Adaptation - adaptation to changing external and internal conditions.

In a psychological sense, adaptation is the adaptation of a person as a person to implementation in society in accordance with the requirements of this society and with their own needs, motives and interests.

Social adaptation - the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment.

Adaptation in the socio-psychological sense is seen as the relationship of the individual with a small group. That is, the adaptation process is understood as the process of an individual entering a small group, assimilating the norms and relations that have developed in the group, occupying a certain place in the structure of relations between its members. Features of the socio-psychological study of adaptation lies in the fact that the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, the small group becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment, to which the individual adapts. human .

Socio-psychological adaptation consists in the development of a person's socio-psychological characteristics small group, entry into the system of relationships that has developed in it, positive interaction with members of the group.

A person, entering a new social environment, in a certain way changes the system of his relations. The group, in turn, reacts to the appearance of a “newcomer” by adjusting its norms, traditions, and rules.

The impetus for the process of adaptation in most cases is the understanding of the individual that the previous experience of behavior learned in social activity ceases to ensure success, and the restructuring of behavior, in accordance with the requirements of social conditions or a new social environment, becomes relevant.

As a rule, 4 stages of social adaptation of an individual in a new social environment are distinguished:

• 1. The initial stage: the individual's awareness of the types of behavior that should be used in the new social environment, but the individual is not yet ready to accept them and seeks to adhere to the old behavior patterns.
• 2. Stage of tolerance: the individual, the group and the new environment show mutual understanding for each other's value systems and behaviors.
• 3. Stage of accommodation: acceptance by the individual of the fundamental elements of the value system of the new environment.
• 4. Stage of assimilation: complete coincidence of the value systems of all participants in the adaptation process.

In the adaptation mechanism, two response systems are distinguished - fast and slow. In the first case, in response to the action of an adaptive factor, all possible response mechanisms are realized and a functional state is formed that obviously exceeds the requirements for an adequate response. Such a reaction is observed under the action of an extreme or unexpected factor.

The second type of reaction consists in a gradual increase in the number and power of response mechanisms.

Adaptation can include both physiological and behavioral responses, depending on the level of organization of the system. The main content of adaptation - internal processes in the system, which ensure the preservation of its external functions in relation to the environment, i.e. maintaining homeostasis.

The set of adaptive reactions from the initial psychological and physiological state of a person to the final one is an adaptive cycle.

An obligatory initial link in the chain of reactions of adaptation is the reaction of the primary response, which occurs in response to the appearance, disappearance or change in the quantitative parameters of any factor.

This first adjustment response is followed by the pay-for-primary response. Its task is to ensure effective recovery of energy and psychological costs.

With sufficient intensity and duration of exposure to adaptogenic factors, when the existing regulatory mechanisms are not sufficient to restore balance in the human-environment system and the parameters of the reactions of the primary response and the reactions of payment for the primary response deviate beyond the limits of permissible fluctuations, the task arises of creating a new system of homeostatic regulation. Then the actual process of adaptation begins.

Behavioral reactions during this period have the main protective function, ensuring the minimization of the action of adaptogenic factors and regulation overstrain. Medvedev notes the importance of the mechanism of information protection, which limits the flow of information into the human brain for its subsequent processing. Information filtering can be carried out at all stages of its movement, starting from receptors and ending with the projection zones of the cerebral cortex and the inclusion of mnestic processes, where the forgetting mechanisms play the main role. With the participation of this information filter, a subjective conceptual model of reality is formed, in accordance with which an individual adaptation strategy is built.

In the next phase of adaptation, the search for the optimal program of regulatory mechanisms takes place. currency banking foreign

The last phase of the adaptation process is the phase of stable adaptation, characterized by the stabilization of adaptation indicators, including performance parameters, which are set at a new, more optimal level.

It is worth distinguishing between adaptation as a process and adaptability as a result, i.e. outcome of the adaptation process. There are subjective and objective criteria for adaptability:

• · Subjective - satisfaction with the conditions created for the implementation and development of their basic social needs, satisfaction with membership in this group.
• · Objective - the level of implementation by the individual of the norms and rules of relationships adopted in a given social group.

Quantitative-temporal characteristics of adaptability normally correspond to the magnitude of the mismatch between the necessary and actual levels of adaptability. If they exceed the mismatch value, they speak of hyperreactivity; if they are below the mismatch value, they speak of hyporeactivity up to unreactivity - the absence of adaptive reactions where they should be. Thus, adaptability is an exact correspondence to the degree of adaptive shifts in the current adaptive situation.

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General patterns of adaptation of the human body to various conditions

The health status of the population is increasingly recognized as an indicator of the final impact of factors environment on people. This refers to both negative and positive and protective interactions. health sensor reflex adaptation

According to the World Health Organization (WHO Charter, 1968), health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Human health, as well as the state of the biosphere, should be considered in a complex that characterizes the relationship between human health and the health of the biosphere.

Increasing every year specific gravity social component in a comprehensive assessment of the health of a modern person, population, society. Social disorder, uncertainty about the future, moral depression, psycho-physiological stress, stress are regarded as the leading risk factors that negatively affect human health and contribute to the emergence of new forms of non-specific diseases that manifest themselves in the form of chronic over-fatigue human body, complete life apathy, etc.

There is also a concept of occupational health, which refers to the ability of the human body to maintain the given compensatory and protective properties that ensure performance in the conditions in which professional activity takes place.

General principles and adaptation mechanisms

Starting from the moment of birth, the body suddenly finds itself in completely new conditions for itself and is forced to adapt the activity of all its organs and systems to them. In the future, in the course of individual development, the factors acting on the body are continuously modified, which requires constant functional restructuring. Thus, the process of adaptation of the organism to natural, climatic and geographical, as well as to industrial, social conditions is a universal phenomenon. Under adaptation understand all types of innate and acquired adaptive activity, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring at the cellular, organ, system and organism level. Protective-adaptive reactions are regulated by reflex and humoral pathways, and the main role in these reactions belongs to higher nervous activity.

Humoral processes are physiological and biochemical processes carried out through liquid media (blood, lymph, tissue fluid) with the help of hormones and various products metabolism.

The theory of functional systems, formulated in our country by P. K. Anokhin, contributed to understanding the patterns of development of reactions of the whole organism to a changing environment. The systems approach made it possible to explain how the body, with the help of self-regulation mechanisms, provides optimal vital functions and how they are carried out under normal and extreme conditions.

The process of self-regulation is cyclical and is carried out on the basis of the "golden rule" - any deviation from the vital level of any factor serves as an impetus for the immediate mobilization of numerous apparatuses of the corresponding functional system, again restoring this vitally important adaptive result.

Since there are many useful adaptive results in the human body that provide various aspects of its life activity, the work of the whole organism is built from the combined activity of many functional systems. Such adaptive results useful for the body, building various functional systems, are: indicators of the internal environment (the level of nutrients, oxygen, temperature, blood pressure, etc.); the results of behavioral activity that satisfy the basic biological needs of the body (food, drink, sexual, etc.); the results of a person's social activity, due to social and individual experience, position in society, satisfying his social needs.

The functional system includes receptor formations, which are a kind of living sensors that dynamically evaluate the value of the regulated indicator. She has central office-- structures of the brain that analyze the whole variety of incoming signals, make a decision and program the expected result.

Finally, in the functional system there are executive mechanisms - peripheral organs that implement incoming commands. In addition, the system has a reverse afferentation (feedback), which informs the center about the efficiency of the executive mechanisms and about the achievement of the final result. All the diversity of the activity of a living organism, its resistance to external factors, the stability of various functions are provided by the complex interaction of self-regulating functional systems in which the central and peripheral organs are dynamically combined to achieve the final adaptive result.

Interacting according to the principle of a hierarchy of results, various functional systems ultimately constitute a harmoniously working organism. At the same time, there is a dominance of one or another functional system, which has in this moment the most important for the body.

The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain homeostasis, which allows one to exist in a changed external environment.

Homeostasis is the relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment and some physiological functions of the human body (thermoregulation, blood circulation, gas exchange, etc.), supported by self-regulation mechanisms under conditions of fluctuations in internal and external stimuli.

The constancy of the composition, physicochemical and biological properties of the internal environment of the human body is not absolute, but relative and dynamic; it is continuously updated according to changes external environment and life of the organism. The range of fluctuations in the parameters of environmental factors, in which the mechanisms of self-regulation function without physiological stress, is relatively small. When the parameters of environmental factors deviate from optimal levels, self-regulation mechanisms begin to function with tension, and adaptation mechanisms are included in the process to maintain homeostasis.

So, adaptation- the process of adapting the body to changing environmental conditions, which means the ability of a person to adapt to natural, industrial or social conditions. It provides performance, maximum life expectancy and reproduction in inadequate environmental conditions.

An important component of the body's adaptive reaction is the stress syndrome - the sum of nonspecific reactions that create conditions for the activation of homeostatic systems.

If the levels of exposure to environmental factors go beyond the adaptive capabilities of the body, then additional protective mechanisms are activated that counteract the onset and progression of the pathological process.

Compensatory mechanisms-- adaptive responses aimed at eliminating or weakening functional changes in the body caused by inadequate environmental factors. For example, under the influence of cold, the processes of production and conservation of thermal energy increase, metabolism increases, as a result of reflex constriction of peripheral vessels, heat transfer decreases. Compensatory mechanisms serve integral part reserve forces of the body. Possessing high efficiency, they can maintain a relatively stable homeostasis long enough for the development of stable forms of the adaptation process.

The effectiveness of adaptation depends on the dose of the influencing factor and the individual characteristics of the organism. The dose of exposure and tolerance depend on the hereditary - genetic - characteristics of the organism, the duration and strength (intensity) of the impact of factors. Stress syndrome under excessively strong environmental influences can transform into a link in pathogenesis and cause the development of diseases - from ulcers to severe cardiovascular and immune diseases.

The relationship of man with the environment

A person receives information about the external and internal environment of the body with the help of sensory systems (analyzers). In accordance with modern concepts, sensory systems are specialized parts of the nervous system, including peripheral receptors (sensory organs, sensory organs), nerve fibers extending from them (pathways) and cells of the central nervous system grouped together (sensory centers), where data processing. Sensory organs can be divided into the following three groups.

Exteroreceptors perceive stimuli that affect the body from the environment: the perception of light, heat, sound and other signals. They provide the necessary amount of adequate information about the external environment, on the basis of the analysis of which adaptive behavior is formed.

Interoreceptors perceive irritations coming from the internal environment of the body: organs, fluid media, tissues. They are the basis for the flow of regulatory processes in the body.

Proprioreceptors perceive irritation resulting from a change in the degree of contraction and relaxation of muscles, that is, they provide information about the position of various parts of the body and about the position of the body in space.

The main characteristic of the analyzer is the sensitivity of the receptor, that is, the ability to perceive a stimulus. For all types of stimulation and for all sensory organs, the stimulus must reach a minimum of intensity in order to cause a minimum sensation. This intensity is called sensation threshold or absolute threshold of sensitivity. The amount by which one stimulus must differ from another in order for their difference to be perceived by a person is called differential threshold or threshold of discrimination(by intensity, duration, frequency, form, etc.). The time elapsed from the onset of the stimulus to the appearance of sensations is called latency period.

Since under normal conditions a person extremely rarely encounters the cessation of exposure to stimuli, he is not aware of these effects and does not realize how much important condition for its normal functioning is the "load" of the analyzers. It should be borne in mind that the absence of stimuli or a low level of their intensity can lead to a decrease in the resistance and adaptive capabilities of the body. So, the absence of a light stimulus can lead to atrophy of the visual analyzer, sound - to atrophy of the auditory analyzer, the absence of speech exposure (congenital deafness) makes a person dumb. Due to urbanization, automation of most technological processes at present, a significant part of the population is in a state of physical inactivity, experiencing muscle hunger, which leads to detraining of the body, negatively affects the condition of cardio-vascular system etc.

Brief description of sensor systems in terms of safety

visual system

The most important prerequisite for the correct orientation of a person in the environment is vision. The visual analyzer allows you to get an idea about the object, its color, shape, size, whether the object is in motion or at rest, about its distance from us, the potential danger that it carries. Thus, about 80% of all information a person receives as a result of a reaction to visual stimulation.

The main feature of the human eye is the ability to accommodate (the ability of vision to adapt to the distance to the object being viewed) and adaptation (the ability of vision to adapt to the light conditions of the environment). The ability of the visual apparatus to adapt provides visual acuity (the ability of the eye to distinguish the smallest details of an object), contrast sensitivity (the ability of the eye to distinguish the minimum difference between the brightness of the object under consideration and the background), recognition speed (the shortest time required to distinguish the details of the object).

The eye, ensuring the safety of a person, is itself equipped with natural protection. Reflexively closing eyelids protect the retina from strong light, and the cornea from mechanical influences. The lacrimal fluid washes away dust particles from the surface of the eyes and eyelids, kills microbes due to the presence of lysozyme in it. Eyelashes also perform a protective function. However, despite the perfection, natural protection for the eyes is not enough. Therefore, under conditions dangerous to the eyes, it is imperative to use artificial means of protection.

The visual perception of color, the processing of the received visual information, to a large extent depend on lighting. Therefore, it is necessary to pay Special attention formation of the light climate.

auditory system

The human ear is made up of three "major" parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. Sound waves are sent to the auditory system through the outer ear to the tympanic membrane, the vibrations of which are mechanically transmitted through the middle ear to the inner ear, where the vibrations of the tympanic membrane are converted into vibrations with a much lower amplitude, but higher pressure. Excitation of the nerve endings of the auditory nerve reaches the cerebral cortex and causes the perception of sound.

The auditory analyzer is highly sensitive, allows a person to perceive a wide range of environmental sounds and analyze them by strength, pitch, color, note changes in intensity and frequency composition, determine the direction of sound arrival, and the ability to recognize the location of the sound source. The physical basis of this ability is that, propagating at a finite speed, the sound reaches the more distant ear later and with less force, and the auditory system is able to detect its difference in the two ears already at a level of 1 dB and with a delay of 0.0006 s. Binaural hearing has another, more important function than orientation in space: it helps to analyze acoustic information in the presence of outside noise. "Inter-aural" differences in the intensity and direction of the signals received are used by the central nervous system to suppress background noise and highlight useful sounds (for example, allow you to focus on the desired conversation in a crowded meeting).

Tactile, temperature, pain systems

The skin is the organ that separates the internal environment of a person from the external, reliably protecting its constancy. The sensations provided by the skin create a connection with the outside world. Through touch(tactile sensations) we learn about the three-dimensional features of our environment; by using thermoreception we perceive heat and cold; by using nociception(damage perception process) we feel pain, we recognize potentially dangerous stimuli.

The first function of the skin is mechanical. It protects the underlying tissues from damage, drying out, physical, chemical and biological influences and, as already noted, performs a barrier function.

The second function of the skin is associated with the processes of thermoregulation, due to which a constant body temperature is maintained. There are two types of analyzers in human skin: some react only to cold (about 250 thousand), others only to heat (about 30 thousand). Skin temperature is slightly lower than body temperature and varies for individual areas. A prolonged feeling of warmth at a skin temperature above 36 ° C is stronger, the higher this temperature. At a temperature of about 45 ° C, the feeling of warmth is replaced by pain from hot. When large areas of the body are cooled to temperatures below 30°C, a sensation of cold occurs.

A characteristic feature of the tactile analyzer is the rapid development of adaptation, that is, the disappearance of the feeling of touch or pressure. Thanks to adaptation, we do not feel the touch of clothes on the body.

The sensation of pain is perceived by special receptors. They are scattered throughout our body; there are about 100 such receptors per 1 cm2 of skin. The feeling of pain arises as a result of irritation not only of the skin, but also of a number of internal organs. Often the only signal that warns of trouble in the state of one or another internal organ is pain.

Unlike other sensory systems, pain provides little information about the world around us, but rather reports external or internal dangers that threaten our body. Thus, it protects us from long-term harm and is therefore necessary for normal life. If the pain did not warn, even in the most ordinary actions, we would often injure ourselves.

The biological meaning of pain is that, being a signal of danger, it mobilizes the body to fight for self-preservation. Under the influence of a pain signal, the work of all body systems is rebuilt and its reactivity increases.

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Adaptation is the process of adapting to changing environmental conditions.

Adaptation mechanisms

The study of the ways and mechanisms of adaptation of the body is of particular importance today in connection with the development of new geographical regions by a person, the need to work in unusual climatic conditions, the migration of the population to the eastern and northern regions of the country, the development of the Arctic and Antarctica, the need for human work in deserts, in high mountains, as well as in connection with the development of aviation, astronautics, deep-sea diving, the development of ocean shelves, the emergence of new types of labor and new professions. All this puts forward completely new tasks and problems for physiology, the solution of which should ensure the satisfaction of the requirements of the biological nature of man, the creation of optimal conditions for ensuring his life, increasing labor productivity, maintaining and improving health. These tasks can be solved only by deeply studying the essence of the requirements of the biological nature of the organism and satisfying these requirements. It is known that in recent times people are increasingly aware of the dangers of an irresponsible attitude towards the environment. They began to take more and more into account possible consequences destructive effect of man on nature. Hence the development and implementation of measures necessary to protect the environment and nature.

To an even greater extent, all this should apply to man himself, to our own biological nature, in relation to which nihilism should not be allowed.

METHODS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ADAPTATION

They can be non-specific and specific.

Not specific methods increasing the efficiency of adaptation:

active recreation, hardening, optimal (medium) physical exercise, adaptogens and therapeutic dosages of various resort factors that can increase non-specific resistance, normalize the activity of the main body systems and thereby increase life expectancy.

Consider the mechanism of action of non-specific methods on the example of adaptogens.

Adaptogens

- these are means that carry out pharmacological regulation of the body's adaptive processes, as a result of which the functions of organs and systems are activated, the body's defenses are stimulated, and resistance to adverse external factors increases.

An increase in the efficiency of adaptation can be achieved in various ways: with the help of doping stimulants or tonics.

Stimulants

Excitingly affecting certain structures of the central nervous system, they activate metabolic processes in organs and tissues. This intensifies the processes of catabolism. The action of these substances appears quickly, but it is short-lived, as it is accompanied by exhaustion.

The use of tonics

leads to the predominance of anabolic processes, the essence of which lies in the synthesis of structural substances and energy-rich compounds. These substances prevent violations of energy and plastic processes in tissues, as a result, the body's defenses are mobilized and its resistance to extreme factors increases.

The mechanism of action of adaptogens,

leading to an adaptive restructuring of the functions of organs, systems and the body as a whole, proposed by E. Ya. Kaplan et al. (1990), is shown in Figure 1.6. The diagram below shows some directions of influence of adaptogens on cellular metabolism. Firstly, they can act on extracellular regulatory systems - the central nervous system (pathway 1) and the endocrine system (pathway 2), as well as directly interact with cellular receptors. different type, modulate their sensitivity to the action of neurotransmitters and hormones (pathway 3). Along with this, adaptogens are able to directly affect biomembranes (path 4) by affecting their structure, the interaction of the main membrane components - proteins and lipids, increasing the stability of membranes, changing their selective permeability and the activity of enzymes associated with them. Adaptogens can, penetrating into the cell (pathways 5 and 6), directly activate various intracellular systems.

Thus, due to adaptive transformations occurring at different levels of biological organization, a state of non-specifically increased resistance to various adverse effects is formed in the body.

Specific methods for increasing the efficiency of adaptation.

These methods are based on increasing the body's resistance to any specific environmental factor: cold, high temperature, hypoxia, etc.

Let's consider some specific methods on the example of adaptation to hypoxia. Intensive searches for ways to increase resistance to high-altitude hypoxia over the past decades have been carried out by N. N. Sirotinin, V. B. Malkin and his co-workers, M. M. Mirrakhimov and others. antihypoxic pharmacological agents. Materials are presented on the protective effect of the combined effect on the body of hypoxic training and taking pharmaceuticals.

General patterns of human adaptation

In the literature, adaptation is called both the processes and phenomena of adaptation of an individual, and changes in organisms and entire populations throughout their existence. In biology, adaptation is the acquisition by organisms of traits and properties that are most beneficial to an individual or the entire population, thanks to which they can live in their habitat.
The adaptive features of an organism - form, physiology and behavior - are inseparable from its environment. The process of adaptation to natural climatic and geographical conditions, and in humans also to social and production conditions, is a universal phenomenon. Adaptation includes all types of innate and acquired adaptive activities, which are provided by physiological mechanisms of all structural levels. Any activity in this or that changed situation is much more expensive than in habitual conditions.
Switching body responses to new level is not given for free and flows at the voltage of all systems. This tension is called the price of adaptation. Ability to adapt - adaptability has limits specific to the species and community. An organism can exist optimal conditions endogenous, i.e. internal environment, and exogenous - external, ecological environment. On both sides of the optimum, biological activity decreases, and in extreme conditions the organism will not be able to exist at all: adaptation has its own range, limits and price.
Adaptation factors are called extreme, or stress factors. Natural factors act in combination, they can have a signal value and initiate anticipatory adaptation reactions, for example, to the change of seasons.
Man adapts by using and protective equipment given by civilization. This weakens the load on adaptive systems and has negative aspects: it reduces adaptability, for example, to cold. He creates factors that require a wide range of adaptation: social and related conditions give rise to specific circumstances, the number of which is growing and to which one must adapt.
The genetic program does not provide for a pre-formed adaptation, but the possibility of effective purposeful implementation of vitally necessary adaptive responses under the influence of the environment. As a result of genotypic adaptation on the basis of heredity, mutations and selection, biological species were formed. The complex of specific inherited traits - the genotype - becomes the starting point for next stage adaptation acquired during the life of an individual.
Individual or phenotypic adaptation is formed in the process of interaction of a particular organism with its environment and is provided by structural morphofunctional changes specific to this environment. In the process, traces of immunological and neurological memory are built, skills and behavior vectors are formed, and an information bank is created on the basis and as a result of selective expression of genes.
They protect a person from possible meetings with inadequate and hazards. The results of phenotypic adaptation are not inherited, which is beneficial for the conservation of the species. It itself is not absolute, does not mean complete adaptation, and each new generation adapts anew to a spectrum of sometimes completely new factors that require the development of new specialized reactions. It is in such conditions that adaptive reactions are developed, and at the same time the body acquires a new quality.
The key link and mechanism of all forms of phenotypic adaptation is the connection of functions with the genetic apparatus. Due to the complex, biologically expedient and branched architecture of the structural trace, active adaptation to one factor can lead to cross effects: increase or decrease resistance to others. This is due to the ratio of adaptation processes under the combined action of various adaptogenic factors, as well as the state of the body in different phases of adaptation.
Adaptation develops as a response to extreme factors, and an important component of it is the stress syndrome - the sum of nonspecific reactions associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. "Hormons of adaptation" - corticosteroids and catecholamines of the adrenal glands - stimulate the mechanisms of homeostasis, energy processes, adaptive synthesis of enzymatic and structural proteins, the immune system. The adaptive synthesis of enzymes is important in managing the process of urgent adaptation, the synthesis of structural proteins is a condition for the transition from urgent to long-term sustainable adaptation.
Due to the inertness of the metabolic processes, the process of adaptation is relatively long. A persistent, directed change in metabolism is preceded by behavioral responses, changes in the functions of visceral organs, as well as a motor system that relies on and controls metabolism for adaptation. Physical activity itself is an adaptogenic factor.
Three types of adaptive behavior are distinguished: passive submission, flight from an unfavorable factor, and active resistance through the formation of adaptive reactions. G. Selye called the passive form syntactic, and the active resistance associated with the development of specific and nonspecific reactions - catatactic.
The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain a new level of homeostasis, which allows one to exist in a changed environment. The essence of accommodation is in the restructuring of the mechanisms of homeostasis, adequate to specific conditions, and it can be represented as a chain of reactions various systems, some of which modify their activities, while others regulate these changes

Hazard Analysis

Energy-entropy concept of danger.

Energy-entropy concept of danger is a set of ideas about the nature of danger and the conditions for their implementation.

Everyday human activity is potentially dangerous, because. associated with the use of various types of energy. Dangers appear as a result of an uncontrolled release of energy. The occurrence of undesirable consequences is a consequence of the emergence and development of a causal chain of prerequisites. The initiators of this chain, most often, are erroneous actions A person, in addition, may be a malfunction in technology or exposure to it at a distance.

All this does not contradict the fundamental property of entropy (a measure of disorder): Any system left to itself tends to the maximum of entropy, i.e. to maximum chaos. Such a state is equilibrium-stable and the system can stay in it for an arbitrarily long time. Any attempts by a person as a result of his activity to streamline the system lead to a decrease in entropy and to instability, to a potentially dangerous state.

The energy-entropy concept of danger makes it possible to trace the path of an undesirable release of energy, and this underlies the construction of an accident tree.

For analysis, a graphical representation (graph, tree) of a logically interconnected sequence of failure events, causes, consequences, is used.

Hazard Study Sequence:

1. Preliminary hazard analysis

a) identification of the source of danger

b) identify the parts of the system that can cause these hazards

c) introduce a restriction on the analysis

2. Select (form) the sequence of the action of the danger by building an incident tree

3. Incident tree analysis

Health(according to WHO, established. 1968) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (and not just the absence of disease).

Currently, there is no unequivocal opinion about the factors responsible for the formation of health, but according to WHO:

While maintaining the current trend in the development of the world community in 30-40 years, the state of health of Russians up to 70% will depend on the state of the environment.

Currently, 4 million toxic substances affecting the human body have been recorded, and their number increases by 6000 annually. This has led to the fact that 80% of diseases are caused by the state of the environment, every 4th inhabitant of the planet suffers from allergic diseases, ≈10% newborns have deviations from health. There are already 2,500 known diseases localized at the gene and chronic levels. Already now ≈50% of the gene pool of the European population is not reproduced in the next generations.

Recently, the social component that affects health has increased, from which specific diseases follow: chronic fatigue syndrome, life apathy, and mental disorders.

A comprehensive assessment of the state of human health is life expectancy and indicators of the biological age of a person.

Occupational Health- the ability of the human body to maintain the specified compensatory and protective means that ensure performance in the conditions in which the activity takes place.

When conducting analyzes of various factors affecting human health, priority is given to the risk factor that directly leads to the onset of the disease.

Evaluation of the elimination of factors that adversely affect human health is very important when creating technological equipment. These factors can be eliminated with the help of engineering solutions, adaptation, including social adaptation.

GENERAL REMARKS

Adaptation or adaptation to the conditions of existence is one of the fundamental qualities of living matter. It is so comprehensive that it is identified with the very concept of life. "Starting from the moment of birth, the body suddenly finds itself in completely new conditions for itself and is forced to adapt the activity of all its organs and systems to them. Later, in the course of individual development, the factors affecting the body constantly changing, sometimes acquiring extraordinary strength or extraordinary character, which requires constant functional restructuring.Thus, the process of adapting the body to general natural (climatic-geographical, industrial and social) conditions is a universal phenomenon.Adaptation is understood as all types of congenital and acquired adaptive activity of a person, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring at the cellular, organ, system and organism levels.In the literature, adaptation is called both the processes and phenomena of adaptation to the life of an individual, and changes in the organisms of entire populations ii throughout their existence. Thus, the problem is extraordinarily broad and multifaceted. Biologists, physiologists, physicians are engaged in it. Biology and ecological physiology study species fitness. Physiology explores individual adaptation, its formation and mechanisms.

Equally important is the problem of adaptation in medicine. The idea of ​​the adaptive features of the body of a healthy person, his reserves and understanding of the mechanisms of violations of these abilities in pathology should underlie the medical thinking of every doctor. In the course of normal physiology, on the basis of information about the activities of individual body systems, students should become familiar with the understanding of the principles of functioning of the whole organism in all the complexity of its interaction with the environment, which is carried out through constant adaptive reactions.

This section outlines specific aspects of adaptation, its forms, phases and mechanisms.

FORMS OF ADAPTATION

Three types of adaptive-adaptive behavior of living organisms are distinguished: flight from an unfavorable stimulus, passive submission to it, and, finally, active resistance due to the development of specific adaptive reactions. The Canadian scientist Hans Selye called the passive form of existence with a stimulus syntactic, and the active form of struggle and resistance - cathotactic. Let's take a simple example. Winter colds are coming, and in the animal world - from the simplest to man, we will find all three forms of adaptation. Some animals "leave" from the cold, hiding in warm holes, large group living creatures, called poikilotherms, lowers body temperature, falling into a sleepy state before the onset of warm days. This is a passive form of adaptation to the cold. Finally, another large group of animals, including man, called homeotherms, respond to cold by intricately balancing heat.

loproduction and heat transfer, achieving a stable body temperature at low ambient temperatures. This type of adaptation is active, associated with the development of specific and nonspecific reactions, and will be the subject of further discussion.

The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain homeostasis, which allows one to exist in a changed external environment (recall that homeostasis is the dynamic constancy of the composition of the internal environment and the performance of various body systems, which is ensured by certain regulatory mechanisms).

As soon as the environment changes, or any of its essential components change, the organism is forced to change some of the constants of its functions. Homeostasis to a certain extent is rebuilt to a new level, more adequate for specific conditions, which serves as the basis for adaptation.

One can imagine adaptation as a long chain of reactions of various systems, some of which must modify their activity, while others must regulate these modifications. Since the basis of the foundations of life is metabolism - metabolism, inextricably linked with energy processes, adaptation must be implemented through a stationary adaptive change in metabolism and maintaining a level that corresponds and is most adequate to the new changed conditions.

Metabolism can and must adapt to the changed conditions of existence, but this process is relatively inert. A persistent, directed change in metabolism is preceded by changes in the body systems that have an intermediary, "service" value. These include circulation and respiration. These functions are the first to be included in the reactions caused by the action of external factors.

It is necessary to single out the motor system, which, on the one hand, is based on metabolism, on the other hand, controls metabolism in the interests of adaptation. And the changes in motor activity themselves serve as an essential element of adaptation.

A special role in the adaptive process belongs to nervous system, endocrine glands with their hormones. In particular, the hormones of the pituitary and adrenal cortex cause initial motor reactions and at the same time changes in blood circulation, respiration, etc. Changes in the activity of these systems are the first reaction to any strong irritation. It is these changes that prevent stationary shifts in metabolic homeostasis. Thus, at the initial stages of the action of altered conditions on the body, an intensification of the activity of all organ systems is noted. This mechanism ensures the existence of the organism in the new conditions at the first stages, however, it is energetically unfavorable, uneconomical and only paves the way for another, more stable and reliable tissue mechanism, which reduces to a rational restructuring of the service systems for the given conditions, which, functioning in the new conditions, gradually return to their normal baseline levels of activity.

ADALTOGENIC FACTORS

The Canadian scientist Hans Selye, who approached the problem of adaptation from new original positions, called the factors whose impact leads to adaptation as stress factors. Their other name is extreme factors. Extreme can be not only individual effects on the body, but also changed conditions of existence as a whole (for example, the movement of a person from the south to the far north, etc.). In relation to a person, adaptogenic factors can be: natural and related to the labor activity of the person himself.

natural factors. In the course of evolutionary development, organisms have adapted to the action of a wide range of natural stimuli. The action of natural factors that cause the development of adaptive mechanisms is always complex, so we can talk about the action of a group of factors of a particular nature. So, for example, all living

In the course of evolution, new organisms primarily adapted to earthly conditions of existence: a certain barometric pressure and gravity, the level of cosmic and thermal radiation, a strictly defined gas composition of the surrounding atmosphere, etc.

The animal world has adapted to the change of seasons. Seasons - seasons - include changes in a whole range of environmental factors: illumination, temperature, humidity, radiation. Animals have acquired the ability to respond in advance to the change of seasons, for example, when winter approaches, but even before the onset of cold weather, many mammals develop a significant layer of subcutaneous fat, the coat becomes thick, the color of the coat changes, etc. The very mechanism of preliminary changes that allows animals to meet the approaching cold prepared, is a remarkable achievement of evolution. As a result, changes in the surrounding world and the signal value of environmental factors are fixed in the body and "advanced" reactions of adaptation develop (P.K. Anokhin).

In addition to the change of seasons throughout the year animal world adapted to the change of day and night. These natural changes are fixed in a certain way in all body systems.

It should be noted that natural factors act both on the animal body and on the human body. In both cases, these factors lead to the development of adaptive mechanisms of a physiological nature. However, a person helps himself to adapt to the conditions of existence, using, in addition to his physiological reactions, also various protective means that civilization gives him: clothes, construction of houses, etc. This frees the body from the load on some adaptive systems and carries some negative sides for the body: reduces the ability to adapt to natural factors (for example, to cold).