MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MPC) OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES- this is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance, which for a certain time of exposure does not affect human health and its offspring, as well as the components of the ecosystem and the natural community as a whole.

The atmosphere receives a lot of impurities from various industries and vehicles. To control their content in the air, well-defined standardized environmental standards are needed, and therefore the concept of the maximum permissible concentration was introduced. MPC values ​​for air are measured in mg/m 3 . MPCs have been developed not only for air, but also for food products, water (drinking water, water of reservoirs, sewage), soil.

Limit concentration for working area consider such a concentration of a harmful substance, which at daily work during the entire working period cannot cause disease in the process of work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations.

Limit concentrations for atmospheric air are measured in settlements and refer to a certain period of time. For air, a maximum single dose and an average daily dose are distinguished.

Depending on the MPC value, chemicals in the air are classified according to the degree of danger. For extremely hazardous substances (mercury vapor, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine) MPC in the air of the working area should not exceed 0.1 mg/m 3 . If the MPC is more than 10 mg/m 3, then the substance is considered to be of low hazard. Examples of such substances include ammonia.

Table 1. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS some gaseous substances in atmospheric air and air industrial premises
Substance	MPC in atmospheric air, mg / m 3	MPC in the air prod. rooms, mg / m 3
nitrogen dioxide	Maximum single 0.085 Average daily 0.04	2,0
sulphur dioxide	Maximum single 0.5 Average daily 0.05	10,0
carbon monoxide	Maximum single 5.0 Average daily 3.0	During the working day 20.0 Within 60 min.* 50.0 Within 30 minutes* 100.0 Within 15 min.* 200.0
Hydrogen fluoride	Maximum single 0.02 Average daily 0.005	0,05
* Repeated work in conditions high content CO in the air of the working area can be carried out with a break of at least 2 hours

MPCs are set for the average person, however, weakened by disease and other factors, people may feel uncomfortable at concentrations harmful substances, lower MPC. This, for example, applies to heavy smokers.

The values ​​of the maximum permissible concentrations of certain substances in a number of countries differ significantly. Thus, the MPC of hydrogen sulfide in the atmospheric air with a 24-hour exposure in Spain is 0.004 mg/m 3, and in Hungary - 0.15 mg/m 3 (in Russia - 0.008 mg/m 3).

In our country, the standards for the maximum permissible concentration are developed and approved by the sanitary and epidemiological service and state bodies in the field of protection environment. Environmental quality standards are the same for the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the natural and climatic features, as well as the increased social value of individual territories, maximum permissible concentration standards can be established for them, reflecting special conditions.

With the simultaneous presence in the atmosphere of several harmful substances of unidirectional action, the sum of the ratios of their concentrations to the MPC should not exceed one, but this is far from always the case. According to some estimates, 67% of the Russian population lives in regions where the content of harmful substances in the air is above the established maximum permissible concentration. In 2000, the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere in 40 cities with a total population of about 23 million people from time to time exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than ten times.

When assessing the risk of pollution, studies carried out in biosphere reserves serve as a comparison model. But in major cities the natural environment is far from ideal. So, according to the content of harmful substances, the Moscow River within the city is considered " dirty river and a very dirty river. At the exit of the Moskva River from Moscow, the content of oil products is 20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentrations, iron - 5 times, phosphates - 6 times, copper - 40 times, ammonium nitrogen - 10 times. The content of silver, zinc, bismuth, vanadium, nickel, boron, mercury and arsenic in the bottom sediments of the Moskva River exceeds the norm by 10–100 times. Heavy metals and others toxic substances from the water they enter the soil (for example, during floods), plants, fish, agricultural products, drinking water, both in Moscow and downstream in the Moscow region.

Chemical methods for assessing the quality of the environment are very important, but they do not provide direct information about the biological hazard of pollutants - this is the task of biological methods. Maximum allowable concentrations are certain standards for the sparing effect of pollutants on human health and the natural environment.

Elena Savinkina

Harmful elements are established by state regulations. Failure to comply with the limit values ​​specified in it is an offense for which offenders are held liable in accordance with the law. The MPC standard in water gives instructions on those limit values ​​of pollutants, the content of which does not entail damage to human health or life.

The main sources of toxic elements are numerous functioning enterprises of the industrial complex. Their emissions are strong enough to soil and water. Chemical elements that have a negative impact on the environment around us are usually divided into groups depending on the degree of their danger to humans. These include hazardous substances:

emergency;

high;

Moderate.

There is also a group of hazardous elements.

MPCs in various waters are reflected in specially designed tables. There are also various formulas, the use of which allows the calculation of the maximum tolerance of toxins. They are used by specialists to carry out control measures for water used by humans. Such actions can be carried out by any of us. To do this, it is enough to analyze the state drinking water in your home and compare it with acceptable standards finding different elements in it. For example, the content in milligrams per liter should not be higher than:

Dry residue - 1000;

Sulphates - 500;

Chlorides - 350;

Zinc - 5;

Iron - 0.3;

Manganese - 0.1;

Residual polyphosphates - 3.5.

The total should not exceed seven milligrams per liter.

Great importance also has control over the condition of the soil. It is the earth that serves as an accumulator and filter for various connections. MPCs that are constantly discharged into the soil must also comply with the standards, since constant migration into it upper layers severely pollutes the entire environment.

According to sanitary and hygienic standards, no more than:

0.02 mg/kg benzapyrene;

3 mg/kg copper;

130 mg/kg nitrates;

0.3 mg/kg toluene;

23 mg/kg zinc.

If the MPC in water is exceeded, the authorities involved in monitoring the state of the environment will determine the cause of this phenomenon. Quite often, on an increase in the amount in nature chemical substances affected by ordinary household waste. Currently, the problem of cleaning water bodies from phosphate and nitrogen compounds is especially acute. Three different approaches can be used to solve this problem:

Chemical;

Biological;

A combination of the first two methods.

Bringing up normative value MPC in water using chemical treatment involves the formation of metal phosphates, which, being insoluble, settle at the bottom of a special container. This process occurs with the help of reagents. The use of the chemical cleaning method is widely used in industrial enterprises. This work may only be carried out by specially trained personnel.

If phosphorus or P-bacteria are used in water purification, then this method is biological. This is a modern natural approach to preventing excess of MPC. Special zones of treatment tanks are supplied alternately with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This method is used in biofilters, septic tanks and aeration tanks.

The combination of biological and chemical methods used in treatment systems, where there is a need to accelerate and enhance the reactions of decomposition of sewage.

Vladimir Khomutko

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The problem of the presence of oil products in water and how to deal with it

To the most common and toxic dangerous substances, which serve as sources of pollution of the natural aquatic environment, experts refer to oil products (NP).

Oil and its derivatives are unstable mixtures of hydrocarbons of the saturated and unsaturated groups, as well as their derivatives different kind. Hydrochemistry conditionally interprets the concept of "petroleum products", limited only to their hydrocarbon aliphatic, aromatic and acyclic fractions, which constitute the main and most common part of the oil and its components released during the oil refining process. To denote the content of oil products in water, in international practice there is the term Hydrocarbon Oil Index (“hydrocarbon oil index”).

The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in water of oil and oil products for cultural and domestic and household water use facilities is at around 0.3 milligrams per cubic decimeter, and for fishery water use facilities - 0.05 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

Determination of oil products contained in water is possible using various devices and methods, which we will briefly discuss in this article.

To date, there are four main methods for determining the concentration of oil and its derivatives in water, which are based on different physical properties determined oil products:

• gravimetric method;
• IR spectrophotometry;
• fluorimetric method;
• gas chromatography technique.

The methodology for applying one or another method of measuring the content of oils and oil products in water, as well as MPC standards for various kinds petroleum products, regulated by environmental regulations federal significance(abbreviated as PND F).

gravimetric method

Its use is regulated by PND F number 14.1:2.116-97.

Its essence is the extraction (dehydration) of oil products from the samples provided for analysis using an organic solvent, followed by separation from polar compounds using column chromatography on aluminum oxide of other classes of compounds, after which the content of the substance in water is quantified.

In wastewater studies, this method is used at concentrations ranging from 0.30 to 50.0 milligrams per cubic decimeter, which does not allow determining the compliance of water with MPC standards at fisheries water use facilities.

Another significant disadvantage this method is the long period of time that is required for measurements. Therefore, it is not used in the current technological control in production, as well as in other cases where the speed of obtaining results is of paramount importance.

Experts attribute the absence of standard calibrations for samples, which are typical for other methods of analysis, to the advantages of this technique.

The error when using this method with a P value of 0.95 (±δ, %) in the analysis of natural waters varies from 25 to 28 percent, and in the analysis of waste water - from 10 to 35.

IR spectrophotometry

The use of this technique is regulated by PND F number 14.1: 2: 4.168, as well as guidelines MUK 4.1.1013-01.

The essence of this technique for determining the content of petroleum products in water is the separation of dissolved and emulsified oil pollution by extracting them with carbon tetrachloride, followed by chromatographic separation of the oil from other compounds of the organic group, on a column filled with aluminum oxide. After that, the determination of the amount of NPs in water is carried out according to the intensity of absorption in the infrared region. C-H spectrum connections.

Infrared spectroscopy is currently one of the most powerful analytical techniques, and is widely used in both applied and fundamental research. Its application is also possible for the needs of current control production process.

The most popular technique for such spectral IR analysis today is Fourier IR. Spectrometers based on this technique, even those in the lower and middle price niche, are already competing in their parameters with such traditional instruments as diffraction spectrometers. They are now widely used in numerous analytical laboratories.

In addition to optics, the standard package of such devices necessarily includes a control computer, which not only performs the function of controlling the process of obtaining required spectrum, but also serves for the operational processing of the received data. Using such IR spectrometers, it is quite easy to obtain the vibrational spectrum of the compound presented for analysis.

The main advantages of this technique are:

• small quantities of initial samples of analyzed water (from 200 tons to 250 milliliters);
• high sensitivity of the method (determination step - 0.02 milligrams per cubic decimeter, which allows you to determine the compliance of the results with the MPC standards for fishery reservoirs).

The most important disadvantage of this method of analysis (especially when using a photocolorimetric end), experts call a high degree of its dependence on the type of oil product being analyzed. Determination with a photocolorimeter requires the construction of separate calibration curves for each type of oil product. This is due to the fact that the discrepancy between the standard and the analyzed oil product significantly distorts the results.

This method is used at NP concentrations from 0.02 to 10 milligrams per cubic decimeter. The measurement error at P equal to 0.95 (±δ,%) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

Regulated by PND F number 14.1:2:4.128-98.

The essence of this technique is the dehydration of petroleum products, followed by their extraction from water with hexane, then purification of the resulting extract (if necessary) and subsequent measurement of the fluorescent intensity of the extract, which arises from optical excitation. To measure the intensity of fluorescence, a Fluorat-2 liquid analyzer is used.

The undoubted advantages of this method include:

Aromatic hydrocarbons for excitation and subsequent registration of fluorescent radiation require various conditions. Experts note the dependence of spectral changes in fluorescence on the wavelength possessed by the exciting light. If excitation occurs in the near part of the ultraviolet spectrum, and even more so in its visible region, then fluorescence appears only in polynuclear hydrocarbons.

Since their share is quite small and directly depends on the nature of the studied oil product, there is a high degree of dependence of the obtained analytical signal on a specific type of oil product. When exposed ultraviolet radiation only some hydrocarbons luminesce, mainly high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons from the polycyclic group. Moreover, the intensity of their radiation varies greatly.

In this regard, in order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to have a standard solution that contains the same luminescent components (and in the same relative proportions) that are present in the analyzed sample. This is most often difficult to achieve, therefore, the fluorimetric method for determining the content of oil products in water, which is based on recording the intensity of fluorescent radiation in the visible part of the spectrum, is unsuitable for mass analyzes.

This method can be applied at oil concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 50.0 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

The error of the results obtained (at P equal to 0.95, (±δ, %)) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

The use of this technique is regulated by GOST No. 31953-2012.

This technique is used to determine the mass concentration of various petroleum products both in drinking (including packaged in containers) and in natural (both surface and underground) water, as well as in water contained in household and drinking sources. This method is also effective in the analysis waste water. The main thing is that the mass concentration of oil products should not be less than 0.02 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

The essence of the gas chromatography method is the extraction of NP from the analyzed water sample using an extractant, its subsequent purification from polar compounds using a sorbent, and the final analysis of the resulting substance on a gas chromatograph.

The result is obtained after summing up the areas of the chromatographic peaks of the released hydrocarbons and by subsequent calculation of the OP content in the analyzed water sample using a predetermined calibration dependence.

With the help of gas chromatography, not only the total concentration of oil products in water is determined, but also their specific composition is identified.

Gas chromatography is generally a technique based on the separation of thermostable volatile compounds. Approximately five percent of total number known organic compounds. However, they occupy 70-80 percent of the total number of compounds used by man in production and everyday life.

The role of the mobile phase in this technique is played by a carrier gas (usually an inert group) that flows through a stationary phase with a much larger surface area. As the carrier gas of the mobile phase is used:

• hydrogen;
• nitrogen;
• carbon dioxide;
• helium;
• argon.

Most often, the most accessible and inexpensive nitrogen is used.

It is with the help of the carrier gas that the components to be separated are transported through the chromatographic column. In this case, this gas does not interact either with the separated components themselves, or with or with the substance of the stationary phase.

The main advantages of gas chromatography:

• the relative simplicity of the equipment used;
• a fairly wide field of application;
• the possibility of high-precision determination of sufficiently small concentrations of gases in organic compounds;
• the speed of obtaining the results of the analysis;
• a wide range of both used sorbents and substances for stationary phases;
• a high level of flexibility that allows you to change the separation conditions;
• possibility of chemical reactions in a chromatographic detector or in a chromatographic column, which significantly increases the coverage of chemical compounds subjected to analysis;
• increased information content when used with other instrumental methods of analysis (for example, with mass spectrometry and Fourier-IR spectrometry).

The error of the results of this technique (P equals 0.95 (±δ,%)) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

It is worth noting that only the method of measuring the content of oil products in water using gas chromatography is standardized in the international standardization organization, which we all know under the abbreviation ISO, since only it makes it possible to identify the types of oil and oil product pollution.

Regardless of the methodology used, constant monitoring of the waters used in production and in the domestic sphere is vital. According to environmental specialists, in some Russian regions more than half of all diseases are somehow related to the quality of drinking water.

High concentration of oil products in water

Moreover, according to the same scientists, improving the quality of drinking water alone can extend life by five to seven years. All these factors indicate the importance of continuous monitoring of the state of water near enterprises. oil industry, which are the main sources of environmental pollution by oil and its derivatives.

Timely detection of exceeding the MPC of oil products in water will allow avoiding large-scale disturbances of the ecosystem, and in a timely manner to take necessary measures to remedy the current situation.

However, for effective work environmental scientists need governmental support. And not so much in the form of cash subsidies, but in the creation of a regulatory framework that regulates the responsibility of national economy enterprises for violation of environmental standards, as well as in strict control over the implementation of adopted standards.

PEEP - the maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir for drinking and domestic water use, mg / l. This concentration should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout life, as well as on the health of subsequent generations, and should not impair hygiene conditions water use. PEEP.r. - The maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir used for fishery purposes, mg/l.
The assessment of the quality of aquatic ecosystems is based on normative and directive documents using direct hydrogeochemical assessments. In table. 2.4 Evaluation criteria are given as an example chemical pollution surface water.
For water, maximum permissible concentrations of more than 960 chemical compounds have been established, which are combined into three groups according to the following limiting hazard indicators (LPV): sanitary-toxicological (s.-t.); general sanitary (gen.); organoleptic (org.).
MPC of some harmful substances in the aquatic environment are presented in Table. 2.1.4.
The highest requirements are placed on drinking water. State standard on water used for drinking and in the food industry (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01), determines the organoleptic indicators of water that are favorable for humans: taste, smell, color, transparency, as well as its harmlessness chemical composition and epidemiological safety.
Table 2.1.4
MPC of harmful substances in water bodies of domestic and drinking
cultural and household water use, mg/l
(GN 2.1.5.689-98)

Substances	LPV	MPC
1	2	3
/>Bor	S.-t.	0,5
Bromine	S.-t.	0,2
Bismuth	S.-t.	0,1
Hexachlorobenzene	S.-t.	0,05
Dimethylamine	S.-t.	0,1
Difluorodichloromethane (freon)	S.-t.	10
diethyl ether	Org.	0,3
Iron	Org.	0,3
Isoprene	Org.	0,005
Cadmium	S.-t.	0,001
Karbofos	Org.	0,05
Kerosene:
oxidized	Org.	0,01
Lighting (GOST 4753-68)	Org.	0,05
Technical	Org.	0,001
Acid:
benzoic	Tot.	0,6
Diphenylacetic	Tot.	0,5
oily	Tot.	0,7
Formic	Tot.	3,5
Acetic	Tot.	1,2
Synthetic fatty acids	Tot.	0,1
C5-C20
Manganese	Org.	0,1
Copper	Org.	1
methanol	St.	3
Molybdenum	St.	0,25
Urea	Tot.	1
Naphthalene	Org.	0,01
Oil:
polysulphurous	Org.	0,1
durable	Org.	0,3
Nitrates for:
NO3-	St.	45
NO2-	St.	3,3
Polyethyleneamine	St.	0,1
Thiocyanates	St.	0,1
Mercury	St.	0,0005
Lead	St.	0,03
carbon disulfide	Org.	1
Turpentine	Org.	0,2
Sulfides	Tot.	Absence
Tetraethyl lead	St.	Absence
Tributyl Phosphate	Tot.	0,01

Drinking water at any time of the year should not contain less than 4 g / m of oxygen, and the presence of mineral impurities (mg / l) in it should not exceed: sulfates (SO4 -) - 500; chlorides (Cl -) - 350; iron (Fe2+ + Fe3+) - 0.3; manganese (Mn2+) - 0.1; copper (Cu2+) - 1.0; zinc (Zn2+) - 5.0; aluminum (Al) - 0.5; metaphosphates (PO3 ") - 3.5; phosphates (PO4
3") - 3.5; dry residue - 1000. Thus, water is suitable for drinking if its total mineral content does not exceed 1000 mg / l. Very low mineral content of water (below 1000 mg / l) also worsens its taste, and water , generally devoid of salts (distilled), is harmful to health, since its use disrupts digestion and the activity of endocrine glands.Sometimes, in agreement with the sanitary and epidemiological service, a dry residue content of up to 1500 mg / l is allowed.
Indicators characterizing the pollution of reservoirs and drinking water with substances classified as hazard classes 3 and 4, as well as physiochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics of water are additional. They are used to confirm the degree of intensity of anthropogenic pollution of water sources, established by priority indicators.
The application of different criteria for assessing water quality should be based on the advantage of the requirements of the water use whose criteria are more stringent. For example, if a water body simultaneously serves drinking and fisheries purposes, then more stringent requirements (environmental and fisheries) may be imposed on the assessment of water quality.
PCP-10 (indicator of chemical pollution). This indicator is especially important for areas where chemical pollution is observed for several substances at once, each of which many times exceeds the MPC. It is calculated only when identifying areas of environmental emergency and areas of environmental disaster.
The calculation is carried out for ten compounds that maximally exceed the MPC, according to the formula:
PKhZ-10 = C1 / MPC1 + C2 / MPC2 + C3 / MPC3 + ​​... C10 / MPC10,
where Cb C2, C3 ... Cb - concentration of chemicals in water: MPC - fisheries.
When determining PCP-10 for chemicals for which there is no relatively satisfactory value of water pollution, the C/MAC ratio is conditionally taken equal to 1.
To establish PCP-10, it is recommended to analyze water according to the maximum possible number of indicators.
Additional indicators include generally accepted physicochemical and biological characteristics that give a general idea of ​​the composition and quality of waters. These indicators are used to additionally characterize the processes occurring in water bodies. In addition, additional characteristics include indicators that take into account the ability of pollutants to accumulate in bottom sediments and hydrobionts.
The coefficient of bottom accumulation of CDA is calculated by the formula:
KDA \u003d Sd.o. / Sv,
where Sd. about. and Sv - the concentration of pollutants in bottom sediments and water, respectively.
Accumulation coefficient in hydrobionts:
Kn \u003d Sg / Sv,
where Cr is the concentration of pollutants in hydrobionts.
Critical concentrations of chemicals (CC) are determined according to the methodology for determining the critical concentrations of pollutants developed by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology in 1983.
The average CC values ​​of some pollutants are, mg/l: copper - 0.001 ... 0.003; cadmium - 0.008 ... 0.020; zinc - 0.05...0.10; PCB - 0.005; benzo(a)pyrene - 0.005.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, sufficiently reliable indicators are the characteristics of the state and development of all ecological groups of the aquatic community.
When identifying the zones under consideration, indicators are used for bacterio-, phyto-, and zooplankton, as well as for ichthyofauna. In addition, to determine the degree of toxicity of waters, an integral indicator is used - biotesting (for lower crustaceans). In this case, the corresponding toxicity of the water mass should be observed in all main phases of the hydrological cycle.
The main indicators for phyto- and zooplankton, as well as for zoobenthos, were taken on the basis of data regional services hydrobiological control characterizing the degree of ecological degradation of freshwater ecosystems.
The parameters of the indicators proposed for the allocation of zones in a given territory should be formed on the basis of materials of sufficiently long observations (at least three years).
It should be borne in mind that the indicator values ​​of species may be different in different climatic zones.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, indicators of ichthyofauna are important, especially for unique, specially protected water bodies and reservoirs of the first and highest fishery category.
BOD - biological oxygen demand - the amount of oxygen used in the biochemical processes of oxidation of organic substances (excluding nitrification processes) for a certain time of sample incubation (2, 5, 20, 120 days), mg O2 / l of water (BODp - for 20 days, BOD5 - for 5 days).
The oxidative process under these conditions is carried out by microorganisms that use organic components as food. The BOD method is as follows. The investigated waste water after two hours of settling is diluted clean water, taken in such an amount that the oxygen contained in it is sufficient for the complete oxidation of all organic substances in the wastewater. Having determined the content of dissolved oxygen in the resulting mixture, it is left in a closed bottle for 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 days, determining the oxygen content after each of the listed time periods (incubation period). The decrease in the amount of oxygen in water shows how much of it was spent during this time on the oxidation of organic substances in the wastewater. This amount, related to 1 liter of wastewater, is an indicator of the biochemical oxygen consumption of wastewater for a given period of time (BOD2, BODz, BOD5, BODw, BOD15).
It should be noted that biochemical oxygen consumption does not include its consumption for nitrification. Therefore, a complete BOD should be carried out before the start of nitrification, which usually begins after 15-20 days. The BOD of wastewater is calculated using the formula:
BOD = [(a1 ~ b1) ~ (a2 ~ b2)] X 1000
V'
where ai is the oxygen concentration in the sample prepared for determination at the beginning of incubation (on the “zero day”), mg/l; а2 - oxygen concentration in the diluting water at the beginning of incubation, mg/l; b1 - oxygen concentration in the sample at the end of incubation, mg/l; b2 is the oxygen concentration in the dilution water at the end of incubation, mg/l; V is the volume of waste water contained in 1 liter of the sample after all dilutions, ml.
COD is the chemical oxygen demand determined by the bichromate method, i.e. the amount of oxygen equivalent to the amount of consumed oxidant required for the oxidation of all reducing agents contained in water, mg O2/l of water.
Chemical oxygen consumption, expressed as the number of milligrams of oxygen per 1 liter of wastewater, is calculated by the formula:
HPC - 8(a - b)x N1000
V'
where a is the volume of Mohr's salt solution used for titration in a blank experiment, ml; b is the volume of the same solution used for sample titration, ml; N is the normality of the titrated solution of Mohr's salt; V is the volume of analyzed waste water, ml; 8 - oxygen equivalent.
In relation to BODp/COD, the efficiency of biochemical oxidation of substances is judged.

Maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in water

are regulated by normative documents providing environmental safety water resources. In the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and Russian Federation at first, the standards adopted earlier in the USSR were used, these are:

« Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution”, SanPiN 4630-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 06/04/1988 and Additions: No. 1 (N 5311-90, dated 12/28/90), No. 2 (N 5793-91 dated 07/11/91), No. 3 (N 6025 -91 dated 10/21/91).2). "" SanPiN 4631-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 6.07.1988.3). " Rules for the protection of surface waters”, Goskompriroda of the USSR, dated February 21, 1991, Maximum permissible concentrations of normalized substances in the water of fishery water bodies (represented by the Glavrybvod of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries).

In addition to these regulatory documents, in the initial period of the formation of new states, they were guided by the Republican Water Codes that were in force in each republic of the USSR. Subsequently, in the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation, their own legislative acts on the regulation of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in water (MPC) in order to ensure the environmental safety of water bodies and water use.

Regulatory framework in the Republic of Belarus:

Water Code of the Republic of Belarus dated April 30, 2014 No. 149-ZAdopted by the House of Representatives on April 2, 2014 Approved by the Council of the Republic on April 11, 2014

Hygienic standards 2.1.5.10-21-2003. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, Decree of 12. 12. 2003 No. 163.

On some issues of water quality regulation of fishery water bodies. Ministry Decree natural resources and Environment of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus No. 43/42 dated May 8, 2007.

Regulatory framework in Ukraine:

Water Code of Ukraine. Decree Verkhovna Rada No. 214/95-VR dated 06.06.95, VVR, 1995, No. 24, art.190

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs for sanitary and household water use and the requirements for the composition and properties of water in water bodies for drinking and domestic water use are regulated SanPinom 4630-88 and three Additions to these Sanitary Rules and Norms: No. 1 ( N 5311-90, dated 12/28/90), No. 2 ( N 5793-91 dated 07/11/91), No. 3 ( N 6025-91 from 21.10.91).

« Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of coastal waters of the seas from pollution in places of water use of the population» SanPiN 4631-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 07/06/1988.

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in sea water are specified in the Appendix to " Rules for the Protection of Internal Marine Waters and Territorial Seas of Ukraine from Pollution and Clogging”, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 431 dated March 29, 2002.

Regulatory framework in the Russian Federation:

"Water Code of the Russian Federation" dated 06/03/2006 N 74-FZ (as amended on 11/28/2015) (with amendments and additions that entered into force on 01/01/2016).

SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 « Hygiene requirements to the protection of surface waters. Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 22, 2000

Hygienic standards 2.1.5.1315-03"Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) of Chemicals in the Water of Water Bodies for Domestic Drinking and Cultural and Community Water Use", Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2003 dated April 30, 2003 N 78 (as amended on September 28, 2007)

Order of the Federal Agency for Fisheries dated January 18, 2010 No. #20"On approval of water quality standards for water bodies of fishery significance, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies of fishery significance"

On approval of the Regulations on measures for the conservation of aquatic biological resources and their habitat. Decree No. 380 of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2013

Table. MPC of some chemicals in water bodies and reservoirs.

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