There are several varieties of solutions of copper sulfate, depending on the goals that the gardener wants to achieve. It should be understood that copper sulfate is a toxic substance, and in large quantities it can harm plants, humans and the environment. In this article, you will learn how to dilute copper sulfate for processing trees.

There are 3 main types of copper sulphate solutions used in horticulture:

1. Solution at a concentration of 0.2 - 0.3%(20-30 grams per 10 liters of water) copper sulphate (preventive and feeding type). Such a solution is used to fertilize and fertilize the earth, as well as to prevent certain bacterial and fungal infections. Also, it makes sense to use it to restore the balance of copper in the plant body (copper deficiency is very often observed with chlorosis, twisting of leaves and shoots, as well as with tillering without the formation of shoots).
2. Solution at a concentration of 0.5 - 1%(50-100 grams per 10 liters of water) copper sulphate (therapeutic and prophylactic type). Such a solution is usually used for the treatment and prevention of fungal infections (anthracnose, clasterosporiasis, coccomycosis, pathological spotting, septoria, phyllosticosis, scab, various rot, curly), as well as for controlling insect pests. Also, they can process damaged branches and shoots of a plant to speed up the healing of wounds. This concentration of vitriol does not burn the plants.
3. Solution at a concentration of 3 - 5%(300-500 grams per 10 liters of water) copper sulfate ("burning out" type). It is very toxic to most plants, so you need to use such a solution only in exceptional cases- for disinfecting the earth, for burning out mold, and so on. After cultivating the land by them, it is necessary to exclude this land from agricultural activities during the year.

How to prepare a solution for treating trees?

Let's find out how to dilute copper sulfate for processing trees. To prepare the solution, you need to take a bucket and pour copper sulfate into it, then you need to pour it into the bucket right amount water and mix the resulting solution well.

The amount of vitriol is determined depending on the desired concentration: 1% is 100 grams of vitriol must be diluted in 10 liters of water.

Before preparing the solution, it is advisable to wear gloves, a respirator and a protective suit to prevent the solution from getting on the skin. It is necessary to prepare the solution right before spraying, and the finished solution must be stored for no more than 10 hours. After preparation, it is recommended to strain the solution, as it may contain debris and undissolved particles of vitriol.

The first preventive spraying with a solution at a concentration of 0.5-1% should be carried out in the spring before bud break. Processing of trees is carried out in the morning and in the evening at a temperature above +5 degrees. It is also recommended that before bud break, prepare a one percent solution and pour it over the ground around the tree (solution consumption - 2-3 liters of solution per 1 m 2 of land).

Spray and water fruit trees during flowering and fruiting is prohibited. A solution of copper sulfate can be used as a disinfectant when planting seedlings; for disinfection, it is necessary to prepare a one percent solution of copper sulfate and place tree seedlings in it; after 3 minutes, you need to get the seedlings and rinse them warm water.

Copper sulfate can also be used as a drug for the treatment of diseases such as scab, coccomycosis, clasterosporiasis and so on. When the first symptoms of any disease appear, it is necessary to perform therapeutic spraying.

The dosage of the drug depends on the type of plant:

Precautionary measures

Now you know how to properly prepare the solution. Let's learn about the precautions:

1. It is forbidden to dilute vitriol in iron dishes with water, since iron can enter into a chemical reaction with blue vitriol.
2. Before preparing the solution, it is recommended to wear a protective suit, goggles and gloves so that the solution does not get into the eyes and mucous membranes.
3. The solution container must not be used as a food storage container.
4. Do not eat or drink while preparing the solution.
5. It is forbidden to pour the remaining solution into rivers and lakes.
6. If the solution gets into the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with water.
7. If the solution comes into contact with the skin, wash the area with soap and water.
8. If the solution has entered the stomach, it is necessary to immediately perform a gastric lavage, drink Activated carbon and go to the hospital for help. For gastric lavage, it is forbidden to use a solution of potassium permanganate, since potassium permanganate can enter into a chemical reaction with copper sulphate, which will cause severe poisoning.

What else do you need to know about spraying?

Let's find out what else you need to remember about spraying trees and plants with copper sulfate:

1. It is not recommended to use copper sulfate when processing greenhouses. There are many reasons for this, but the main reason is the fact that in a greenhouse, copper sulfate can accumulate in the soil, which over time will make the soil unsuitable for farming.
2. Rain can wash the vitriol solution into the ground, but after rain it is forbidden to re-treat with vitriol to avoid accumulation of copper in the soil.
3. If the copper sulfate solution does not adhere well to the leaves and shoots, then a little soap can be added to the solution. Soap must be grated; consumption - 20-30 g of soap per 10 liters of solution.
4. If an animal has gnawed a tree, then you can treat the wounds with weak solution copper sulfate (0.2-0.3%).

Copper sulfate is a common tool in the fight against mold, fungi and wood decay. Its popularity is due, first of all, to its availability: you can buy it at any hardware store.

In this regard, many are interested in the question - how to properly process wood with copper sulphate?

Most often, the solution is used in everyday life, they process trees, leaves in the garden in the country.

The main cause of wood decay lies in its origin.

Wood is a natural material that can breathe, release juices, thereby increasing its moisture content.

Even after treating the wood with paint, varnish or any other coating, it will not be possible to avoid the internal process of decay. Therefore, very often they resort to processing wood with copper sulphate.

Copper sulfate, in addition to its availability, has other positive characteristics.

This product is not a flammable, volatile substance. Being absorbed, the substance will not harm a person, but it is necessary to work with it with gloves.

Another feature of copper sulfate is that it is able to corrode metals.

Therefore, when processing wood, you need to check that there are no nails, clips or any other metal objects in it.

Also, this information must be taken into account when diluting the solution, respectively, the bucket should not be iron.

So, the conservation of wood occurs with the help of a solution of copper sulfate, and it can also be used to treat diseased trees.

How this is done, in what ways - about everything in more detail.

Wood processing methods

by the most in a simple way treatment of wood with copper sulfate is its surface treatment.

The first method - applying the solution

This method consists in applying the solution to the surface of the wood. It is really simple, but not durable either.

This treatment is used against mold, fungus, that is, already affected wood. Moreover, wooden products must be well dried. Otherwise, the solution will wash out at a faster rate.

The solution can be prepared as follows: 10 g of copper sulfate is dissolved in 1 liter of water.

Due to its water component, the antiseptic (vitriol) does not have the ability to penetrate deep into the wood - a maximum of a few millimeters.

In this case, it is better to use warm water, and the antiseptic itself is sifted through a sieve (in dry form), dissolved in a small amount of water, only after that it is poured into a prepared container with the required volume of water.

Over time, the wood dries out, moisture forms, respectively, the solution is washed out, the appearance of rot and fungus is inevitable. But I must say that the harm to microorganisms is still inflicted.

The second method is soaking wood

The second method of processing is that the wood is soaked in a solution.

For this, a twenty percent solution of copper sulfate is diluted, a large container is filled with it, in which the wood is located.

This method is not convenient for processing boards intended for construction, it is convenient for soaking poles that are planned to be dug into the ground. In such cases, the consumption of the solution will be acceptable.

Soaking occurs within two days, after which the pillars are dried natural way under a canopy, located with the processed place up. Drying should take at least one month.

The third method is for a fresh tree

If you have to process freshly cut wood, then you can use the third method.

Why fresh wood? Because this method allows copper sulphate to mix with tree sap in order to get rid of pests.

What does it consist of: a freshly cut tree is laid on the ground, sawn in half, but not completely. A wedge is inserted into the resulting gap, with which it is necessary to increase the gap.

A lead tube is inserted into this slot at one end, and at the other end into a solution of copper sulphate. In this case, the antiseptic should be on a hill.

If necessary, the gap can be sealed with resin so that the solution goes directly inside. Thus, the juice is mixed with the solution within 3-5 days. Then the wood is dried.

Industrial processing

How is wood impregnated with vitriol in industry? The wood is well dried and placed in an airtight container.

Under a pressure of 10 atmospheres, the wood is impregnated with a solution for half an hour and then dried.

Using this method at home is simply unacceptable, but for construction, the material treated in this way will be well protected from pests and mold.

Application in horticulture

A solution of copper sulfate is actively used by gardeners. This antiseptic allows you to get rid of not only rot, but also all pests.

Also, this tool makes it possible to treat already damaged trees and restore the lack of copper.

Processing trees in the garden, most often, is done by spraying.

In general, it must be said that in horticulture this antiseptic is used not only against pests and fungus, but also as a fertilizer, for whitewashing tree trunks, against scab and lichen, and, of course, for prevention.

There are rules for spraying trees:

1. If it is necessary to treat a tree or disinfect, then a strong solution is used, that is, 100 grams of vitriol is taken per 1 liter of water;
2. For spraying against pests, other proportions are used. Processing is done twice a year. In the spring, during the period of inception, a one percent solution is used. In autumn, when the leaves have already fallen, you can use a five percent solution. Why exactly? Because, getting a chemical on the leaves, you can burn them, respectively, destroy the plant;
3. Once in the summer, you can treat the trees to treat pests by adding lime to the mixture, and treat the trunks with a ready-made solution. For 10 liters of water, 300 grams of vitriol and 400 grams of lime are diluted;
4. Against various grape diseases, bacterial cancer, spotted necrosis, they are treated by spraying with a five percent solution twice a year: in spring and autumn. In order not to burn the leaves, you should not make a stronger concentration.

Preservation of trees can be done in any other way, without the use of copper sulphate. But this method is considered a classic, time-tested.

Use of vitriol as a fertilizer

Iron vitriol, in addition to the properties of an antiseptic, is used as a fertilizer for plants.

If the leaves of plants begin to turn yellow, then the flowers lose their color and attractiveness, the shoots begin to fall off, then it is simply necessary to feed the trees.

Iron vitriol has available "soluble" iron, which saturates the leaves and the whole plant with useful elements.

fruit fruit trees are especially deficient in iron.

Therefore, if a gardener finds an old iron object in his area, then he is in no hurry to throw it away - he puts it next to or buries it near the tree trunk.

But this method is ineffective, since the iron object for the tree remains inaccessible.

As a fertilizer, prepare the following solution: 5-10 grams of copper sulfate should be diluted in 10 liters of water. The water must be soft.

This method is used for foliar feeding of potatoes, cabbage and tomatoes.

Precautionary measures

Since the antiseptic is a strong chemical, after spraying it is necessary to wash your hands, rinse your mouth and wash your face.

The remedy will not cause colossal harm, but it is better to beware of unnecessary troubles.

If, however, harm was caused by the substance, then this can be understood by such signs as:

• nausea, vomiting;
• cardiopalmus;
• weakness;
• pain in the stomach;
• itching, rashes, redness on the skin.

Follow safety rules at work

But in order to be poisoned by this substance, you need to spend a sufficiently long amount of time in contact with it.

Therefore, for the treatment of wood with copper sulphate, the following protection of the human body will be required:

1. it is necessary to work in rubber gloves;
2. with the planned long-term spraying (spraying), it is necessary to use a respirator (gas mask);
3. full protection of the skin with clothing from contact with the substance must be made;
4. if processing is carried out indoors, then it should be well ventilated; if on the street, then it is worth spraying the trees downwind. No harm will be done to human respiratory organs.

We hope this information was useful to you!

In this article: wood preservative antiseptics; how to make an antiseptic preparation yourself; ready-made antiseptics - types and characteristics; recommendations on the choice and use of preparations for wood protection.

The oldest, if not classical, material for the construction of any building on Earth was and remains wood. The construction material is present on our planet everywhere and in abundance, thereby providing earthlings with a permanent structural material for creating houses and decorating them. However, wood is far from ideal - it is exposed to microorganisms and insects, ultraviolet radiation, it changes its volume depending on the degree of humidity inside the room and a series of warm / cold seasons outside the building, causing deformations in the building structure. In addition, wood is flammable. How to be the owner of a wooden house, is it really possible to demolish it and build a brick or stone one? Not at all, it is only necessary to timely process the wooden structures of the house with preparations that have antiseptic, moisture-proof and fire-retardant properties.

How to protect wood from moisture, insects and fungus

Any wood absorbs moisture like a sponge, which invariably leads to its decay. Ways to protect a tree from moisture were searched for by the ancient Greeks, who covered wooden buildings layer olive oil. However, neither their method, nor the more modern one, which consists in painting wooden structures with several layers of paints and varnishes, did not give a long-term effect. There are two reasons for this: a layer of paint can only protect the tree from the outside, without in any way affecting internal processes decay (biological corrosion); any layer of paint will eventually crack and peel off under the influence of the environment surrounding it, exposing the wood and allowing moisture to access it.

Conventional paints and varnishes consist of a pigment suspension suspended in binders that form a film upon application. thin layer on a surface. Such paints can provide external protection wooden structures only if they are chosen correctly, based on the conditions in which this wooden structure will be used, as well as with the timely restoration of painted areas in case of damage. More effective wood protection is achieved when it is treated with antiseptic preparations (impregnates), which include biocides.

Wood treatment with biocidal preparations is carried out by the following methods:

• antiseptic solution is applied paint brush;
• wooden surfaces treated with an antiseptic by means of a spray;
• wooden structures are completely immersed in biocidal solutions, heated or not heated.

Greater efficiency of antiseptic protection of wood is achieved industrial methods processing:

• impregnation in an autoclave;
• maintaining structural elements in steam-cold and hot-cold containers;
• diffusion impregnation, during which a pasty material with an antiseptic is applied to a wooden product and gradually penetrates into its structure.

As antiseptics, aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride, copper and ferrous sulfate, as well as clay, extract, bituminous pastes and oil antiseptics (creosote, etc.) are used - their use increases the biocidal protection of wood, but they cannot be used for the color of wooden structures, i.e. unable to give them decorative qualities.

The most common impregnate among oil antiseptics is creosote, an unpleasantly smelling liquid, colorless or with a yellowish tinge, obtained from coal or wood tar. Creosote owes its popularity railway tracks- they were impregnated wooden sleepers. This antiseptic does not have a corrosive effect on metals, but gives the wood impregnated with it a dark brown color. Creosote is poisonous (contains phenols), so homeowners who use "free" old sleepers in the construction of houses and summer cottages are making a big mistake.

sodium fluoride- powder white color with a grayish tint, the highest solubility in hot water is 3.5-4.5%. It has high antiseptic properties, penetrates well into the structure of wood, does not corrode metal. Sodium fluoride is poisonous to insects and fungi, dangerous to animals and humans. It must be taken into account that when sodium fluoride in dry and solution form comes into contact with chalk, lime, alabaster and cement, it loses its antiseptic properties, i.e. ceases to be poisonous to insects and fungi - reacting with calcium salts, it passes into a stable state that does not allow it to be dissolved in water. To prepare an antiseptic solution, water with a low content of lime salts (soft water) is needed - river or rain.

Fluorosilicic sodium is a white powder with a gray or yellow tint, slightly soluble in water - no more than 2.4% at a temperature of 100 ° C. It has significantly less antiseptic properties compared to sodium fluoride, because slightly soluble in water. The toxicity of sodium silicofluoride increases if technical ammonia, soda ash or other alkaline substances are introduced into its aqueous solution, as a result of the reaction with which it forms an aqueous solution of sodium fluoride.

Copper sulfate (copper sulfate) in dry form it has the form of crystals of blue color. Solubility in water 28%, antiseptic effect is much weaker than that of solutions with sodium fluoride. In addition, copper sulfate solution has a strong corrosive effect on ferrous metals - this antiseptic can not be used on wooden structures containing any iron fasteners.

Dry ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulfate) looks like green crystals. Let's dissolve well in water - up to 25% in cold, up to 55% in hot. It has weak antiseptic properties, similar to the biocidal effect of a copper sulfate solution, and does not corrode iron.

Biocidal pastes are made from several components - a water-soluble antiseptic (sodium fluoride or fluorosilicone), an astringent component ( liquid glass, bitumen, clay, etc.) and peat powder as a filler. Due to their visibility after application to wood, such pastes are used to protect hidden wooden elements - recessed ends of posts, beams, etc.

Do-it-yourself antiseptics

In the presence of chemical reagents, you can make an aqueous solution of the impregnate yourself, using soft rain or river water:

• based on copper sulfate (copper sulfate) or ferrous sulfate (iron sulfate). In the first case, the reagent consumption is 100 g per liter of hot years, in the second - 150 g per liter hot water;
• based on sodium fluoride. Consumption 100 g per liter of hot water;
• based table salt and boric acid. Dissolve 50 g of boric acid and 950 g of table salt in 5 liters of boiling water, treat the wood 2-3 times with this composition. The effect of wood protection will be short-lived, but double the service life wooden products still succeed.

The sides of wooden poles that will be buried in the ground can be protected from decay by soaking them in a biocidal solution.

Attention: without exception, all biocidal preparations designed to protect wood from the effects of insects and fungi are extremely toxic to humans, you can work with them only with strong rubber gloves, you will need goggles and a respirator!

In a wooden or plastic barrel, a 20% aqueous solution of copper sulfate is prepared (the container is half filled with water), the pillars are immersed in it with the side that will be buried in the ground. The poles must be kept in the biocide solution for at least 48 hours, then they must be removed from the solution and placed under a canopy for a month, while the sides of the poles impregnated with an antiseptic should be at the top.

Ready-made wood preservatives - types and characteristics

The aqueous solutions of biocides described above protect wood from various kinds fungus and insects, however, such impregnation is not able to protect itself from being washed out by moisture coming from outside - special factory-made preparations are required for full protection from precipitation and ultraviolet radiation. Such ready-made impregnations with impregnations are divided into systemic - ground, covering and glazing - and complex, i.e. having the qualities of three systemic drugs at once.

The purpose of system impregnations is as follows:

• antiseptic primers for wood, containing little or no pigment at all, are designed to penetrate deeply into the structure of the tree. As a rule, they are sold in a concentrated form and diluted with water in a certain proportion. The average cost of a liter of biocidal primer is 350 rubles;
• opaque antiseptics protect wood and, at the same time, are able to retain their color regardless of the original color of the surfaces they are applied to. If necessary, they are diluted with water. The cost of 0.9 kg of covering antiseptic is about 470 rubles;
• alkyd-alcohol-based glazing antiseptics are used for biocidal protection of wood, and also provide high protection against moisture, forming after applying the second layer a strong protective film, the thickness of which exceeds the film thickness of conventional varnishes. Dissolved with white spirit, initially transparent, tinting is allowed up to a certain color shade. The average cost is 320 rubles. for 0.9 kg.

Complex preparations for wood protection, according to the characteristics declared by the manufacturers, are a covering stain, impregnation, a water repellent and, most often, a fire retardant. However, the protective characteristics of such products are doubtful, because each of the specialized system impregnations is applied separately and each of them penetrates the wood structure to the greatest depth, thereby providing maximum protection. But the complex preparation must simultaneously impregnate the tree with a biocide, color it and provide protection from moisture, which cannot be done equally well, because. too many additives. Accordingly, the service life of the complex coating is very short. Complex antiseptics are mostly water-soluble, their cost per liter ranges from 90 to 300 rubles.

The largest foreign manufacturers whose wood paint is also designed to combat biocorrosion: Tikkurila (Finland), Selena (Poland), Alpa (France), Akzo N.V. (Netherlands), Belinka Belles (Slovenia). Among domestic manufacturers It is worth highlighting the products of LLC Expertekologiya, CJSC NPP Rogneda, LLC Senezh-preparaty and Federal State Unitary Enterprise SSC NIOPIK.

Fire retardant paint for wood

With all its structural advantages and environmental friendliness, wood burns well and supports combustion, which means that wooden buildings need additional strengthening of fire retardant properties.

Fire retardants that reduce the combustibility of wood are produced in the form of impregnations, varnishes and paints, divided into two groups according to the principle of action:

• blocking the access of flame and high temperature to the wood. Such flame retardants act like a fire extinguisher - direct contact with an open flame causes them to swell with the formation of a foam layer on the surface of wooden structures;
• preventing combustion through the release of gases. They contain salts, the "resistance to fire" mode is activated when it comes into contact with fire.

Fire retardants of the first group during a fire should create a finely porous foam that retains heat-insulating properties at high ambient temperatures. Foaming of such flame retardant compounds is caused by organic amines and amides, which at high temperatures form gases - nitrogen, ammonia and carbon dioxide, swelling a softened coating consisting of resorcinol, dextrin, starch, sorbitol and phenol-formaldehydes. Stabilization of the foamed coating is achieved by introducing metal oxides, perlite and aerosil into their composition.

Fire-retardant coatings in the form of paints, varnishes and plasters, usually used for protection metal structures, are not able to provide fire protection of wooden structures, tk. prolonged exposure to high temperatures causes them to peel off surfaces and exposes the wood, allowing open flames to reach it.

The greatest protection against flame for wooden structures is provided by impregnation with flame retardants, which penetrates into the wood structure, filling its pores and enveloping the fibers. Such impregnating compositions are colorless, contain salts soluble in water, melting when heated, enveloping wood surfaces with a film that protects against direct contact with fire or emits large amounts of non-combustible gases that block air access to the wood.

According to the depth of penetration into the wood, impregnations differ in:

• surface (capillary), penetrating into the tree at a depth of not more than 7 mm. It is applied by brush or spraying, its introduction does not reduce the strength characteristics and does not cause internal stresses in the wood structure. Since the depth of penetration of such impregnations into wood is small, it is necessary to use reagents with a high degree of fire protection at low consumption;
• deep, the penetration depth into the wood is at least 10 mm. The effectiveness of deep impregnation is higher than that of surface impregnation, in addition, it allows you to preserve the texture of wood. However, its fire-retardant properties are provided by a significant amount of flame retardants, which leads to an increase in the weight of wood and a decrease in its strength characteristics. Deep impregnation is carried out in the factory under pressure, by autoclave-diffusion method and in hot-cold baths.

According to the degree of fire protection, flame retardants are the most effective, which include orthophosphoric, tripolyphosphoric and pyrophosphoric acids, as well as sodium salts - polyphosphates, tripolyphosphates and sodium dihydrogen phosphate.

On the Russian market of fire-retardant materials most widespread received saline flame retardants based on various combinations of sulfate and ammonium chloride, diammonium phosphate, phosphoric acids, urea, sodium fluoride, etc. The ingredients for such flame retardants are inexpensive, their aqueous solutions are easy to prepare, and after the water evaporates, their constituent components form a reliable fire-retardant layer.

According to the results of mandatory certification, fire-retardant paint is divided into three groups:

• impregnation I-th group modifying the wood to be resistant to combustion, i. e. the weight loss of the treated wood sample does not exceed 9%;
• treatment with group II flame retardants makes it possible to obtain fire-resistant wood, the weight loss of which during ignition is no more than 25%;
• the III group of impregnations includes those compositions that have not passed the tests and are not fire retardant.

Flame retardants are widely represented on the domestic market domestic production, their cost depends on the certified group - preparations I Groups cost an average of 250 rubles. per kg, belonging to the II group will cost the buyer about 40 rubles. per kg. As a rule, manufacturers of biocidal preparations simultaneously develop and manufacture flame retardants, therefore, the impregnation of the above-mentioned Russian companies is also represented on the market, including Gotika LLC, Senezh-preparaty LLC, Expertekologiya LLC and NPP Rogneda CJSC.

How to choose and use antiseptics and fire retardants

When choosing a wood preservative, it must be taken into account that the preparations of this group are not universal and are intended for a certain degree of biocorrosion. According to the degree of damage, they differ: wood without signs of insect and fungal activity; defeat in the initial stage; deep defeat. Based on the current situation with wooden structures, preparations and their concentration should be selected. External surfaces should only be treated systemic drugs, the last of which should provide guaranteed protection from ultraviolet radiation and precipitation.

If you need to provide biocidal protection for the bath or sauna premises, then such treatment should be carried out with preparations from only one company - the Finnish Tikkurila, the only manufacturer that guarantees the safety and effectiveness of its products in the difficult conditions of the sauna and bath.

When choosing a fire retardant impregnation, pay attention to the conditions in which its operation is allowed. As a rule, there are preparations on the market intended for interior spaces, i.e. the surfaces treated by them should not be affected by atmospheric moisture, which will certainly wash out the flame retardant. To protect against moisture, the surfaces treated with flame retardant are covered with a layer of varnish, so the flame retardant preparation that is supposed to be applied to wooden walls With outside, should form a layer with good adhesion of paints and varnishes.

An important point when choosing a fire retardant will be the pH level of this drug. Flame retardants are produced with a concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) equal to 1.5, which practically coincides with that of concentrated acids. Such fire retardants are extremely dangerous for humans, their use and storage require compliance with a number of special conditions. In addition, drugs with high value pH has an extremely aggressive effect on ferrous and non-ferrous metals, actively corroding them up to serious destruction.

Before purchasing, be sure to make sure that this antiseptic or fire retardant drug is safe for households after it dries - the relevant information should be present on the impregnation packaging. I repeat - information about the safety of antiseptics and flame retardants applies only to its operation after application and drying, in the process of working, any such preparation is extremely dangerous for humans!

Work with antiseptics and flame retardants is carried out only in rubber gloves, overalls covering the body, a respirator and goggles. Before processing, wooden structures must be cleaned of dirt and dust, the resin and the old paint layer must be removed, and, if necessary, the surfaces must be cleaned with sandpaper. Impregnation is applied in two layers, if systemic treatment is used, then each preparation is applied in two layers. All depending on the service life declared by the manufacturer, re-treatment is best done every year or two. And one more thing - there are no drugs capable of providing biocidal protection for many years with one treatment!

In conclusion: flame retardants should not be counted on as some kind of final remedy for a fire - in the event of a fire in households treated with high-quality fire protection means wooden house there is 30 minutes during which they must put out the fire on their own or wait for the fire brigade to arrive.

Abdyuzhanov Rustam, rmnt.ru

Copper sulfate, as is known, is 5-aqueous sulfate of 2-valent copper CuSO4x5H2O and is a hygroscopic blue or blue powder or crystals. It goes on sale for agricultural purposes in small private farms packaged in 50-100 g or in bottles, see fig. Copper sulfate is poisonous, belongs to the 3rd hazard class, because has a toxic effect when it comes into contact with mucous membranes or ingestion. The lethal dose of a 5% solution is 30-50 ml, but copper sulfate in solution or powder is able to penetrate the body through the skin with sweat reabsorption. Therefore, all work with copper sulfate must be carried out in compliance with the precautionary measures, see below. People are used to this drug, but it is far from harmless if handled carelessly.

Copper sulfate has long been widely used in horticulture and still does not give up its position. The reasons for this are quite objective:

• At correct use blue vitriol is safe, because. does not have a cumulative effect, does not give side and / or long-term undesirable effects.
• Possesses biocidal and, especially, fungicidal action; copper sulfate is a very effective and widely used anti-mold agent.
• Does not cause resistance, tk. habituation and increase the resistance of harmful objects of influence.
• It is also copper-containing - Cu (II) ions are necessary for plants to synthesize a number of important phytohormones.
• Compared to synthetic drugs of a similar purpose, it is inexpensive.

Solution concentration

The use of copper sulfate in agriculture is possible different ways depending on the season and purpose of processing. In all cases, solutions of any of the 3 degrees of concentration are used:

1. "Burning Out" 3%-5%, i.e. 300-500 g per 10 liters of water - treatment in exceptional cases to disinfect a piece of land or fight mold in building structures on her. In the first case, the land after processing is withdrawn from agricultural circulation for at least a year;
2. Treatment and prophylactic 0.5%-1%, i.e. 50-100 g per 10 liters of water - to combat fungal diseases and insect pests (anthracnose, clasterosporia, coccomycosis and other spotting, moniliosis, septoria, phyllosticosis, scab, various rot, curliness), as well as for trees (spraying and treatment of wounds on trunks and branches);
3. Feeding-fertilizing-prophylactic 0.2% -0.3% (2-3 g / 10 l of water) - with the appearance of symptoms of copper starvation of plants (leaf chlorosis, twisting of shoot tips, intensive tillering without the formation of productive shoots) and for preventive purposes.

For use according to paragraphs. 2 and 3, it is better to prepare a 10% stock solution in advance (in a tightly closed container and in dark place it can be stored for a long time) and dilute it with water as needed. How to dissolve copper sulfate, see below.

When to treat with copper sulfate?

In the spring, they are treated with therapeutic and prophylactic solutions of copper sulphate:

• In early spring, when the average daily temperature rises above +5 Celsius, water the soil with a 0.5% solution at the rate of 3.5-4 l / sq. m. Against yellowness (fusarium) of root crops, white and gray rot of tomato, black cabbage legs.
• Before bud break of fruit trees and shrubs against the diseases mentioned above, as well as fruit rot and black cancer - spraying with a 1% solution.
• Disinfection of the roots of seedlings - lowering for 3 minutes in a 1% solution, followed by abundant washing with water. If there is no running water or high water consumption is undesirable, intensive rinsing in 3 changes of water for 3-5 minutes each.
• Spraying potato tubers before planting with a 0.2% solution is an effective way to protect yourself from late blight.
• Warm 0.2% solution - soaking seeds for early germination. Cucumbers - 8-10 hours, others - 20-24 hours.
• Dressing seeds of tomatoes and pumpkin seeds, suspicious of "hereditary" diseases (say, if it is not possible to acquire obviously healthy seed) - a solution of 1 g of copper sulfate, 2 g of boric acid and 10 g of potassium permanganate in 10 liters of water. Seeds are soaked for 15 minutes in a room temperature solution and then washed with plenty of water (if not from a tap - 5 shifts of 5 minutes with continuous vigorous stirring).

In the summer, the following treatment with copper sulfate is carried out:

Note: spraying with copper sulphate is unacceptable during flowering!

In autumn, solutions of copper sulphate are used mainly for prevention. Autumn, at the end of leaf fall, treatment with copper sulfate is generally preferable. Firstly, the solution of copper sulphate has an acidic reaction, because. in copper sulfate, even the highest grade of medical category A, there is a noticeable admixture of free sulfuric acid, see table. on right. At autumn processing chemical burns of leaves, flowers and fruits are excluded.

Secondly, the need of plants for copper as a trace element is maximum during flowering, and by the time the fruits ripen, it disappears. Thirdly, copper sulphate does not penetrate into plant tissues and, accordingly, affects only fungal sporangia without touching their mycelium. Therefore, if by the time the vegetation begins, the plants are already protected and provided with copper, the effect of treatment with copper sulphate will be the greatest.

Autumn spraying with copper sulfate is carried out with a 1% solution according to the norms indicated in the first table, and roses against black spot and powdery mildew- 0.5% solution. And yet, all types of processing with copper sulfate in any season should be done in the morning or in the evening at an air temperature of +5 to +30 in dry, calm weather.

Note: if root rot of trees is suspected, watering is also carried out in autumn trunk circles 0.5% solution of copper sulfate.

How to spray?

In view of the above-mentioned suction-back effect with sweat, it is impossible to neglect the precautions when working with copper sulphate, you need to use full set PPE, see fig. Animals, children and other strangers in general should not be around. Residual solution must never enter the water supply or drainage systems.

If a solution of copper sulphate gets into the eyes, they should be rinsed immediately with plenty of clean water holding open. If ingested, you need to drink 2-3 raw eggs or 300-500 ml of milk and consult a doctor immediately. Pumping water, with or without potassium permanganate, to induce vomiting will only make the poisoning worse!

How to prepare a solution?

Copper sulphate is not dusty or volatile, so it can be bred without any special precautions; disposable plastic gloves will suffice. Prepare the mother liquor in glassware, which must be labeled so as not to be used later for food purposes. use metal enamelware undesirable, because copper sulfate solution corrodes the enamel.

It is unacceptable to dissolve blue vitriol in the kitchen, pos. 1 in fig. Copper sulfate is highly soluble in water, but if diluted at room temperature, then due to the admixture of sulfites, the finished solution will turn out to be cloudy, pos. 2, and will settle for a very long time, up to a month or more.

Copper sulfate is dissolved in hot water, from 50 degrees, but use thin-walled chemical utensils and electric stoves for this, pos. 3, undesirable: copper sulfate solution strong electrolyte and if the vessel bursts or the solution spills, a serious accident is guaranteed. Dissolve vitriol in a water bath, pos. 4. The cooled solution is stored for a long time, up to a year or more, in PET or glass bottles, pos. 5.

Bordeaux liquid

The acidity of copper sulfate is a serious drawback. It can be reduced by adding 0.2-0.5 liters of hot water to the working solution, in which 3-5 g (before foaming) of laundry soap is dissolved. This addition will also improve the adhesion of the solution to the leaves.

But Bordeaux liquid turns out to be much more effective - a joint solution of copper sulfate and slaked lime. It is known in 2 varieties: strong 3% (300 g of copper sulfate and 400 g of lime per 10 liters of water) and sparing 1% (100 g of both for the same volume). Strong Bordeaux liquid is used for autumn and, possibly, early spring processing, and sparing during the growing season. Bad at Bordeaux mixture only that it is completely incompatible with any other preparations and soap. And its substitute with soda ash - Burgundy liquid - is much less effective.

Note: for processing grapes, Bordeaux liquid is recommended to be used only in the fall. In other cases, it is desirable to use formulations based on ferrous sulfate for this crop.

To prepare Bordeaux liquid, you need to pour the required volume of water in half into 2 vessels. In one dissolve milk of lime; into another blue vitriol. The blue solution is gradually poured into the white one, stirring, see fig. on right. The finished solution is allowed to settle for 3-4 hours, filtered and poured into a sprayer. The shelf life of a freshly prepared solution is a day.

Note: commercially available prepackaged mixtures for the preparation of Bordeaux liquid. How to prepare a working solution from the finished mixture, see the following. video:

Video: making Bordeaux liquid from the finished mixture

Copper sulfate in a greenhouse

The use of copper sulfate in greenhouses is limited. Firstly, in the absence of its free migration into the soil, excessive accumulation of copper and sulfur in the greenhouse soil is possible, which will lead to the inhibition of plants. Secondly, acidification of the soil with traces of sulfuric acid is possible. Therefore, copper sulphate is rarely used in greenhouse conditions, only for the disinfection of a heavily contaminated greenhouse, see for example. video clip:

Video: processing the greenhouse with copper sulphate

Much more justified is the use of copper sulphate in the greenhouse locally in a dry form, to combat gray rot of cucumbers. To do this, take 1 teaspoon of copper sulfate powder (crystals need to be crushed) and mix with a tablespoon wood ash. Sprinkle the mixture on sore spots.

Another option for using copper sulphate in greenhouse economy- use it as an impregnating fungicide during its construction, but this is already a topic about building a greenhouse with your own hands. Ready moldy wooden greenhouse can be treated with copper sulphate from mold in a similar way to the method of getting rid of a living room from biting biting, see for example.

Video: disinfection with copper sulfate against mold

Vitriol and weather

The weather is of great importance for the success of copper sulphate treatment. The action of the solution begins 2-4 hours after treatment and lasts 7-12 days at an external temperature of 25-15 degrees, respectively. If in this time will pass rain, the effect will disappear, but the treatment cannot be repeated, an excess of copper is formed in the soil.

Another application

A good means of protecting trees from pest attacks is also whitewashing the trunks with lime with the addition of copper sulfate. In this case, copper sulfate can be replaced with methylene blue, in the same way that walls are whitewashed with blue to protect against fungus.

From diversity chemicals used in agriculture, high efficiency has copper sulfate, used for plant nutrition, with a lack of copper and as a means to combat various insects and diseases. The preparation differs in fungicidal and biocidal action. Given that this is a toxic substance, it should be used in accordance with the instructions, dosed. The advantage of copper sulphate is that it is not addictive, pathogens cannot adapt to it, which excludes an increase in the norm during a repeated procedure.

Description and chemical composition of the drug

This inorganic chemical compound is also called copper sulfate pentahydrate. If the dosage is observed, the agrochemical has a beneficial effect on plant organisms. If you use it in large quantities, you can cause serious harm not only to plantings, but also to human health.

The composition is toxic, belongs to the 4th hazard class. If the substance is accidentally ingested, irritation of the mucous membranes occurs. It can also penetrate through the skin into the body when sweat is reabsorbed. If the powder ends up on food, there is a high probability of food poisoning, and with a fatal outcome.

The chemical compound is on the market in powder form. blue color or triclidic transparent crystals of a bright blue color, contains 24% copper. Among physical properties inherent in this drug of contact action, there are:

• metallic taste;
• high degree of absorption;
• lack of smell;
• the ability to quickly dissolve in alcohol, water, as well as in solutions of sulfuric acid with a high concentration.

In addition, the substance decomposes at a temperature of 100-250 degrees and erodes in the air. 35 ml of liquid with a concentration of 5% poses a serious threat to human health - this is a lethal dose.

Copper sulfate is obtained from industrial environment Consequently chemical reaction. Due to the high absorbability, the substance, when absorbing a liquid, forms copper sulfate pentahydrate - crystals. The chemical formula is CuSO4 5H2O, in which the bond of one salt molecule with five water molecules is noted.

The shelf life of copper sulfate is 2 years. But you need to store it in a dry place. If, due to moisture, it has strayed into lumps, it is enough to dilute them with warm water before use. The shelf life of the working solution can vary from 3 months to 1 year.

Benefits and applications in gardening

Copper sulfate is actively used to treat many diseases of fruit trees, vegetables and ornamental crops, and grapes. For the treatment of plants, it is convenient to use a special device - a spray gun. Vitriol is used in horticulture to combat late blight, rot, mildew, scab, phyllisticosis, anthracnose, desiccation, curliness, black cancer, powdery mildew.

The drug shows its effectiveness against pests: codling moth, scale insects, sucker, tick, caterpillar, raspberry beetle, gall midge, flower beetle, glass case. Each type of treatment requires its own concentration: for example, for roses it should be a 1% solution of copper sulphate.

In order for the treatment of plantings to be as effective as possible, it must be carried out twice, maintaining an interval between procedures of 3 weeks.

In autumn, events are held after the leaves have completely fallen off, and in spring - before bud break. It is not recommended to use the drug more often, because it accumulates in the soil and will further inhibit the growth and development of plants.

In the case of an excessive norm of copper in the soil and tissues of plantations, there is a high probability of a violation of the biological balance, which can provoke negative consequences not only for the future crop, but also for human health. Optimal content chemical in the soil is 2-3 g per 10 square meters. m.

This agrochemical shows nice results as a feed. Copper sulfate is often used as one of the active ingredients in well-known mixtures such as:

• Bordeaux (copper sulfate and quicklime);
• burgundy (copper sulfate with the addition of soda);
• cupronaft, which requires the competent use of this fertilizer.

If we compare Bordeaux liquid with a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and copper sulfate, the latter has a low degree of effectiveness and can cause burns on plant leaves, besides, it does not adhere well.

use in spring

It is recommended to spray the wood of fruit trees and shrubs with a 1% working solution prepared at the rate of 10 g of the drug per 1 liter of water. Plants should be treated with copper sulphate before the first leaves appear. Irrigation is carried out at a temperature of +5 degrees.

To treat the roots of seedlings before planting, use a 1% mixture. First, the roots are immersed in a container with a working solution for 1 minute, then washed under running water or, in the absence of such, soak in three waters for 2-3 minutes each. To speed up the process of germination of seeds of cucumbers, tomatoes and other crops, they are kept in a 2% mixture. The same solution is used to spray potato tubers from late blight.

Processing of grapes is carried out in 3 passes: before the formation of buds, before the flowering phase and at its end. To do this, dilute copper sulfate (300 g) and quicklime(300 g) in 10 liters of water. Spraying is carried out from the root and ends with the tip. To protect strawberries from powdery mildew, scab and rot, a mixture of copper sulfate and lime (1: 1) is used.

The soil is disinfected no more than 1 time in 4-5 years. Disinfection is done a month before sowing, using a 2-5% solution. Consumption rate per 1 sq. m is 10 liters of working fluid. In the spring, vitriol trees are treated with a 1% composition until the first ovaries form. This technique will protect them from damage by fungus, mold and rot.

Summer use

In the garden and horticulture, copper sulfate is used to protect plantings from various pests. In summer, processing is carried out at the stage of fruit formation. For these purposes, use:

1. Working solution 0.5-1% when spraying apple trees, apricots and pears. Such treatment is capable of destroying colonies of small insects - aphids.
2. Liquid 1-2% will save fruit trees from invasion Maybug.
3. A similar dosage will be required to save shrubs (raspberries, currants) from the appearance of spotting on the leaves and aphids.
4. for irrigation grape bushes prepare a working solution from 2-5 g of the product and 10 liters of water. Due to the effect of copper sulfate, the foliage will not fall off prematurely, it will also become a reliable barrier against the development of putrefactive processes, anthracnose and many other diseases. A second procedure should be performed after 3 weeks.

It is allowed to spray horticultural crops 2-3 weeks before picking the fruit.

As a fertilizer, copper sulphate is used mainly on poor soils, where there is a lack of nutrients, as well as on sandstones and peat bogs. The drug is used at the rate of 1 g per 1 sq. m.

use in autumn

Gardeners and gardeners apply an agrochemical to prepare plants and soil for winter. The dosage for each type of procedure is different:

1. For spraying grape bushes, it is necessary to dilute a 5% working fluid and process the vine after the foliage has fallen. Copper sulfate also has a positive effect when transplanting this crop. To do this, its roots are lowered into a container with a 1% solution and incubated for several minutes.
2. Upon completion of the collection of strawberries, the bushes should be treated with a solution prepared from 3 g of the drug and 10 liters of water.
3. As the land is cultivated before planting, so it should be done after harvesting, scattering copper sulphate at the rate of 1 g per 1 sq. m.
4. Before sheltering rose bushes for the winter, spraying with a 3% composition should be carried out.

Soil treatment with copper sulphate allows high-quality disinfection and destruction of harmful insects present in the soil.

Possible harm of the drug

Given that copper sulfate is classified as toxic substances, when used in large dosages, it is possible to provoke the appearance of chemical burns on plants. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare the working solution in strict accordance with the instructions on the package for the preparation.

Harm to humans

This harsh chemical compound can cause blindness if it gets into the eyes if not handled carefully. The products of its combustion are also of great danger, despite the fact that copper sulfate belongs to flammable substances. In the process of heating, the formation of toxic gases occurs, which provoke poisoning. If you do not know what is the harm to the human body from copper sulfate, you can significantly worsen health, and 30 ml is fatal.

How to replace copper sulfate

In the garden and garden, instead of copper sulfate, you can use such effective preparations as Burgundy, Bordeaux mixtures, Gliocladin, Kuproksat, Fitosporin, Alirin-B, Hom, Gamair.

How to prepare a solution of copper sulfate

When preparing a working fluid, it is recommended to use a glass or enamel container, since copper sulfate instantly reacts with metal. In order for the solution to be effective, you need to know how to dilute copper sulfate. He does not prepare in advance, otherwise beneficial features are lost. Dissolve blue crystals better in warm water.

First you need to dilute the agrochemical in a small amount of liquid, and then bring it to a specific concentration (1% or 3%). To prepare a working 1% solution, 100 g of the product must be dissolved in 10 liters of water. Before use, it should be passed through a filter cloth. In order to avoid burns on the leaves, freshly slaked lime is added to copper sulfate, resulting in a Bordeaux mixture.

For a 3% composition, copper sulfate (300 g), lime (400 g) and water (10 l) are used. And for a 1% liquid, you need to take 100 g of copper sulfate, 100 g of lime and 10 liters of water. Processing should be done immediately.

The process of preparing the Burgundy liquid has the same principles as when diluting the Bordeaux mixture. For example, to make a 1% solution, you need to dissolve copper sulfate (100 g) in water (5 l). In a separate container, dilute soda ash (40-50 g) and water (5 l). Then combine the two mixtures in one plastic container.

Cooking technology

For spraying trees, a working solution is prepared using boiling water (over 50 degrees). At this temperature, copper crystals dissolve faster and better. The container used must not be thin-walled, otherwise it may be damaged due to the strong electrolytic property of the agrochemical. It is more expedient to activate copper sulfate in a water bath. If the liquid remains, it is stored in a glass container for up to 1 year in a dark place.

Solution concentration

To disinfect the earth, a 3-5% liquid is needed. It is also used in construction to kill mold and mildew. After processing, crops can be planted on such soil only on next year. A solution of 0.5-1% (a bucket of water and 50-100 g of the product) is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. They are sprayed with fruit trees, shrubs, grapes and other plants from fungal infections and pests.

The working composition of 0.02-0.03% is effective as a nutrient mixture for horticultural plantings. To do this, copper sulfate is diluted in 10 liters of water in an amount of 2-3 g.

Rules for working with the drug

When using copper sulphate, be sure to wear closed clothing and use additional protective equipment(gloves, goggles, respirator). When spraying plantings, children and animals should not be nearby.

The container in which the composition was prepared is not recommended for food storage for safety reasons.

Instructions for use

In the garden and in the garden, copper sulfate should be used in calm and dry weather. Procedures should be carried out before the blooming of the flower ovaries. The agent begins to act 2 hours after treatment, and the duration of protection is 2 weeks.

Copper sulphate is not recommended to be combined with other preparations for the treatment of plantations. When preparing it, it is important to thoroughly stir the agrochemical in 5 liters of water so that it dissolves completely. Only after that you can add the remaining 5 liters of water. To avoid negative consequences for plants and future harvest, you should follow the instructions for using copper sulfate. Shelf life is 2 years.

Precautions when working with the drug

In order to prevent the chemical from getting on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, you need to know how to use vitriol in the garden. It is mandatory to wear long-sleeved work clothes, a respirator and goggles. If the drug accidentally gets into the mouth, it should be rinsed with water, and if the product is on the skin, it is thoroughly washed.