Housing and communal services- these are services provided by management companies to ensure comfortable living and maintain the housing stock in good technical condition. What is included in utilities and how to save on them will be discussed below.

What services should be provided

Management companies are required to provide utilities, payment for which is made both from the number of registered people and according to meter readings. Many are interested in the question of what relates to utilities. Russian legislation regulates the provision of housing and communal services (HCS). The list of utilities should include:

• Drinking cold water. Supply cold water produced to supply residents apartment buildings around the clock through the central or intra-house water supply. Compliance with all parameters of Sanepidnadzor, the necessary quality and volume - these are the main requirements for cold water. If there is no water supply system, the supply is made to the water column on the street.
• Hot water is served around the clock through a centralized or house supply system to meet the needs of residents.
• Water disposal. Gutters are diverted around the clock through centralized networks or intra-house systems. Sewerage must be in all apartment buildings.
• Power supply. Electricity of proper quality is supplied around the clock to consumers' apartments through a centralized power supply network.
• Gas supply. Gas is supplied to apartments around the clock through centralized gas supply networks. Gas supply also includes the provision of gas cylinders.
• Heating. Hot heating is supplied during the cold season, providing residents with warmth. It is also necessary to heat places common use to maintain the optimum temperature.

Other services, such as garbage collection, repair and maintenance of housing stock, cleaning of the local area, are classified as housing services. All housing and communal services can be provided various organizations:

• (HOA);
• Housing or housing cooperatives;

Payment for ODPU

Today, payment is mainly carried out according to the norms of management companies. The best option it would be to pay for the real amount provided. To do this, today metering devices are installed in all apartments. Residents transmit data to the management company, which calculates the readings and submits an invoice in the form of an EPD.

By law, multi-apartment buildings must be equipped with common house meters to help accurately determine resource consumption.

Today, the ODPU fee is calculated as follows:

• The readings of individual metering devices in each apartment are taken into account, and they are used to calculate housing and communal services;
• To testimonies separate apartment part of the ODPU data is added and added to the EPD.

Thus, utility bills are paid.

Payment procedure for communal housing and communal services

The rules for the provision of public services in 2012 made it possible to calculate heating standards in a new way. Previously, you had to pay for the entire house territory, today heating common areas not included in utility bills. Also, you do not have to pay for public sewerage. There are fixed norms for the consumption of general hot and cold water - 90 liters per person every month.

Management companies are aimed at saving communal housing and communal services. If the limited standard is exceeded, then the difference is paid by the managing organization, and not by the tenants. The exception is homeowners associations, where the owners themselves decided to pay the difference. If housing and communal services are provided by a resource provider, then the excess is divided between consumers, taking into account the occupied square meters.

Failure to provide public services

If the housing and communal services turn out to be improper, for example, it does not burn, then the consumer can draw up an act about this. Residents must record the violation of their rights. To do this, the tenant, two neighbors and the chairman of the house council draw up a statement describing the violations. Non-provision of housing and communal services is considered from the date of signing the document.

If a for a long time DEZ does not clean the territory or does not repair entrances, then the following must be done:

1. Write a collective claim of all consumers to the managing organization. Demand to eliminate the problems that have arisen by the management company within a certain period.
2. Apply in person to the governing body. In it, indicate all the shortcomings of the work and demand their correction and the involvement of the perpetrators to answer for it.
3. If these steps did not affect the DEZ, then you need to go to court.

Contract for the provision of public services

The management organization provides utility and housing services under a written agreement under the new Rules. DEZ or other Management Company concludes it in the case of rendering services to the tenant. The Rules specify the terms for the provision and requirements for payment of utility services.

Any consumer has the right to receive housing and communal services that ensure the convenience of living in the house and control its technical condition. For tenants and tenants of housing, a lease or rental agreement must be drawn up. In the absence of a written agreement, the tenant may be denied the provision of utilities.

Obligations of companies providing housing and communal services

The expense items of housing and communal services management companies also include those that they must fulfill. Each consumer must know what he ultimately pays for and what applies to housing services. Organizations providing housing and communal services should:

1. Maintain the temperature in the entrances and apartments at the proper level.
2. Monitor the presence of lighting in the entrances and the local area.
3. Remove adjoining territory, take out the garbage, comply with the requirements of Sanepidnadzor.
4. Monitor compliance with fire safety regulations.
5. follow technical condition slabs, attics and roofs.
6. Perform all necessary seasonal work.
7. spend cash to maintain public property in good condition.
8. Monitor the condition of common areas.

There may be additional clauses in the lease agreement, which are entered there individually at the request of consumers. You can find out what may be included in utility bills, and what housing and communal services the management company is obliged to provide, by contacting the DEZ. This is required when there is doubt about correct work organizations of housing and communal services, as well as in case of improper performance of their duties by management structures.

How to reduce your utility bill

Utility rates are constantly rising, so many consumers are looking for ways to reduce the composition of utilities in order to reduce costs. This can be done by submitting an application to your management company to waive some housing and communal services. It is impossible to refuse everyone, since heating, for example, is supplied by common system, and turning it off in a separate apartment is almost impossible. You can disable the following LCDs:

1. If residents do not use a television antenna, then you should contact service organization and ask to unplug the cable. This will reduce the cost of the EAP.
2. Today, few people use a radio station, so you can refuse this type of housing and communal services in DEZ.

If utility services are not provided, it is necessary.

To pay for received utilities, you must install individual appliances accounting. Every month you need to transfer the data taken from them to the management company. Those who do not have such devices pay at higher rates. In case of refusal to install them, tenants and tenants overpay more than 50%. Therefore, installing meters will help track resource consumption and reduce utility bills.

Refusal of unnecessary utilities is regulated Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights".

Housing and communal services (HCS) includes about 30 types of activities. The sub-sectors are Maintenance housing; landscaping (road and bridge facilities, landscaping, sanitation and waste disposal); resource supply (heat, electricity, water, sewerage, gas); consumer services (hotels, baths, laundries, ritual services), etc.

Each sub-sector is represented by a set of housing and communal enterprises: sanitary, energy, transport, external improvement.

To sanitary include enterprises for the maintenance and operation of water supply and sewer systems, enterprises for cleaning the territories of populated areas and sanitary cleaning of households, laundries, baths, bathing and swimming facilities.

Energy enterprises- electrical, gas and heating distribution networks, heating boiler houses, thermal power plants and power plants, gas plants serving settlements.

Transport companies- urban public passenger transport (metro, tram, trolleybus, funiculars, cable cars, buses, taxis), local water transport.

To buildings external improvement settlements that are part of the public utilities include roads and sidewalks, bridges and overpasses, underground and surface transport pedestrian crossings and overpasses, structures and networks of storm (drainage) sewers, embankments, various pyrotechnic structures designed to prevent landslides and flooding of territories , their drainage, bank protection, public green spaces, street lighting and etc.

Utilities also serve industrial enterprises supplying them with water, electricity and gas.

Leading enterprises are water supply, sanitation and purification Wastewater, heat supply, diversified enterprises, organizations of external improvement (road and bridge facilities, gardening, sanitary cleaning and waste disposal), hotel enterprises.

The most common organizational and legal form of economic entities in housing and communal services is municipal unitary enterprises. The predominant economic structure in housing and communal services are diversified enterprises.

In terms of competitive potential, the housing and communal services sectors are divided into three sectors: 1) local monopoly; 2) potentially competitive; 3) market.

Local monopolies- industries and enterprises where competition is impossible for economic, technological, environmental, natural-territorial reasons. These include not only supplying enterprises (heat, water, gas, electricity, sanitation), but often also organizations serving the housing sector, in particular organizations of the elevator industry. Costs for the performance of services for the technical operation and repair of elevators in total cost housing services account for an average of over 10% in Russia and significantly affect the total value of their cost.

Potentially competitive industries become competitive as the management system changes, privatization, the introduction of contractual relations between homeowners, management companies and contractor housing organizations.

So, in public utilities potentially competitive are:

• management and maintenance of public utilities;
• involvement of organizations using alternative forms of public services, including autonomous systems life support and facilities not connected with the network engineering infrastructure (rooftop boilers, gas supply from capacitive and bottled gas, etc.);
• performance of individual works on maintenance of public utilities (repair and cleaning of networks, garbage collection, etc.);
• design and survey and construction works for the development of public utility facilities.

Quite market, competitive industry is the housing sector, primarily home maintenance.

Housing and communal services (HCS) provide a solution to the problems of maintaining the housing stock in good condition and creating favorable conditions for people to live. They are distinguished by high social significance, belonging to a life support group; practically non-interchangeable and cannot be stored for future use, i.e. the production of services coincides with their consumption. The volume and quality of services directly affect the level of well-being of the population, living conditions life, sanitary and hygienic conditions, cleanliness of the water and air basins, the level of labor productivity.

The annual volume of housing and communal services is about 750 billion rubles, or 7.6% of GDP. The housing and communal services market is stable and always in demand.

Housing Services is a complex of works that ensure the normal functioning of a residential building and the improvement of the adjacent territory.

The list of housing services is approved by the federal authorities and includes:

• content common property residential building (including basements, attics, porches and roofs) and adjacent territory;
• removal of household waste;
• work performed during technical inspection and bypass individual rooms residential buildings, including the elimination of minor malfunctions in water supply, sewerage systems, central heating, hot water and electricity technical devices and other works;
• works performed during the preparation of reaped buildings for operation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter period;
• repair of common property, common communications, technical devices and technical premises a residential building, objects of the local area;
• other types of work (maintenance of elevators, etc.).

Utilities are provided in the form of material carriers brought to consumers with certain quality indicators.

Community services include:

• cold and hot water supply;
• water disposal and wastewater treatment;
• power supply;
• gas supply, including in cylinders;
• heating (heat supply, including supplies solid fuel with stove heating);
• utilization (burial) of municipal solid waste.

For utilities characteristic features are:

• linking complex engineering infrastructure to the territory;
• continuity, strict sequence of the process of production, transportation and consumption of services;
• services do not accumulate, underproduction is not compensated by more intensive production in another period;
• the process of consumption of services is continuous, refusal of consumption for a significant period, as a rule, is impossible.

By virtue of technological features industries and conditions for the formation of life support systems of territories, most utilities (primarily related to the network supply of resources) occupy a monopoly position in the service area (local monopolies). Wherein geographical boundaries commodity markets are determined by the administrative boundaries of cities and districts, with the exception of inter-district electrical, water supply networks and a number of other objects of inter-district significance.

In the absence of appliances in an apartment building or residential building, standards for the consumption of utilities and resources (cold and hot water, network gas, electric and heat energy) are established to determine the amount of payment for housing and communal services.

The standards are established at the initiative of the authorized bodies or resource supplying organizations and are uniform for houses that have similar constructive and technical specifications and degree of improvement. The term of the standards is at least three years.

The general legal and economic conditions for housing and communal services, the functional responsibilities of economic entities of all forms of ownership are determined by the municipal order.

Within the framework of the municipal order, volumes, parameters of quality and reliability of maintenance of the housing stock and the provision of public services are being developed; financing of housing and communal services, the share of consumer payments and compensation by the budget; a set of contracts for the execution of an order.

Criteria for the quality, reliability and sustainability of the supply of housing and communal services are determined in accordance with the rules for the provision of housing and communal services. They are based on established standards (GOSTs, SNiPs, consumption standards, work regulations, etc.) that guarantee the minimum required level of service. The real provision of such a guarantee is supported by financial resources.

Traditional service is based on the key ral and local government in the organization and execution of housing and communal services. Local self-government acts as a representative and consumer of housing and communal services and their suppliers.

Municipal organizations are responsible for the implementation of the entire range of works on the maintenance, operation and repair of engineering infrastructure facilities and external improvement, ensuring utilities population living in municipal housing stock. Other consumers enter into contracts for the supply of services directly with enterprises.

The housing fund is transferred to the balance of municipal enterprises. Under the guidance of the local self-government administration, they plan the scope of work, perform work, and collect fees for services rendered. The managing departments of the administration are housing maintenance offices (ZHEK), directorates of a single customer (DEZ), etc. Housing maintenance organizations accept payments from the population for heat, cold and hot water, electricity, garbage collection, etc. and transfer money to resource providers.

At the same time, there is a change in housing and communal services organizational forms interactions between authorities, consumers and service providers. More advanced service methods are used, based on the division of functions, the strengthening of contractual relations, and the competitive selection of contractors. First of all, this applies to the maintenance of the housing stock, which has a high potential for competition on the side of both customers and service contractors.

Initially, the separation of the functions of the customer and the contractor takes place in the structure of the local government administration. The functions of the customer are performed by structural divisions of the local government administration, housing maintenance or diversified housing and communal services enterprises that provide both maintenance of residential buildings and their heat and power supply. A single customer service is being created, which attracts repair and maintenance enterprises or is divided into several management companies that, on a competitive basis, attract contractors to service the housing stock. At the same time, a competitive environment is being formed in the production of housing services, the public services market is regulated by a municipal order, regardless of the form of ownership of public utilities. The RCC collects payments from consumers and transfers the collected funds to enterprises in accordance with the concluded agreements.

Quite often, local self-government transfers the municipal order for the entire range of works to a diversified housing and communal services enterprise, which becomes a single general contractor. In this case, there are no special municipal institutions or enterprises as intermediaries between the municipality and the contractor, receiving money from the budget for placing an order for housing and utility services. If the functions of the customer service are assigned to housing maintenance enterprises, then they combine them with the functions of the contractor

Customer services have been established in more than half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They implement the idea of ​​a municipal order as effective form spending budgetary funds and the concept of the release of local government as a level of power from economic functions.

Relations between the administration of the city (district) and the customer are formalized by a municipal contract for the organization of work on the provision of housing and communal services to the population and other consumers, on the management of the housing stock and the technological part, indicating the sources and amounts of financing for services. The municipal contract defines the main tasks of organizing the provision of housing and communal services to all consumers and the maintenance of housing and communal services in accordance with applicable rules and regulations.

The administration transfers the housing stock to the customer for maintenance, reserving the following functions:

• monitoring compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and engineering infrastructure facilities;
• ensuring an appropriate level of funding for the maintenance of his property;
• development and conclusion of contracts for the lease or lease of residential and non-residential premises.

The customer is responsible for maintaining the housing stock in good condition.

Costs for the production of housing and communal services include material costs, including the cost of raw materials and materials, fuel, energy; labor costs; deductions for social needs; depreciation of fixed assets; other costs. The administration finances the customer in the form of appropriations for wages and subsidies for losses, including the repayment of the difference in tariffs, improvement, major repairs.

In the cost of services of enterprises of local natural monopolies big weight occupy the products and services of other monopoly enterprises. An enterprise is not able to independently influence the tariffs and prices of its main suppliers, since the growth of tariffs of one monopoly enterprise almost always causes a chain reaction of an increase in prices and tariffs of the entire industry.

The functions of the customer service include maintaining contractual relations at all levels of service provision, forming a municipal order for housing and communal services, organizing the provision of subsidies to the population for paying for services, monitoring the provision of services and their payment. The customer concludes contracts with enterprises - service providers and resource providers. Their work is organized in the following areas:

• maintenance of housing facilities and landscaping:
• provision of public services.

Competitive selection of contractors for current maintenance housing stock, capital repairs, identification of service providers and resources. An agreement is concluded with utility service providers, with the utility company acting on the seller’s side, and the customer and the administration of the municipality acting on the buyer’s side. Moreover, the customer is responsible to the contractor within the limits of payments from the population, and the administration of the municipality - within the limits of the amounts of budgetary subsidies for utilities.

The customer service can function without the presence of a management company or with its establishment. In the absence of a management company, its functions are performed by the customer service.

If there is a management company, the single customer service provides:

• compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and communal infrastructure facilities;
• the necessary level of financing for the maintenance of real estate;
• conclusion of an agreement with a competitively selected or established organization for the management of municipal housing stock, as well as the provision of other communal services;
• systematic control over the implementation of contracts.

The management company, in turn, is responsible for:

• maintenance and modernization of real estate;
• selection of contractors to perform work in the housing stock entrusted to her management;
• conclusion of contracts and control of their implementation;
• collection of payments for housing and communal services from the population.

Local self-government bodies are obliged to create equal conditions for the provision of housing and communal services to all organizations, regardless of ownership. In particular, it is important to involve private managers and contractors in order to overcome the monopoly of municipal subdivisions and develop competition in the housing and communal services market.

Private organizations appear on the housing and communal services market as a result of:

• transformation of state and municipal enterprises of housing and communal services;
• creation of new business entities;
• development of public-private and municipal-private partnerships.

The transformation of state and municipal enterprises of housing and communal services is carried out in the form of privatization, corporatization or absorption (bankruptcy). All of these areas of transformation are regulated by federal law and are in line with the accepted course for the maximum possible reduction in the share of municipal property and, accordingly, municipal enterprises. Since the stage of mass privatization has long passed, we are talking about the privatization of enterprises that directly serve the housing stock, as well as the privatization of the housing and communal services department. A list of housing and communal services facilities that are not subject to privatization has been approved. This list includes mainly communal property, the loss of control over which is considered socially dangerous.

The objects of privatization of the housing and communal services management are ZhEKs, dezas and other municipal management structures.

Since communal infrastructure facilities are, as a rule, local monopolies, they are corporatized with 100% of the shares remaining in the ownership of local government. Then the shares are put up for tender and, according to its results, are transferred to the trust management of the managing company-investor for a period not less than the payback period of investments in the modernization of fixed assets. The number of shares of at least 50% plus 1 share and not more than 75% minus 1 share is transferred to the management company for trust management.

Shareholding is carried out under the control of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the Chuvash Republic and Tatarstan, for example, decisions were made on the full corporatization of housing and communal enterprises within a tight deadline. Plan of corporatization of regional state enterprises implemented in the Stavropol Territory. Joint-stock utilities are included in the regional joint-stock companies(holdings) by lines of business. For example, in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region Ugra Heat and Power Company was formed.

If a municipal enterprises corporatized and privatized, then the organization of electricity, gas, heat supply and sanitation does not cease to be a matter of local importance, since otherwise it would be contrary to the Law "On general principles local government organizations.

Absorption is a consequence of the competitive struggle of enterprises in open market. In housing and communal services, the competition has not reached such an acute stage, but takeovers take place here as well. It is carried out by creditors on the basis of bankruptcy procedures, when the property complexes of municipal enterprises are sold for debts. However, the debts of housing and communal services enterprises are not grounds for absorption and change of ownership, since they are the result of huge underfunding, economic imbalance; they should be settled by restructuring.

The transformation of enterprises, changing only their organizational and legal form, does not affect the change in the competitive environment, since neither additional resources nor new economic entities are involved.

In addition, not all municipal enterprises are enthusiastic about the transformation; some of them are afraid of losing the support of local administrations, others are not sure about the predictability of the tariff policy, which may change during privatization.

The appearance on the market of new, including private, housing and communal services operators as a result of deepening market transformations, capitalist relations really changes the situation and is therefore welcomed both by local governments and, under certain conditions, by consumers of services. housing code The Russian Federation has introduced provisions that create favorable conditions for attracting private capital to housing and communal services. The key point here is the introduction of housing self-government, the transfer of management residential buildings into the hands of residents, who receive the right to choose a list of services, contractors and pay for them upon provision.

Private firms willingly take contracts for the maintenance of residential buildings, as long as budget financing is carried out. It is important that this market be attractive even when subsidies are canceled, possible growth payments in case of increase in tariffs for services. If there are no conditions and opportunities to receive high income, a boom in private capital in housing and communal services is not to be expected. Until property relations are fully regulated, the horizon tariff regulation short Not conducive to long-term investment in housing and communal services and frequent change heads of municipalities, fragmentation of districts into small independent settlements. True, the Federal Antimonopoly Service receives applications for the transfer of communal network facilities to ownership or lease. The rate, apparently, is being made on future income after the easing of tariff regulation.

The existing experience of public services on the basis of municipal-private partnership in the form of concession agreements providing for the attraction of capital in housing and communal services and its modernization is also taken into account.

A concession is a long-term lease agreement between the state (municipality) and a legal (private) person, accompanied by investment conditions. The object is transferred to management, but the ownership remains with the state (municipality). The grantor is municipality represented by the local government, and the concessionaire - individual entrepreneur or entity. The decision to conclude a concession agreement is made by the grantor on the basis of an open or closed tender, all the details of the agreement are negotiated with the winner: the terms of operation, the amount of the fee, the rights and obligations of the parties, etc. An agreement can be terminated unilaterally only by a court decision.

Contracts may be concluded for various conditions relationships and work performance. Thus, some contracts provide for the conditions:

• on the performance of works (rendering of services) using an object of state (municipal) property:
• on the management of an object of state (municipal) property, in particular, trust management or lease of objects.

Other contracts reflect the areas of use of the constructed facilities. These include contracts by model:

• construction - transmission (BT);
• construction - operation - transfer (BOT);
• construction - transfer - operation (WTO);
• build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT).

It is possible to transfer to concession roads, railway and pipeline transport facilities, sea and river ports, airfields and airports, hydraulic structures, subways and other public transport, housing and communal services, health care, education, culture, sports, and tourism facilities. The authorities are interested in seeing private investment come into so far unclaimed, now lagging behind, but promising sectors.

The new structures combine production activity with investment and management. The investor not only invests in new technologies, but also finances current activities.

The Federal Agency for Construction, Housing and Communal Services has signed agreements with a number of large companies and banks on issues of cooperation in the field of communal infrastructure.

The most active concession activity was launched by OJSC Russian Communal Systems (OJSC RKS), which formed subsidiaries in 27 regions Russian Federation. RAO "UES of Russia" as the main founder of JSC "RKS" has entered into agreements with the administrations of more than 20 regions (signed by the Chairman of the Board of RAO "UES of Russia" as a representative of one side and the governors and heads of regional representative authorities as representatives of the other) on the transfer under the management of JSC " RKS" of housing and communal services enterprises (electricity and heat supply enterprises, water utilities and a number of others).

Gazenergo enterprises (subdivisions of LLC Mezhregiongaz) operate municipal boiler houses and related heating network, considering this process as a deeper processing of their own products - gas. For them, this is justified, since even in conditions of insufficient payments, deeper processing of raw materials, in this case gas, brings additional financial resources, which are a source of further investment.

Implementation of projects in different regions and cities will lead to a reduction in subsidies and costs for heat supply and the redistribution of released funds for the production of other utilities.

Currently, there are many problems in the housing and communal services, in the solution of which I could participate with great benefit. private business. The most urgent is to stop the degradation of the housing stock and utilities. engineering networks. Formal operation of housing, non-compliance with repair and maintenance standards provoke the destruction of the housing stock and an increase in the need for housing (this is how housing and communal services and construction are inextricably linked). In view of high level deterioration of engineering networks, scheduled preventive maintenance has given way to emergency restoration work, the costs of which are 2-3 times higher. The massive underfunding of conventional homes contrasts sharply with the excessive luxury of maintaining high-end urban and suburban luxury apartments and country houses.

In financially prosperous regions, at the expense of budgetary funds, overhaul housing stock so that management companies can start from scratch. In other regions, the need for funds cannot be covered even by increasing payments from the population. It is understandable and market justified the desire of business to go where you can earn more. But for what more, if we abstract from social responsibility?

As a result of privatization, industrial, agricultural and other enterprises transferred housing stock and social and cultural facilities to the local government. The process of transferring housing to municipal ownership continues, it is planned to transfer another 160.4 million m 2 or almost 6% of the total housing stock. It is not clear from what sources local budgets will serve it, if subventions from higher budgets are allocated only for housing subsidies and benefits to the population.

Now it becomes clear that the release of business from social responsibility is not a well-founded decision. Now is the time to take steps to partially correct the mistake, in which privatized enterprises should be made responsible for maintaining at least their former housing stock and other social facilities. After all, the new owners of enterprises in each city are well known.

Each modern man must pay for utilities that ensure the comfort of life. However, it is important to know what leads to utilities, how they should be calculated correctly, and also in what ways payments can be reduced so as not to spend too much money for these purposes.

The realities of housing and communal services

In fact, it is very difficult to understand housing and communal services, since it includes a huge number of specific points and features. Therefore, often people cannot even understand how certain payments are charged for the use of certain resources, which include hot and cold, etc.

If people do not understand the peculiarities of calculating services, then we can expect that housing and communal services workers will be able to easily deceive people, forcing them to big money than is really necessary. Very often one has to deal with such a situation when receipts contain points for payment, which are completely superfluous and unnecessary, and it is on them that various management companies increase their income. They violate the rights of their customers, and their activities are fraudulent, but this can only be proven if violations are found. Therefore, it is important to know what utilities are, what is included in them, how to determine the full cost of a particular resource.

What are utilities

Initially, it is important to know that in Russia it is necessary for each person to have certain knowledge in the field of jurisprudence and their own rights. The fact is that this is the only way to protect yourself from constant fraud by various private and even government agencies. It is due to ignorance and neglect of their rights that many organizations take advantage of the opportunity to deceive people.

Housing and communal services are intended to provide the population with the benefits necessary for comfortable life in modern conditions. Each dwelling must be provided with these benefits, therefore, during the construction of houses, which can be private or multi-apartment, various utilities are usually immediately connected. In this case, life becomes comfortable and pleasant, and it is these buildings that are attractive to potential buyers. As a rule, when choosing housing, people are always interested in the availability of the necessary resources, and if they are not available, they may refuse to buy.

If there are no basic services in the old house or apartment, then this may be the basis for the owners to contact the relevant state authorities for help in connecting. It is impossible to get a refusal, therefore, in any case, a special subsidy will be paid, which can be used to improve living conditions.

What are the mandatory elements that must be present in the living room

You can select a special list of various objects that must be present in housing. These include:

• a bath, which can be replaced by a shower or just a shower built into the wall, and there must be a drain;
• a sink or sink, and they must have a faucet in working order;
• heating system, which usually works only in winter time, and at the same time there should be no malfunctions in its operation, since this can lead to the fact that in winter it will become very cold in residential premises, so they will not be suitable for living;
• electricity is supplied, and in order to be able to use it comfortably, there must be sockets in the premises;
• sewer system;
• plumbing system, and there should be not only cold water, but also hot.

All of the above elements are utilities, so for their use it is mandatory to pay certain funds at the rates established in a particular region.

It is important to know that not all of the existing services that are classified as utilities are mandatory. Some varieties are considered optional, as a result of which they are installed in residential premises only if the owners wish.

The following types of services are optional:

1. gas supply;
2. water supply.

You can choose both of these services that will be installed in the house or apartment, and you can also choose only one option from these varieties.

Rarely enough, hot water supply is issued without gas supply to the house. The fact is that it is due to gas that heating water will be effective and inexpensive. However, this option is still found in apartment buildings, in which, as a result of the large number of floors, it is simply impossible to provide gas supply. In this case, hot water is generated by electricity, like many other elements in apartments.

Hot water is an important utility service, and only people who have household appliances in their homes can refuse it. gas-burners or boilers. In this case, the water is heated either by electricity or by gas, so the connection hot water away from the central city system is not a prerequisite. However, the presence electric boiler is the reason that bills for thermal energy will be very high, namely this resource is considered one of the most expensive.

Most often, when arranging residential premises, both hot water and gas are supplied. In this case, you can enjoy all the benefits of civilization at affordable prices. Also, there will be no interruptions or problems regarding these resources.

Mandatory utilities include the following systems:

• heating;
• cold water;
• electricity;
• sewerage.

All these amenities must be available in every residential apartment or house. If at least one of them is missing, this can be considered a reason to apply to the prosecutor's office for developers, and usually the damage is compensated in full.

You should be aware that if the owner of the apartment does not pay utility bills, then this can be considered a reason for him to lose the right to demand the installation of certain mandatory systems.

It is also quite common to encounter a situation where a certain mandatory system is disabled for long time for any reason or no reason at all. What should property owners do in this case?

In such a situation, people are entitled to special compensation payments. The fact is that it is important to pay money for services only when they are actually provided. If there was no hot water or electricity for several days, then part of the money paid for these services must be returned. Therefore, a recalculation is necessarily made, after which the management company is obliged to pay compensation. If the public utilities do not want to carry out these actions, then this may serve as a basis for the property owners to go to court or the prosecutor's office. Typically, the data state institutions take the side of the plaintiffs on such issues.

Thus, every modern person should know what is included in utilities, and at the same time which elements are optional and which are mandatory. In the absence of any mandatory systems, it is possible to obtain subsidies from the state designed to improve living conditions. It is also important to know how to calculate the various services so as not to pay the company managers too much money, which can be incorrectly determined. With the literacy of the population, it is possible to ensure the complete absence of fraud on the part of public utilities.

Car loans

Legislation

Business ideas

• 

  Contents Urgent Stamp Making Who will act as buyers Where to start a business Equipment for doing business There are many types of businesses that can be started by people with entrepreneurial ability. Moreover, each option has its own unique features and parameters. Urgent production of seals and stamps The business idea of ​​​​manufacturing seals and stamps is considered quite attractive in terms of..

• 

  Table of Contents Card Making Business Idea How to Start a Custom Card Making Business Employees Premises How to Sell Customized Cards Many people with some entrepreneurial ability are considering starting own business while evaluating and considering a large number of various options to open. The business idea of ​​making postcards is considered quite interesting, since postcards are such elements that are in demand.

• 
• 

  Contents Choosing a room for a gym What you need in order to open gym? The gym is becoming more and more popular in modern world because everything more people thinking about leading healthy lifestyle life, involving proper nutrition and sports. Therefore, any businessman can open a gym, however, in order to receive good income needs to be considered..

• 

  Contents Store Location Assortment of Products Vendors Bijouterie is a wardrobe essential for every woman who looks after herself and tries to look attractive and bright. Therefore, almost every entrepreneur who is aware of the possibility of making good profits wants to open his own jewelry store. To do this, it is necessary to study all available prospects, draw up a business plan and predict possible income in order to decide whether it will be..