring.

This manipulation is done to make sure that the conductor insulation is not damaged during installation work. Such electrical measurements are recommended to be carried out every 3 years to protect the wooden house and its easily combustible bases from short circuits in the wiring.

Video about electrician in wooden houses

Thus, the problem of installing electrical wiring is as follows: often inexperienced craftsmen believe that the cable in a wooden structure should be the same as in a simple apartment. This is unacceptable, because the wiring of a wooden structure must be distinguished by increased fire safety characteristics. If you complete the installation work according to the above instructions, the wiring in your cottage will last for many years.

How to make safe electrical wiring in a wooden house?

The most popular material for the construction of country houses was and remains wood. Which, for all its many advantages, has one serious drawback - it is, as firefighters say, "combustible material."

Fire statistics show that more than half of the fires in wooden houses are due to faulty electrical wiring. In practice, the main cause of malfunctions and the subsequent short circuit is most often a violation of the integrity of the wire insulation in the wiring. As a rule, this happens either due to an increased load on the wires or due to mechanical damage to the insulation.

Why is this happening?

Most homegrown "jacks of all trades", in order to save time, effort and money, lay concealed wiring on wooden bases, boldly hiding it behind the ceiling sheathing, under the wall cladding, behind the plinth, into the voids of the ceilings and explaining to the “unreasonable” client that this is exactly what should be done.

Remember! Mount hidden electrical wiring in wooden houses using corrugated PVC pipe, plastic box IT IS FORBIDDEN!

Why?

Actually, there are several reasons. Below we will consider the two most typical situations that arise during the operation of electrical wiring in a wooden house.

Firstly. In the process of laying the cable, an electrician may slightly damage the insulation of the wires, and the control electrical measurements may not fix the damage.

However, when all the necessary electrical equipment is connected, the electrical wiring begins to function in the maximum load mode. Naturally, such operation, which causes increased heating of the cable or wire, inevitably weakens the insulation, which causes a short circuit in the wiring.

Sufficiently thin walls of plastic pipes and PVC boxes from are unable to withstand the closure without burning out, therefore, the closure, alas, will inevitably lead to a fire.

Secondly. Hidden electrical wiring using a corrugated pipe or PVC box, laid in the voids of wooden walls, ceilings and floors, is an object of increased attention from rodents that are not uncommon in wooden houses, seeking to “try the tooth” on the details of your communications.

For mice, and even more so for rats, it will not be difficult to gnaw through a fairly thin PVC pipe or box, exposing the strands of wires, which results in a short circuit in hidden electrical wiring.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that over time, a huge amount of wood dust accumulates in the voids of the walls and ceilings of wooden houses. As a result - the slightest spark leads to ignition. The worst thing is that it is almost impossible to immediately determine the place of fire and eliminate it, since the combustion process that occurs BEHIND walls and ceilings is hidden from view. Therefore, even flooding everything around with water and foam, you still cannot quickly put out the fire.

Can these problems be avoided?

At first glance, if you lay electrical wiring in a wooden house in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, PES, there will be no problems. However, in reality, not everything is so simple. First of all, because the requirements of the PUE regarding the installation of electrical wiring in wooden buildings are extremely stringent. By the way, it is the rigidity of the standards that most often forces "home-grown" electricians to violate them.

Nevertheless, laying fireproof electrical wiring in a wooden house is a realistic event, and you can choose which wiring to use.

The table below shows the types of electrical wiring and methods for laying wires and cables according to fire safety conditions.

Let us consider in more detail all types of fireproof electrical wiring in a wooden house.

Concealed wiring

Although most competent sources on the subject do not recommend installation of hidden wiring on combustible, in our case, wooden structures, however, with subject to compliance with fire safety requirements and the absence of problems with finances, such wiring can be done.

Below we provide a regulatory document (PES-6) in its part regarding the laying of hidden wiring indoors.

In fact, the methods of fireproof laying of hidden wiring in a wooden house just two.

One of them is the laying of hidden electrical wiring using metal sleeve (pipe). The main advantage of this method is that in the event of a fire metal pipe will protect adjacent structures from fire.

When using this wiring method, you will need to comply with several strict conditions: to protect the pipe walls from corrosion, it must be painted or galvanized from the inside. To protect the cable insulation from sharp edges resulting from cutting pipes, special plastic plugs must be put on their ends. Plus, for such wiring, you will need to drill recesses in the thickness of the walls in the form of channels, into which, in fact, metal pipes are then laid.

The best option for this wiring option is copper pipes. Due to the fact that copper pipes bend quite easily and can be laid without special tools, wiring is at least somewhat simplified. However, you will have to pay a high, literally, price for simplicity and convenience - copper pipes are very expensive.

In accordance with GOST R 50571.15-97 (IEC 364 5 52 93): clause 522.3.2, pipes should be laid with a slight slope to allow condensate to flow out. But be prepared for the fact that in practice it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to check the quality of the installation of metal pipes, the same angle of inclination or the tightness of the joints.

The second way to lay hidden electrical wiring in a wooden building is on a layer of plaster (basting) at least 10 mm thick on all sides.

Way seems to be simple, but when using it, the question arises: how to comply with the PES standards regarding the replacement of electrical wiring. Alternatively, it can be monolithic in plaster, having previously packed it in a corrugation. Formally, of course, the PES standards will be observed, but in fact it will be impossible to pull the hard wire.

Moreover, no specialist will be able to predict how the plaster will behave on wooden surfaces after a while. Will there be cracks? Will she start to fall off? Not to mention the fact that on beautiful wooden surfaces a thick layer of cement mortar will look at least strange.

It should be emphasized that both of these methods are quite costly in terms of funds, efforts, and time. Plus, they require planning electrical wiring at the construction stage.

exposed wiring

- Wiring in electrical corrugated pipe

This method involves pulling the cable into a flexible corrugated pipe made of special plastic that does not support combustion. Two or more cables can be placed in one pipe.

The disadvantages of this method include, first of all, its unaesthetic - you are unlikely to like the prospect of "decorating" your house with several rows of corrugated tubes. Given the number of electrical appliances in a modern house, there can be 5-7 such rows! In addition, since it is almost impossible to lay a corrugated pipe with a cable stretched into it evenly, “on a string”, all its bends and sagging will also not add charm to your home.

Another disadvantage: the corrugated pipe is an excellent "dust collector", from which it is very difficult to remove the accumulated dust.

- Wiring in electrical boxes (cable channels)

With this method, the cable is laid in flame-retardant plastic and closed with snap-on covers.

The main problem when using this method is associated with the inevitable shrinkage of a wooden house. On average, it is 1 cm per 1 m of the height of the house, and these values ​​​​are given for houses made of high-quality glued laminated timber, the shrinkage of which is minimal. In practice, this means that a shrinkage of three centimeters (for a typical two-story house) will squeeze all the boxes, the covers will fly off, and the boxes themselves will crack. As a result, the wiring will have to be redone!

Secondly, in order to accurately and evenly install plastic boxes, a certain skill and dexterity will be required. Add problems with fittings here - alas, manufacturers offer a rather meager assortment of turns, corners, plugs, joints, without which it is almost impossible to accurately install cable channels.

Another significant drawback of wiring in cable channels is its boring, office look.

The advantages of this method include its low cost, minimal labor costs and the ability to easily make any changes in the future.

- Open cable wiring

Lastly, we will consider the most optimal of all methods of laying electrical wiring in a wooden house - wiring with an open cable.

Naturally, when using an unprotected open cable, it is also not necessary to talk about the aesthetics of the room. Not only does the cable itself in ordinary insulation (for example, the most common PUNP) look rather dull, but under it it will also be necessary to install an asbestos or metal gasket protruding from all sides by at least 10 cm.

However, there is another way. This so-called retro wiring on insulators. Its main advantage is the possibility compliance with all necessary safety requirements, a plus, original, extremely popular lately interior design in retro style.

You will learn more about the installation of such wiring in our next article.

LLC "Salvador"