When we talk about "types of roofs" and "types of roofs of houses", we do not always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before talking about what roofs are, let's find out the differences in the concepts of "roof" and "roof".

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat design, these are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna attachment elements, funnels for storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the ownership of the hatch with a lock, which is hung by the ZhES so that they do not climb on the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a supporting truss system or trusses, insulation, hydro and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet building science, the roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the possibility of a dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a supporting reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat ones. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof "covering" village hut will not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly”.

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, truss system, beams, insulation do not apply to the roof. Often, it includes a load-bearing roof preparation: lathing, flooring, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and Novorussian copper are called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs are flat and pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12 ° are flat, with a large slope - pitched. On flat roofs, the slope is arranged to remove precipitation, 1.5-3 ° is enough.

The flat roof provides a lot of room for imagination in terms of design.

pitched roof can be very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name implies, an attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. Russian hut, and indeed most types traditional dwelling all countries and peoples have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. It's hard to do there. Also, there are no attics among the tribes living in the equatorial jungle, they do not need them. Attics ( technical floors) is present in modern high-rise residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof leaks, the tenants will not know about it immediately.

Atticless (synonymous - combined) coatings can be pitched (mansard) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel "Khrushchev". The attic device allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Non-attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

Combined gable roof one-story house gives the impression of space

Types of flat coverings

In terms of layout, flat roofs are quite similar, differing mainly in design. According to the mutual arrangement of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished, in this case, a hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with solid decking.

The structure of the roof of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab is multi-layer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering that can be walked on: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or arranging a lawn on the roof.

Roof conversion program adopted in New York public buildings to gardens and lawns.

In fact, arranging a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered in a drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the lawn on the roof is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Pitched construction details

Before talking about what roof shapes are, let's define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into cornice (lower) and gable (end or gable). For most types roofing in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating roof details.

The main elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Consider what are the roofs of houses, depending on the configuration. The forms of pitched roofs are very diverse. More often, the most simple in design and rational single-pitched, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Consider the individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Shed cover

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible constructively, has minimal amount details. There is no ridge, for non-ventilated roofing (eg flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in the filing. A shed roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to atmospheric influences. The maximum wear of roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice lie there longer. A simple roof with a slope in one direction is exposed to uniform rainfall, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Other things being equal shed roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the truss system is simpler, the minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project typical house with a shed roof. High slope with living rooms should be oriented to the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, bringing living quarters under a high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under a low slope. In a premium-class home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

To build this country house applied simple materials: wood, galvanized metal profile and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect the walls from precipitation, and the premises from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

The roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting.

Gable design

The most common form in the world. A gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed truss system using a puff.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans, additional supports must be used.

The gable roof is simple in execution, economical in materials, it is not difficult to build it yourself. Gables serve as a better place than slopes for placing windows; it is easy to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the design frame house, allows you to rationally use the space of the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The slope of the roof is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of the half-timbered houses traditionally concealed attics, where the inhabitants stored part of the supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic is adapted for living quarters.

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope.

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior.

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-forceps

A gable (as, indeed, a shed) roof is perfect for landscaping.

Green roof slope must not exceed 25°

hip view

A hipped or hipped roof is more complicated than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and the roofing will cost more. But you do not have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roofing (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. At more expensive - hardly. Of the positive properties hip design we can name the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a design, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). The slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization of the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple four-pitched attic roof

There are varieties hip roofs: semi-hip (intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor or their varieties.

The main part of the roof of a rather complex shape is half-hip. On the right, a bay window with a multi-pitched roof is attached, a pediment is arranged.

The windows in the hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their construction and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in a pediment.

Skylights of this type are called "bull's eye"

Multi-slope variety

Hip is called hipped roof. But if the house does not have four outer corners, but more, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called a multi-pitched roof.

Multi-pitched roof is difficult to install

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. Such a roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Shed roof. It contains three types skylights

Mansard construction

Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is broken to increase the height of the attic rooms. Thus, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings, to arrange full-fledged rooms at the top. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, semi-hip and so on.

The truss construction of a gable mansard roof was assembled.

The design of the mansard roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (puff), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to somewhat reduce the cross section of the frame elements.

The load from the mansard roof truss is transferred vertically

Mounting the load-bearing structures of mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. Slightly larger roof area. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are paid off by increasing the area of ​​\u200b\u200bnormal height by attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the eaves area allow creating large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. Slopes divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curvilinear shape

Roofs of complex shape

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in execution and were invented by architects to decorate important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “locks on the ruble”, complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are not common.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are made up of known elements and are "hybrids" different types.

This roof combines the features of a gable, hip, semi-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs.

But people tend to decorate their home, make it unusual. Sometimes there are "hybrid" types of roofs, which are difficult to unambiguously define.

The natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this "dugout" would have been designed for sledding in winter, if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

The choice of roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing. The roof can be tiled, metal, shingled, copper and so on. The choice of roofing is primarily determined by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the spouse and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coatings, sheet materials are more suitable for simple shed and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (inclined ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing.

For roofs of simple shapes, any roofing material can be used without restrictions. Roofs of complex curvilinear shape can only be decorated with small pieces ( natural tiles, slate slate, shingle, shingles), flexible (bituminous tiles) coating. A roof made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with a titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the fold is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money have to spend. Any builder will cope with a gable roof. In Germany, there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but simple things can be done beautifully.

The combination of dark wood wall cladding and light tiles looks very good, especially against the backdrop of a pine forest and water surface behind the house. The slopes of the roof form a large canopy over the terrace, protecting it from rain. At the same time, the design of the roof allows you to make this canopy partially or completely glass. This creates a feeling of open, "street" space, the terrace does not seem closed
GLORIA HOUSE can fit perfectly into any natural landscape. Quantity glass surfaces, facade finishes are selected taking into account the terrain This section of the terrace is closed from prying eyes not by chance - the door from the sauna opens here. Great place to unwind after a steam bath Due to the abundance of glass surfaces, both in outer walls, and in the internal partitions the house is filled with natural light all year round. Here you, like nowhere else, feel like living together with nature, feel the change of seasons
Thanks to modern building technologies and materials, the cost of heating a house is much lower than you might expect with such an abundance of windows, glass partitions Glass walls expand the space of the living room and allow all nature, surrounding house become an integral part of the life of its inhabitants Stained wood and smooth white walls are a simple and elegant combination that will always be in fashion. Although, if desired, the style of this cottage can be radically changed
Please note: the upper part of all internal partitions is made of glass. Therefore, the house looks so spacious, filled with fresh air and sunlight. Utility room next to the kitchen, thanks to which it is freed from household "little things", such as washing machine and refrigerator
A high-tech kitchen combined with a romantic view outside the window creates a unique image, where every corner demonstrates the skillful "implantation" of an architectural object into the surrounding area. The bedroom looks very reserved. Enrich its appearance with a mezzanine fence and a staircase It seems that the sink is standing on a solid decorative shelf, but in fact it houses three functional drawers
Built-in wardrobes are located in the ledges of the end walls, which saves space in the bedroom The guest bedroom, like the master bedroom, has panoramic windows and a small bay window. Therefore, there are no "decorations" here, except for the view outside the window. The master bathroom is connected to the sauna and has its own exit to the terrace. The very only area that is closed with a crate
The house was built in such a way that from here, from the mezzanine, not only spectacular views on the entire interior space, but also magnificent landscapes outside the windows. Therefore, household members love to relax here, under the very roof.
There is not much space on the mezzanines. But since the walls do not reach the ceiling and the space is not closed, you can arrange an additional comfortable bedroom here. Ground floor plan

To standard projects many are wary. And in vain. After all, a successful standard design does not interfere with the use of a variety of architectural ideas and planning solutions, but at the same time guarantees a proven quality of workmanship. A clear confirmation of this is the house that will be discussed.

Cottages GLORIA HOUSE can be considered the embodiment of the European idea of ​​the modern comfort of a country house. They are built from environmentally friendly clean materials, high-tech, have a standard design and many modifications, thanks to which they fit into any landscape. The cottage provides a large number of additional options, ranging from glass heating to the "smart home" system. However, the basic equipment provides a very comfortable stay. The house that we will talk about is one of the most expensive built by the manufacturer. But its design, the main technological units, most finishing materials are still typical for the cottages of this company.

The house stands on a concrete strip foundation, its reinforced concrete insulated floor lies on a sand and gravel pad 50 cm thick (in the case when the quality of the foundation is unsatisfactory, it needs to be additionally prepared, but this is no longer included in the range of standard construction tasks). Water heating pipes, water supply wiring, ventilation and air conditioning pipes are laid in the floor during the work. And the system of groundwater drainage and hidden drainage is located along the perimeter of the foundation cushion. In addition, storm drains from the roof of the building are connected to this network. The basis of the construction of the walls of the house is formed by a rigid frame of massive glued racks and beams, called half-timbered construction. The peculiarity of the half-timbered house is that any premises or parts of the building can be glazed or made deaf at will. The design allows you to implement almost any planning option, because internal walls here they are not load-bearing, which allows you to create large open spaces, change the layout. Here, the owners used all the advantages of half-timbered houses: the house has large glazing surfaces, bay windows, and open interior spaces. But we will talk about planning decisions later, but now - about the design of the building.

All elements of the frame connections are made on an automatic line with high precision, so the process of building a cottage is short. One of the differences of the house is the absence of metal ties that spoil the interior. Basically, all the joints of the frame are wooden, of the traditional type with a spike. Metal ties are used, but rarely and only where traditional fastening is not possible or an additional guarantee of strength is needed. But in any case, in the finished building, the fastening elements are not visible.

Painting of house details is carried out in the factory. All parts are delivered to the place of assembly tinted and impregnated with Valtti AquaColor glaze antiseptics (TIKKURILA, Finland). This allows for long-term protection of wood and uniform painting, emphasizing its texture.

After the frame is installed, the cell space is glazed or covered with insulated wooden sandwich panels in accordance with the architectural plan. What is a typical sandwich panel? The outer sheathing is made of waterproof plywood, and the inner one is made of dense plywood (northern pine). Between them, a layer of natural cellulose fiber insulation is blown under pressure. On the inside, as a vapor barrier (so that the walls "breathe" better), construction paper is laid. Windproofing is provided by external waterproof plywood. All cladding elements are interconnected and screwed to the frame. The thickness of such a panel is at least 200 mm. An already finished wall can be finished in various ways: natural stone, sheathed with "lining" or, as in our case, with narrow wooden panels.

Double-glazed windows in half-timbered structures are mounted directly into the frame. As a rule, they occupy spaces from floor to ceiling; there are options with continuous glazing of the facade. Therefore, the heat and sound insulation properties of double-glazed windows are given increased attention.

Construction technology. frame

The main advantages of the house - comfort and environmental friendliness - are predetermined, first of all, by the design of its walls. They are frame, half-timbered (Fig. 1), which means they are of a cellular structure, rigid and light, and therefore allow the use of an inexpensive, shallow foundation. Filling their cells is easy to diversify and give outdoor decoration elegant or austere look. In this house, more than 70% of the wall surface is glazed and fills the house with light and wonderful pictures of the surrounding forest and lake.

wall frame, and load-bearing elements roofs and terraces are built of glued non-warping beams (pine) impregnated protective compounds in factory conditions. All elements of the frame were connected to each other on spikes, and only in especially critical or inaccessible places were placed metal corners, staples or plates.

The lower supporting beam of the frame, 145 mm wide, rests on the body of a strip, evenly smoothed foundation. Although the beam is separated from the concrete with a waterproofing tape, it is securely fixed with anchor bolts and insulated from the floor with expanded polystyrene. At the locations of the blind piers, the frame was built up with additional frames to increase the depth of the cavities (up to 190 mm) for laying the insulation. All unglazed

The half-timbered cells were sheathed on the outside with waterproof antiseptic plywood 9 mm thick (Fig. 2). Along the long walls, the frame is reinforced from above with a mauerlat bar (270 90 mm). And the skeleton of the walls acquired full spatial rigidity after connecting with the roof truss system.

Internal partitions are also made according to wireframe from bars with a section of 40 50 and 50 60 mm (Fig. 3). They were attached to the floor, columns and walls with frame dowels. Later, the partitions were filled with Pellavilla linen soundproofing mats, and in the sauna with Vital cellulose fiber boards (VITAL FINLAND). Finally, the partitions were finished with lacquered white panels from SCHAUMAN WOOD.

Construction technology. Facing

The walls were faced after the installation of windows and external doors. The blind sections of the outer walls, occupying about a quarter of their area, were decorated with panels with a section of 140–30 mm from dense, antiseptic northern pine (Fig. 4). They were sewn horizontally along a vertical crate 50-22 mm, leaving gaps (3 cm) for ventilation at the base and roof overhang.

Construction technology. Roof

The roof is gable (angle of inclination - 20), layered, perfectly insulated. The legs of the rafters, made of two boards cohesive across the width with a section of 170-45 mm, rest on a ridge beam and a beam-mauerlat on the outer walls (Fig. 2). The ridge run rests on five columns (Fig. 7), each of which has its own foundation column. Between themselves and with the supports, the legs are connected with

With the help of metal squares and plates. From above, the rafters are protected by Tyvek Supro diffusion waterproof film, which is fixed with a crate for BENDERS (Sweden) tiles. Bottom rafters closed plastic wrap and sheathed with tinted and varnished two-strip "lining" and false beams with a section of 90-70 mm (Fig. 7, 8, 16). The space between the tiles and the "lining" is filled with insulation. The roof overhangs are made wide (3050 mm) - they form a shelter for the terrace.

Construction technology. House insulation

Almost every corner of the house is insulated: concrete floor, corners and blind cells of the frame, mauerlat, roof. The windows have electrically heated double-glazed windows. Insulation 190 and 400 mm thick, respectively, is embedded in the filling of the "sandwiches" of the walls and roof. Insulation technology - know-how of the material manufacturer Ekovilla (EKOVILLA, Finland). It consists of crumbs of cellulose fibers with the addition of foamed borate powder. The work is being carried out

The subcontractor after the construction of the shell of the house: the walls and roof are sheathed on the outside, electrical wiring is laid in the frame. In order for the insulation to fit more tightly into the cavity, it is slightly moistened. Filling is carried out in sections, starting from the roof. The planned area is covered with a plastic film (Fig. 5, 6) and a heater is blown under it through a hose. Then he is given

Lie down so that the fibers "hook" and dry warm air. After that, the area is lined, keeping the film as a vapor barrier. On the walls (fig. 8, 9, 10) the film can be replaced with kraft paper to improve steam removal. Hard-to-reach areas are insulated mineral wool Paroc.

Construction technology. Wiring

The main "dispatcher" in the house was a concrete floor 80 mm thick. Inside it are hidden wiring of cold and hot water (Fig. 21); power supply cables (Fig. 12) to appliances in the kitchen, in the sauna, in the utility and technical rooms, to window heating transformers and outdoor lighting; heating circuits for hot water

Floors (Fig. 11); pipes of the PUZER central vacuum cleaner system (Finland). Cables and pipelines are hidden in corrugated hoses. For water supply networks, pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene were used. The electrical wiring was carried out with copper according to the scheme with zero protective grounding. Wiring to switches and sockets was carried out inside the frame of walls and partitions with NYM cable (Spain). For underfloor heating, a system of materials from WIRSBO (Sweden) was used.

Construction technology. Window

The translucent structures of the house occupy almost three-quarters of its outer walls (Fig. 13, 8). Most of these structures are blind showcase-type windows with a height of 2850 mm. They are equipped with double-glazed windows with electrically heated glass SGG Eglas. Packages with a thickness of 31 mm were mounted directly into the cells of the frame with a quarter of 27 mm selected in them. Sealed with silicone sealant. They were pressed to the frame with platbands through a soft felt

Gasket. In order not to destroy the package with excessive force, when tightening the screws, short spacers of calibrated thickness were placed under the platbands (Fig. 14). Above the large windows, the openings are filled with double-glazed windows, but already of "normal" size. Windows with reclining transoms are built into some cells of the frame for ventilation (Fig. 15).

The roof of the house is a typical element: a gable rafter structure without attic space, but with wide overhangs. The roof is a "pie" of Exclusive Antique tiles (BENDERS) and a layer of insulation covered with waterproofing film Tyvek Supro (DUPONT, France). Hidden gutters (RANNILA, Finland) are recessed into the roof structure. Wide overhangs are needed in order to protect the terraces from the sun and rain. But if there is not enough natural light on them, transparent triplex inserts are mounted in the overhangs. Terraces encircle the cottage almost along the entire perimeter. The level of the flooring coincides with the general level of the floor, which makes them a natural extension of the interior spaces. It increases usable area buildings and allows you to organize the external space around it.

Of course, the interior design is chosen by the owners and cannot be fully typical. Nevertheless, some finishing elements are offered by the developer as optimal. All internal walls of the building are first covered with SCHAUMAN WOOD facing plywood panels. They are treated with white translucent varnish Paneeli Dssd AssA (TIKKURILA). Alternatively, you can use high quality wood paneling from the eurolining. In the bathrooms - ceramic tiles (over drywall or brick wall) and glass blocks. In this house, except for the bathroom, there is no additional cladding. The end planes of the gables under the roof overhangs and the upper sections of the internal partitions are glazed. This solution creates a feeling of lightness and spaciousness, necessary in country house. In addition, during the day, a darker, wood-paneled ceiling floods in with natural light throughout the entire length of the building. And in the dark, it is illuminated by lamps that are hidden in a beam laid along the perimeter of the house.

Used as flooring massive board and ceramic tiles. And since the heating of GLORIA HOUSE houses is carried out due to underfloor heating, here they use wooden coverings suitable for constant contact with a heated base. AT this case- board made of heat-treated Real Floor birch (Finland), coated with Osmo Color composition based on natural oils and waxes.

A few words about planning decisions. The house is designed for permanent residence of a family of two adults, so all necessary premises managed to place on one floor and small open mezzanines half a floor high.

The central place in the interior is occupied by the combined space of the living room-dining room-kitchen with a fireplace. This is a two-height room with panoramic windows and a large bay window, the ceilings at the highest point reach four meters. From here there are two exits to open terraces located on opposite sides of the building. The master bedroom, bathroom and sauna adjoin this room on the right, and the guest bedroom and bathroom on the left. Both bedrooms have panoramic windows and niches. From both, you can climb the mezzanine, of which there are two in the house - one in each wing.

Here is a house equipped and decorated according to the latest European building fashion. Of course, the project can be significantly reduced in cost by abandoning many expensive elements, but the customers immediately took a different path. Well, everyone is free to choose the lifestyle that suits him.

Construction technology. Heating and ventilation

Supplying the house with heat and fresh air is as economical and efficient as it is unusual for Russian reality. First of all, heat is obtained not from burning fuel, but with the help of heat pump Finnish company IVT (Fig. 17). That is, it is collected bit by bit in the surrounding space. Most of it comes from the bowels of the earth through two pipes with antifreeze immured in the well. Another amount is taken from the exhausted room air, which is thrown out into the street. The heat pump heats water for the underfloor heating system (Fig. 17) and hot water supply. On days of severe frost, a fireplace (Fig. 16) with a power of 5 kW comes to his aid.

Ventilation in the house is forced. The network of ventilation ducts is laid partly under false ceilings (Fig. 19), partly (to remote areas) under the floor using flexible insulated hoses (Fig. 21). Not Fresh air is taken from the middle zone of the house through the grate (Fig. 16) and sent by the fan to the heat exchanger (Fig. 18) of the MEPTEK system. There, the heat pump “appropriates” its heat and directs it to water heating. The heat exchanger also receives fresh air, which is heated in winter and cooled in summer by the same heat pump. Further, the conditioned air is distributed through the air ducts (ceiling and underfloor) and enters the rooms of the house. The operation of the systems is controlled by smart electronics SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC (Germany).

Construction technology. Water supply

Cold water is supplied to the house from an autonomous well. It is equipped with an insulated caisson, where there is a pumping station and a hydromembrane tank with a volume of 50 liters, which maintains a constant pressure in the water supply network. Water only passes mechanical cleaning from suspensions. All hot water consumers are connected by separate pipelines (Fig. 21) to a collapsible manifold. Hot water (with a temperature of 50 C) is supplied to it circulation pump from the buffer tank of the heat pump. Connection to plumbing fixtures is carried out according to the "out of the wall" scheme using fittings H GFORS

(Finland) (Fig. 20). Effluent is discharged by gravity along sewer pipes from PVC laid under the floor. The points of entry and distribution of most communications are concentrated in technical room, where the geothermal installation, the central unit of ventilation systems and power unit central vacuum cleaner.

Construction technology. Terrace

In terms of area and constructive-architectural solution, the terrace is perceived as an integral part of the house. Its roof is covered with a common roofing carpet with the main building, and the floors are made on the same level with its floors (Fig. 22). The skeleton of the terrace was erected immediately after the installation of the roof truss system. It rests on several (from 10 to 16 pieces in two rows, depending on the configuration of the terrace)

Shallow foundation pillars (250-250 mm) on each side of the house. On them, through waterproofing pads, longitudinal doubled beams are laid, and on top - transverse logs, resting at the end on the tape of the foundation of the building. Into the pillars of the inner row

(5 pcs.) during pouring, two embedded rods were inserted with a threaded part (M20) protruding 100 mm above the concrete. During the installation of the terrace, support bushings were screwed onto these rods and wooden columns were lowered from above (Fig. 23), which support the purlin of the roof of the terrace (previously, holes for the rods were drilled at the end of the columns). In order to ensure structural rigidity with a large width of the roof overhang above the terrace,

The rafter legs of the roof were extended on both sides with boards (120 45 mm) and a running beam was brought under them. The adjustable position of the columns makes it possible to ensure their reliable contact with the purlin and, if necessary, to lower it as the house settles. Depending on the architectural solution concrete building, some sections of the overhang

Roofs can be decorated from below with "lining" or covered with translucent material. After sheathing the walls outside, in the underground of the terrace, electrical wiring was laid (in metal hoses) to the places where outdoor lighting devices were installed (Fig. 4, 13). After that, the flooring was mounted, fences were made and lamps were installed (Fig. 24, 26). All wooden parts were covered with protective compounds in several layers (Fig. 22).

Construction technology. Storm system

The house is equipped with a reliable storm water drainage system. It consists of two main parts: underground and aboveground. The first began to be built along with the foundation. First, a layer of earth about 0.7 m deep and about 2 m wide was removed along the perimeter of the house from the outside. and then two layers of polyurethane foam with a total thickness of 100 mm.

The heat insulator was covered with geofabric, leading it up to the foundation. Thus, it was protected from erosion and freezing. Then everything was covered with sand, rubble and a narrow strip of concrete pavement. In the corners of the house in the drainage plastic wells brought drains. The mouths of the wells with inspection hatches were brought out of the ground by 10-20 cm (Fig. 25). From the deepest, drains are discharged by gravity through a PVC pipe to a storage tank, and from it to the relief or are used for household needs, for example, for irrigation.

The drainage system from the roof is unusually made. At the ends of the overhangs of the roof of the house and the garage shed, hidden gutters are mounted. They are hidden in V-shaped wooden troughs, which are nailed to the beveled ends of the overhang beams (Fig. 27). On the other wall, the troughs are stuffed into pieces of beams so that they look like a continuation of the overhang beams and give the impression that the trough is cut into them. The RANNILA metal drain is connected at the ends to a drain pipe laid along the nearest column (Fig. 22, 25, 27) and draining water to the ground.

Construction technology. septic tank

While two people live in the house, a large-volume septic tank (Fig. 28) is used (SAKO LABKO, Finland). Effluent flows into it by gravity through the main outlet, laid at a depth of about 1 m. The tank is buried to a depth of about 2.5 m, stands on sand cushion and outside was covered with a mixture of sand and cement. From groundwater, this mixture has turned into a strong shell that securely holds the container in the ground and creates additional thermal protection. A PVC septic tank with a working volume of about 6 m 3 is filled in about a month. During this time, the sediments have time to ferment and decompose. Once every 3-4 weeks, a sewage truck arrives. If such a mode of operation turns out to be economically unprofitable, the option with biological subsoil post-treatment will come into effect. The site is reserved. In this case, the machine will take the sediment from the septic tank only once a year.

An enlarged calculation of the cost of work and materials for the construction of a two-story house similar to the one presented

Roof over your head

There is probably no such person who would not dream of his own house: someone would like to live in a villa by the sea, someone in a chalet near a mountain lake, and someone in a city mansion. Everyone has their own tastes, but the prospect of living in your own home unites everyone: both rich and poor. What is the most important thing in a house? Floors, hearth, walls, stairs, attic or maybe yard? No, the main thing is the roof. It is the roof that protects the house and its residents from rain, snow or the scorching sun. It is not for nothing that the phrase "a roof over your head" has become synonymous with the words "house", "dwelling". We do not say “floors under your feet” and we do not advise “get walls first”.

The attitude towards roofs has always been special: firstly, original roofs often become the main decoration of a building. Secondly, the flat roofs of tall buildings attract many romantics with the prospect of looking at the city from a bird's eye view. And thirdly, the roof is still the main protection of the house: moreover, it can protect, depending on the design, not only the interior space, but also the facade, balcony, terrace. There are several basic types of roofs. The choice should depend primarily on the climatic features of the region and on the architecture of the facade of the building.

What are the roofs? Roof types

pitched roofs

In Russia, as well as in the USA, as well as in most European countries, sloping roofs are the most common. Experts call them pitched. Pitched roofs is a general term that refers to a huge number of various designs roofs

Attic pitched roof of a Russian hut. Photo from Wikipedia

Let's start with the fact that a pitched roof can be attic and non-attic. If there is an attic under the roof, then the roof itself is made without thermal insulation. Although if the attic is planned to be heated, the roof is insulated. The same applies to bare roofs: if there is a heated room under it, the roof is insulated to prevent heat loss. The attic is gradually becoming obsolete, it is being replaced by an attic.

Pitched roofs also differ in design. In Russia have always been the most common gable roofs . However, wherever there is a lot of precipitation, roofs, as a rule, are traditionally gable: this applies not only to Russian huts, but also to Western European half-timbered houses, and to an Alpine chalet, and to a Finnish wooden house. Gable roofs are also called gable and classic.

A gable steep roof protruding strongly above the walls of the house is distinguishing feature chalet style houses

A gable roof usually rests on walls of equal height (as opposed to a shed). Gables also include not the most traditional for us solutions with uneven slope angle and so-called broken roofs . broken roofs also called attic: each slope of such a roof is a rectangle. These rectangles are connected at an obtuse angle.

Sloping roof of a Dutch house

Shed roofs in Russia they were used mainly in the construction of auxiliary, outbuildings. Yes, and now we choose such a roof more often for verandas, terraces, warehouses, etc. In English, for example, such a roof is called a barn.

House on the beach with a pitched roof. Designed by Vandeventer & Carlander Architects (USA)

What is a pitched roof? Her bearing structures based on multi-level external walls. Perhaps someone like this pitched roof seems less attractive than a gable or multi-pitched roof, but some buildings with a single-pitched roof look very original and attractive. idea with pitched roof inspires many contemporary architects. It is clear that a shed roof is the most economical option.

Shed roof (photo from atelier-bnk.co.jp)

Also applies to pitched hip roof. The hip roof has additional slopes formed by hip rafters. In fact, a hip roof consists of two structures: a gable roof that does not completely cover the length of the house, and two hips that cover the remaining space.

Hip roofs are also called hip roofs (two roof slopes and two hips). Hips, as a rule, are triangles in shape, while roof slopes are trapezoids.

Complex hip roof

The hip roof has its own varieties: for example, hip roof , whose end slopes (triangles) have small size and do not reach the eaves. The hip rafters are joined to the ridge of the gable roof, and if they are joined not to the ridge, but to the extreme rafters of the gable roof, then it will turn out Danish roof , which is also a kind of hip roofs. In Japan and China, they also build houses with such a roof, which we call Danish.

with Danish roof

Half hipped roof. House in the suburbs

Another type of pitched roofs - hipped roofs . They may consist of four or more slopes in the form of isosceles triangles, the vertices of which converge at one point. Such a roof is often the main decoration of the house. It is especially suitable for square houses or buildings with an equilateral polygonal design. The roof, of course, is beautiful - it resembles a pyramid, but its truss system is very complex, so the installation of such a roof is more expensive.

Pitched roofs are multi-tweezers (multi-pitched) , which are used to cover buildings with a complex polygonal shape. Roofs of this type have several internal and protruding corners. The device of such a roof requires special skill from the builders.

Multi-gable roofs

Houses can be classified as a separate category hut structures where the pitched roof is also the wall of the building. Such houses are being built in some countries. Sometimes this design are used by architects to create modern buildings of unusual architecture.

Typical house in Madeira. Photo: Markus Bernet

dome roofs

Now the construction of so-called domed houses is becoming more common and popular. They are built using several technologies. In many cases, only one-fifth of the height of the house is the walls, and four-fifths is the domed roof.

However, domed roofa found not only in dome construction. Such roofs are chosen to cover the whole building, which has a circular shape. Although, if we are talking about a building with complex architecture, then the domed roof can cover only some of the round elements of the building.

The domed roof, if we are not talking about domed houses, is formed by curved frame elements and enlarged flooring elements. In domed houses, the entire dome is the roof. The dome in this case is a special frame made of beams, which is subsequently filled with insulation and sheathed both inside and outside with plywood or other materials.

conical roofs

Conical roofs are also used for buildings with circular outlines. In Russia, conical roofs were made in ancient times, covering towers and turrets with them. Now conical or tapered roofs are again popular for houses in vintage style. Conical roofs are framed, consisting of a circular frame and decking, or self-supporting with a conical decking shell.

Complex roof with conical elements for rounded building elements

flat roofs

In the construction of residential buildings, flat roofs are much less commonly used. Although flat roofs are quite common in southern countries, they are often made with a slight slope to drain water. Flat roofs are good because they can arrange open terraces, plant a summer garden and equip a place to relax. However, in our climate, a flat roof does not really take root.

Flat roof park

Meet, of course, original roofs , but they usually belong to one of the listed types of roofs. The architect makes some adjustments to the roof structure, but it is usually arranged according to the traditional, centuries-old technology.

Although sometimes there really are unusual solutions, looking at which, it is difficult for a non-specialist to immediately determine what type of roofs they belong to. Usually, unusual roofs decorate modern buildings of museums, restaurants, theaters, etc. For the construction of residential buildings, traditional pitched roofs are most often chosen.

Unusual roofs, original roofs, beautiful roofs: photo

Architect Adrian James

Church roof in USA, Colorado. Roof shape: hyperbolic paraboloid. Photo found on modmidmod.com

Roof of the shell museum building in Dalian province of China

Either the roof or the wall. Cafe building in Japan. The pitched roof is also the wall of the building. Design: Suppose Design Office

The house with a very unusual roof was designed by Harrisons & White (Australia). The house is located in the suburbs of Melbourne

Multi-gable pitched, but with rounded shapes, chamomile roof. The building is located in Rio (Brazil)

Roof original design"Butterfly". Design: Robert M. Cain via Contemporist

Ultra-modern house with curved pitched roof [Designed by Max Pritchard Architect]

"Fairytale house. Photo taken from pixdaus.com

Original roofs of houses in China

Flat round roof. Villa in Turkey