Today, like many years ago, the tree does not lose its relevance. Joinery, furniture manufacturing, construction - wherever wood is used! And this happens for a reason:

1. Wood is 100% natural material, products from it are produced without the use of chemicals.
2. Wood that has been properly selected and treated lasts a long time, no matter what it will be made of: furniture, parquet or scaffolding.
3. Wood products have a measure of aesthetic appeal, neither MDF nor chipboard can be compared with wood.

It is not difficult to buy a joiner's board, it is important that it be of high quality. Therefore, our company carefully monitors all stages of harvesting and processing of wood so that the material meets all the requirements in various areas of use.

How to choose wood for carpentry

When choosing tree species for future work, it is worth focusing on their availability in the region. On the initial stage pine, cedar, linden and alder lumber are well suited.

Characteristics of tree species

Pine is a soft wood with dark veins in a light solid wood, it is easy to work and is popular as a joiner's board and with carpenters.

Cedar is easier to polish and less resinous than pine or spruce, but due to its rarity, it is rarely used.

From coniferous spruce least of all corresponds to the qualities of wood for carpentry. She has a lot of knots and a tendency to warp.

Larch is good for its resistance to decay, it is used in the construction of log cabins, but it is more like carpentry than joinery wood: excess resin interferes.

Oak has high decorative properties of wood and excellent hardness, but processing requires a high-quality tool, and drying of oak products is very long.

Ash is good hardness, products from it serve for a long time. But it's hard to process.

Beech has an excellent pattern, especially when sawing logs radially. It is easy to process and durable, but absorbs moisture from the air.

Birch wood has almost White color and therefore often stained. It is easy to bend and cut, but warps easily when dried.

Alder wood can be used to imitate mahogany, but an unfinished joinery board may darken.

Linden, poplar and fresh aspen are easy to cut and do not crack when dry.

The Twilight forest mod adds a new dimension to us that is filled with adventure, the world is huge, like the normal world, and almost all covered with trees. This world is more mysterious and fantastic than usual. It is constantly dark here, which gives this world a unique, dark atmosphere. Large trees with their crown cover the Twilight Forest from the sun's rays, forming a kind of dome. It is only occasionally pierced by huge trees, so huge that they reach up to the sky. The terrain here is flatter than in the overworld, but sometimes you can find hills containing caves full of valuable ores, treasures, and dangerous monsters.

How to build a portal to the twilight forest:

In order to get into this world, we need to create a portal. For the portal, we need to dig a 2x2 hole and fill it with water. To surround this pit with plants, any plants (dandelions, poppies, reeds, seedlings) are suitable). Next, we throw one diamond into the pit and lightning should fall into our portal. Ready! Our portal is activated!

Since version 1.7.10, the author has added a progress system to us. What does it mean? And this means that we need to reach this or that boss or dungeon by completing achievements. That is, we will not be able to immediately kill the Hydra or the Snow Queen. Locations that we have not yet opened will not be available to us. They will have negative effects on us. And around us there will be so-called barriers (Visual effects)

Bosses and adventures:

First of all, we need to kill any creature.

Naga can be found in the Naga Arena. Naga Arena - The area where the Naga boss spawns.

This place is surrounded by a fence of Naga stone, mossy cobblestone and stone bricks various kinds. Naga is the easiest boss. It drops 6-12 Naga hearts, as well as a large amount of experience. In order to complete the “Naga Killer” achievement, we need to pick up the Naga trophy.

The next task will be to kill the Lich.

The lich appears as a tall skeleton (about three blocks tall) wearing a purple robe and wearing a golden crown on its head. Also, he has different eyes: one is red, the other is burgundy. Upon spawning, five shields rotate around him; in his hand is a Twilight staff that emits blue bubbles.

After the death of the Lich, one of three staffs drops: Twilight Staff, Zombie Staff or Death Staff.
Also drop out: a golden sword, a golden cuirass, golden greaves, or all together; two bones and a pearl of the End. After we have picked up the Lich trophy, we complete the achievement “Killer of the Dead”. In order to open the next task, we need to pick up the staff of the dead.

After that, we need to find the Labyrinth of the Minotaur. He is in the swamp.

In the labyrinth, we need to kill the mushroom centaur. This is a mini boss. It is a hybrid of an ordinary minotaur and a mushroom cow. It spawns on the second level of the minotaur maze in the room with the big mushrooms. He deals damage with a powerful ax that drops when this boss dies. This ax can be repaired with diamonds on an anvil. Most the best option battles with this boss break the big mushroom block and just beat him. After we get the soup from the Minotaur, we complete the task “The Mighty Stroganov”.

Hydra. This boss can be found near a large cave with many ores.

Hydra represents the three-headed blue dragon. It only takes damage to the head, the most damage to it can be done by shooting in the mouth when it opens it. Hydra is located in a cut hollow hill in a fire swamp. When you kill her, you will receive several vials of fiery blood and a Hydra trophy. You also get two achievements!

Now we can go to the Dark Forest!

To enter the main part of the fortress, you will need a trophy - the head of the Hydra, Naga, Lich or Gast, dropped from the corresponding bosses. Six ghostly knights who have climbed out of their graves and are now trying to escape from their tomb, which is located in Goblin Underground City to take revenge on their enemies. They are dressed in Phantom Armor and throw iron weapons. From phantoms we get the royal pickaxe, axe, helmet and cuirass of phantoms. All these things will be enchanted with quite good spells. Together with these things we get an achievement.

After the battle with the phantoms, we can go to the ghast tower!

The High Ghast is the leader of all Carminite Ghasts in the Dark Tower. It has a size of 8x8x8 blocks and several additional tentacles on the sides. Shoots 3 giant fireballs at once. Constantly spawns baby carminite ghasts, and when in large numbers damage received can go into "Tantrum" - a state when this boss will cry giant tears of gast, it will rain, the boss will receive 3/4 less damage and will continuously create cubs. Fortunately, in Tantrum, the High Ghast cannot attack. After death, a chest with fiery blood, carminite and a trophy spawns - a reduced copy of the boss himself. For defeating him, we get an achievement.

In order to complete the next achievement, we need to kill the almo-yetti and get his fur.

Terrible Almo-yeti, much stronger than his brothers. Killing this boss drops warm yeti fur that protects the player from spells. snow queen. Yetti will pick you up and knock you back, dealing damage. Also, when he is angry, icicles will start falling from the ceiling, beware of them!

After the death of Almo-yeti, we perform an achievement.

After killing the yeti, we need to go to Aurora Castle, where the snow queen lives.

Kills drop a head, a triple bow, and several stacks of snowballs. Congratulations! We've got another hit.

To get the last achievement we need to find a fire lamp. She is in a cave in this biome:

But before you go into the cave you need to find the giants! They are located above the same biome on a floating island.

Kills a giant with a huge pickaxe and go to the cave.

I will say right away that this mountain has a lot of caves, it will be quite difficult for us to find the one we need. But with the cave mode on our map, it's easy to figure it out. In the cave we find a huge masonry with giant obsidian. We break it with a giant pickaxe and see two chests. One of these chests will contain our lamp. And the achievement is done.

- Magic pen. The item is needed to create a magic card. Craft Crow Feather, Glowing Dust and Torch.

- Magic Core. An item that can be found in the Minotaur's Labyrinth. Needed to create an anti-workbench and a labyrinth map

— Metal of the ancients. Can be found in treasure chests in the Duskwood. You can also craft from an iron ingot, a gold nugget and a mossy root. Used to create armor and tools from ancient metal. In this case, things will be automatically enchanted.

— Fiery blood and tears. You can get it for killing the Hydra and the Higher Ghast. Used to create fire ingots that can be used to make armor and tools. In this case, things will be automatically enchanted.

— Staff of the dead. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM spawn zombie minion Green colour, he is stronger than his brothers and attacks hostile mobs. Burns in the sun and dies a minute after spawning, to recharge, put the scepter in the crafting grid along with rotten flesh and a rage potion.

— Staff of death. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM takes away health from the mob that the cursor is hovering over and adds it to the player. To recharge, put it in the crafting grid along with a cooked spider eye.

— Twilight staff. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM fires projectiles that look like ender pearls that deal 5 damage each. Can fire 99 of these projectiles, then requires reloading by placing in the crafting grid along with an ender pearl.

- Naga's heart. Used to craft armor. Can be found in Duskwood Dungeons and can be obtained as a reward for killing Naga.

- Fan of flight. When used, gives the player a jumping effect for a few seconds. Also, if used on creatures, the fan will push them back a few blocks. The fan can be found in treasure chests in the Duskwood.

- Queen of caterpillars. When you press PKM she puts a caterpillar on the block that will glow. The Caterpillar Queen can be found in treasure chests in the Duskwood.

- Attracts ore if pressed and held PKM.

- Triple bow. The bow shoots 3 arrows at once. Obtained by killing the Snow Queen. Deals 10 damage.

- Ice bow. Obtainable at Aurora Castle. Freezes its target, dealing some damage to it.

— Ender bow. If you shoot it at a mob, then the player will change places with the mob. In this case, the bow deals 8-10 damage.

- Seeker's Bow. Deals 8-10 damage to the victim. Has the property of homing.

- Pickaxe of the labyrinth. This is a special pickaxe that can only be found in the mazes added by the Twilight Forest mod. main feature this pickaxe is that only it can quickly destroy the stones of the labyrinth; other pickaxes destroy labyrinth stones very slowly, and their durability decreases 16 times faster than normal. It is also worth noting that this pickaxe is not found in ordinary chests in the labyrinth, it can only be found in secret room on the second level of the labyrinth.

- The fire set gives good protection, sets the creature on fire during the attack. The fire pickaxe has the property of auto-smelting ores. The fire sword sets the creature on fire during the attack.

- Anti workbench. A block similar to a regular workbench, but allowing you to assemble and disassemble things; the latter requires experience. If the disassembled tool was used, then some of the ingredients will not be available for crafting.

Has an easy craft.

Biomes other:

The main biome of the Twilight Forest mod. In it, as in many others, you can find special trees, new mobs, structures, and much more. There are also mushrooms, ferns, tall grass, several passive mobs (rams, wild boars, deer). Do not confuse with the Illuminated Forest! In biome dusk forest flowers are not generated in such quantities, and there are no “lanterns” on the trees from the fence and glowstone.

Deer, rams and wild boars can often be found in the biome. These are ordinary pig, cow and sheep. They can be turned into their prototypes by clicking on them with transformation powder, which can be found in chests.

Also in this biome you can find the house of the druid. It is a house made of cobblestone, mossy cobblestone, with brick pipe and wooden roof. The house contains a Druid Skeleton spawner.

Druids spawn in the Druid's Lodge, or the Dark Forest (there are sometimes found riding spiders). They are very difficult to spot in the forest because of their clothing. They have 20 health and deal 3-5 damage. As a drop you can get: 0-2 bones, 0-2 torches and as a rare drop a golden hoe.

Illuminated forest— a new biome in the Twilight Forest modification since version 1.7.2. In general, the biome is similar to the dusk forest, but unlike it, this biome has many flowers, including flowers from version 1.7.2, as well as jars of fireflies hanging from fences that are attached to trees.

Monsters in this most beautiful biome practically do not spawn, because it is always light there, but friendly mobs like sheep from Twilight Forest spawn. There are also a lot of pumpkins in this biome.

Dark forest- one of the biomes that adds the Twilight Forest mod.

The dark forest is a rather creepy place, as it is completely dark there: a dense hat does not let light through. In this regard, going there without torches or a potion of night vision, or the Queen of Caterpillars and any preparation is almost pointless, and constantly flickering and densely growing trees can confuse. Recently, this biome exudes a special blinding aura, which makes it very difficult to be there even on the foliage; closer to the heart of the forest, the foliage becomes fiery red.
The blindness effect will disappear when you kill the Hydra.

You can walk on the top of this biome and not be afraid that you can fall through - there are no gaps in it. Also sometimes there are lakes with water, sometimes lakes with lava; maybe it's a bug, maybe a joke from the developer. An interesting fact is that the foliage of the trees of this forest does not burn in fire and lava.

Two unique mobs spawn in the dark forest biome - the king of wolves and the king of spiders. Both of them are about twice as large as their prototypes and in absolute darkness will cause a fair amount of trouble if they notice.

The Wolf King has 30 health and deals 6 damage to the player. It has no drop. Twice as large as its counterpart from the ordinary world. By itself, the misty wolf has a scarlet color, but in the darkness of the "native" biome it is transparent. Sometimes inflicts blindness on the player

The spider king is huge spider yellow-brown color. In the pitch darkness of the Dark Forest biome, he can be seen by his glowing red eyes.
The Spider King is twice the size, speed, and strength of a normal spider, however, if he sees the player, he will bypass water if it serves as an obstacle.
This spider spawns with a skeletal druid as a rider, which makes it quite a strong opponent, since the skeleton druid uses the Poison effect. Drop: Thread (1-2)
Spider Eye (0-2)

Skeleton Druid:
Bone (0-2)
Torch (1-2)

It is worth noting that the Dark Forest is a place where you can definitely find a Dark Tower, with a High Gast boss mob, and where there are guaranteed to be 3-4 goblin cities.

snow forest- one of the biomes of the Twilight Forest, similar to the taiga biome from the ordinary world. Consists mainly of spruce trees covered with snow; flowers, grass and ferns grow. There is always a glacier at the center of this biome; only here can a yeti cave be generated. This biome is also inhabited by snow wolves and yetis.

The prototype of the penguin is a chicken. She can be transformed into a penguin by using transformation powder. The snow wolf is an inhabitant of the snowy forest. Has 30 health when killed and drops arctic mech.

On the glacier Aurora Castle can be found. In the castle, we can meet a snow guard, a stable and unstable core. Unstable core will explode on death. Each of these mobs drop snowflakes. All have 20 health.

Twilight Mountains - this is a biome in which large spruces grow. They are full of deer and wild boars. They are covered with podzol. Instead of flowers, there are light mushrooms and ferns. Trollstein can be found in caves. Above the twilight mountains you can find the island of giants. They live on a cloud in a giant cobblestone and oak house.

In the house you will find two giants. By default they will have your skin. They have 80 xt health and drop a giant sword and pickaxe when killed.

After the twilight mountains we fall in the Thorns biome. Do not lean against them, you will be hurt. Don't break them either. This can worsen everything, the fact is that if they are broken, then they grow even more.

After the spikes, you can climb the central mountains. They are covered with wet stone. From above you can find the druid houses and the castle. Unfortunately, the castle with the final boss has not yet been finalized.

fire swamp- this is one of the biomes of the Twilight Forest world; is a 100% Hydra spawn site. The terrain of this place is somewhat reminiscent of the Lower World: there is lava here, grass and foliage of trees have a scarlet hue, the water is colored in purple, and smoke and fire beating from the ground only complement the image of not the most favorable place for both life and exploration. It makes sense to go here just to kill the Hydra and dig up two unique blocks: smoke and flame generators.
You cannot get to the fire swamps without passing the twilight ones - therefore it is not recommended to go here at the beginning of the game: the twilight swamps impose the effect of hunger, and the fiery ones set fire (until you kill the Lich).

Mysterious forest (enchanted forest)- A biome with unique trees - colorful trees, beautiful grass and a wonderful atmosphere. The spawn chance of this biome is extremely low! Sometimes you need to walk for hours in front to find it, and sometimes it happens that the portal spawns already in it.

Also, here you can meet Quest Rama. This is a unique mob, it lives in ruins. If you give him all 16 types of wool, he will give you gold, iron, diamond, emerald blocks in return. He will also give you a Horn, but it is prohibited on our servers.

Interesting fact. In this biome, the grass is blue in color. It is painted in a circle, the circles decrease closer to the ruins.

It is still very rare that you can find unique trees in the mysterious forest, there are four types in total.

Treasures can also be found in the forests:

hedge maze- is the easiest labyrinth, which will not pass special work. It consists of a thorny fence, breaking which or walking on it, the player takes damage, which makes the passage of such a labyrinth from above quite difficult and dangerous.
Also in this inhospitable place there are spawners of wild wolves, swamp and labyrinth spiders located in small wastelands near 1-2 chests. The entire labyrinth is lit with fireflies and Jack's lanterns, that is, there is no need to additionally illuminate something. At the borders, exits and in the labyrinth itself, sprawling trees are often found, and the area is additionally cleared for a flat area.
Chests often contain food of some kind, as well as weapons and sometimes rare items, making them a bit easier to loot in the early days of Twilight Forest; if desired, you can arrange a mobo-farm from the labyrinth.

Walking through the twilight forest, you can sometimes stumble upon ruined houses, of which only the walls and the wooden floor of oak planks remained, and even then some of the blocks had already become grass. They consist of mossy and normal cobblestone, which can serve as a place where you can dig up such a rare mossy cobblestone in the ordinary world.
These ruins are of two types: large and small - a kind of basement with treasures can be generated under them, regardless of size, with a 50% probability at a depth of two blocks under the floor.

Perhaps this structure was used by the ancient people of the Duskwood, who disappeared for unknown reasons. Perhaps they were driven out by hostile mobs and bosses.

This is a natural structure added by the Twilight Forest mod.

Hollow hills are quite common on the surface of the Duskwood in the form of domed mountains that stand out strongly from the general smooth landscape; this is especially noticeable in the Dark Forest, where a hat of dense foliage goes in an even layer. Also, the hills rise a little at the base by 2-3 blocks, as a result of which, without having a magic card in your hands, you can say that in front of you is a hollow hill (do not confuse with the Highlands).

It is worth noting that in the hollow hills - absolutely in all - there are chests with a variety of treasures (if other modifications are installed, things may appear from them), and their total number depends on the size of the hill. Since rare and valuable things come across in these structures (ore magnet, flight fan, save charms, and others), the hills become not only a valuable source of resources, but also an opportunity to find any equally valuable tools and materials. On magical maps, hollow hills are indicated by white hills, and the size of such a hill corresponds to the size of the hill. The larger the hill, the more ore, chests, spawners and mobs it contains. Hills are divided into three types: small, medium and large.

Great Dusk Oak- you probably saw big oaks, as the rules they have from 1 to 2 treasures, you need to climb to the very top of the oak and break leaves and blocks, or listen - hear the spiders break the blocks where you heard.

Many items can be found in these treasures, but the rarest and most valuable you will find are seedlings of unique trees.

Guide Editor: MissZymochka

Sincerely, Administration of Youvipas World.

The general principle of the development of material processing technology from prehistoric times to the present day is how to make details on inaccurate equipment for more accuracy. And it all started with a workbench, its prototypes are found during excavations of Stone Age settlements. It is quite possible to build a workbench, and a full-fledged one, with your own hands, and this will not only save a significant amount, but also simplify, facilitate work and improve its result.

Three mistakes

Amateurs, sometimes, judging by their designs, very experienced, knowledgeable and diligent, sometimes make workbenches for themselves, on which, figuratively speaking, a tank can be smashed with a sledgehammer. They take a lot of time and labor, and hardly less money than a good branded amateur workbench. Repetition in the design for own use of industrial prototypes designed for intensive work in 3 shifts and a static load of more than a ton, with a service life of 20 years is one of the common mistakes development of workbenches of their own design.

The second is the neglect of vibrations. Not a clearly felt “play” or “recoil”, but a small tremor that significantly complicates the work and reduces its quality. Vibrations are especially strong in workbenches on a metal frame.

Third - repeat carpentry or locksmith workbenches; perhaps with some tweaks to your liking. Meanwhile designs of workbenches for home/amateur work different nature a lot. There are workbenches more or less specialized or, conversely, universal, temporary from improvised materials, etc.

In this article we will figure out how to make a workbench taking into account these errors, firstly, simpler and cheaper according to the range of needs and / or hobbies of the craftsman. Second, how to make a workbench general purpose or universal for special conditions use - in a cramped garage, under the carpentry at a construction site from improvised trash, home for small precise work, children's.

About universal workbenches

Among branded products, sometimes very expensive, you can find "universal" workbenches in the form of a carpenter's workbench with a lid without a tray, a complete bench vise on a wooden cushion, and a clamp for installing them, like the one in the photo:

“Universal” prefabricated workbench

This is the wrong decision, not only because wooden table top from carpentry spoils. The main thing that is bad here is the technological fluids used in metal processing - oil, kerosene, etc. The wood impregnated with them becomes much more combustible. Self-ignition is also possible; remember, it is strictly forbidden to accumulate oiled rags in production. The approach to designing the countertop (board, cover) of a universal workbench needs a different one based on what kind of work it is mainly used for - thin or rough, see below.

work bench

In the West, amateur / home workbenches with a type-setting worktop framed by a side are widespread. Drawings of such a "working bench" are given in fig. Under the locksmith, the lid is covered with a sheet of steel 1.5-2 mm thick and a vice is placed on the pillow.

The workbench dampens vibrations well; You can make it from pine or spruce. But the design is complicated, it is inconvenient to work with lengthy materials and furniture on such a workbench. Therefore, we will first look at how to make the most common carpenter's workbench, then garage and locksmith. Next, we will try to combine them into universal workbench and let's see what we can come up with on this basis for special needs.

The composition of the workbench

The workbench of "our" type (conditionally, since it is impossible to establish its origin exactly) consists of:

• Underwork (in carpentry workbenches), or bed (in metalwork), ensuring the stability of the entire unit and the ergonomics of the workplace.
• Covers, box-shaped or in the form of a tray, giving the work area the necessary rigidity.
• Shelves; possibly with a tray, nests, and stops on which work operations are performed.
• The apron on which the tool is hung. The apron is not a mandatory accessory of the workbench, it can hang on the wall or be replaced by a pedestal, rack, etc.

Note: workbench height approx. 900 mm. The length and width are selected according to the place of installation and the type of work within 1200-2500 and 350-1000 mm, respectively.

A lid with a shelf is most often made at the same time, one-piece, and is simply called a lid, benchtop or tabletop. To dampen vibrations, the shelf is always made on the basis (bed, substrate) of wood. In the locksmith's workbench, the bed is covered steel sheet from 2 mm thick and can be made of softwood. Its overall strength is sufficient, and the steel tire protects the tree from local damage and ingress of technical fluids. In a carpenter's workbench, a bed made of high-quality (without knots, strands, and other defects) solid small-layer wood (oak, beech, hornbeam, elm, walnut) serves at the same time as a shelf; -layer construction, see below.

The traditional construction of the bench, on the contrary, is collapsible from the same wood as the joiner's shelf. This comes from the master covens of the past, who transported their equipment from customer to customer on a cart. It is from the bed / underbench that you should start developing your workbench no worse, but simpler than traditional ones.

Bed: metal or wood?

Stationary wooden workbench has advantages over that on a steel frame not only in lower cost and labor intensity. Wood, firstly, is not plastic. Workbench on wooden base can be broken, but if the wood is used seasoned and impregnated, it will never sag. Secondly, the tree perfectly dampens vibrations. The foundations of your buildings are not reinforced vibration-absorbing ones, like workshops at a factory, are they? And the overall strength and stability of the bed of a home workbench will be fully provided by coniferous commercial wood of ordinary quality.

The design of the wooden frame of the workbench made of boards 120x40 is shown on the left in fig. Permissible static load - 150 kgf; dynamic vertically down for 1 s - 600 kgf. Corner posts (legs) are assembled on self-tapping screws 6x70 in a zigzag (snake) with an indent from the edge of 30 mm and a step of 100-120 mm. Double-sided fastening; snakes on both sides of the package are mirrored. Intermediate support beams are fastened with steel corners on self-tapping screws; edge - with pairs of self-tapping screws at the spikes of the racks and, outside, with corners.

If a beam of 150x50 or (180…200)x60 is available, the design can be simplified, as shown in the center in fig. The bearing capacity will increase to 200/750 kgf. And from a bar 150x150, 150x75 and (180 ... 200) x60, you can build a frame that can carry 450 kgf in statics and 1200 in dynamics, on the right in Fig.

Note: any of these beds is suitable for both carpentry and locksmith workbenches. A box-shaped cover is placed on it under the carpentry (see below), and under the locksmith a tray from a 60x60x4 corner with welded 4 mm strips above the intermediate beams. A wooden pillow is placed in the tray and covered with steel, also see below.

If there is no welding

An all-wood workbench, without the need for welding to manufacture it, can be made according to the scheme on the trail. rice. The “chip” here is in the tabletop, glued from a 75x50 bar and fastened with ties. If the beam is oak, then the permissible load is 400/1300 kgf. Corner posts - timber 150x150; the rest is timber 150x75.

Metal

The opposite happens: metal more accessible than wood and there is welding. Then the workbench table for a load of 100/300 kgf can be assembled according to the drawing on the left in fig. Materials - corner 35x35x3 and 20x20x2. Drawers are galvanized. The disadvantage is that it is impossible to make an opening at the bottom for the legs, the structure will lose its ability to carry a dynamic load.

Under a load of 200/600, a more convenient metal workbench is suitable according to the scheme at the top right of a professional pipe 50x50 (corner posts), 30x30 (other vertical parts) and a corner 30x30x3. The plank cushion of both workbenches is laid only across (bottom right) from tongue-and-groove boards (120 ... 150) x40.

Shelf - steel 2 mm. The shelf is attached to the pillow with 4x (30 ... 35) self-tapping screws, a pair from each edge of each board, and along the extreme boards - with a step of (60 ... 70) mm. Only in this design, the workbench will show the specified load-bearing capacity.

These workbenches are already universal: they turn the lid under the carpentry wooden side up or adjust as described below. The locksmith's vise is mounted on a wooden cushion, but is not fastened with a clamp. A collet anchor under the M10-M14 bolt is driven into the vice cushion from below, and a through hole is drilled under it in the cover. A washer from 60x2 is placed under the bolt head. This solution is convenient because it is possible to use inexpensive non-rotating vise.

For carpentry

The lid of the carpentry workbench, in contrast to the metalwork, is tightly attached to the workbench and is box-shaped, for general rigidity. The best option fastenings for a non-separable workbench - steel corners and self-tapping screws. Podverstache can also be a steel bed from those described above.

How a traditional carpentry workbench is arranged is shown in pos. And rice; accessories to it in pos. B. Workbench (in this case this is a separate device) is used to work with a long length. The emphasis in its groove is made from a wedged trimming of the board, see below. It is advisable to drill a longitudinal row of holes in the board and fasten it into the sockets with sunken cone-head bolts. The traditional construction of a carpentry underbench is shown in pos. G, but - see above.

The cover of the carpentry workbench can be made cheaper by making a 2-layer, pos. B. Then quality boards solid wood will only be needed for a shelf. They lay it down, laying the boards with “peas” of annual layers alternately up and down, in order to avoid warping. The flooring of the shelf is first rallied with PVA glue or carpentry, tightly squeezing with a clamp or wrapping it with a cord; put on a pillow on the same glue. The skirt of the lid is assembled separately with glue and through spikes (insert at pos. B) and is attached to the pillow-shelf package with self-tapping screws.

Vice for carpentry

All-wood carpentry vices, front and chair, are now almost completely replaced by a vice with a metal screw clamp, pos. D; their device is shown in pos. E. Some remarks are needed here.

First, you need to put 2-3 steel washers under the head of the clamping screw, otherwise it will quickly eat through the pillow (4x4x1 cm piece of wood). Second - if the nut is not custom-made and not purchased shaped, then get at least for a while a set of taps for the thread used. In this case, do not try to use too thick a screw for evenness and smoothness of the clamp; M12-M16 is enough.

The nut of a home-made clamping pair is welded onto a base with a diameter of 60 mm or more, square, from 70x70 mm. It is not necessary to sink it into the clamp pad, so it is less likely that the nut will be torn off when clamping. But the thread will ugly lead away from welding, you can’t drive it away with a bolt. The thread of the welded nut will need to be tapped according to the full scheme, as when cutting: the first tap - the second - the third (if included in the kit).

Note: the nut welded on the base must be allowed to rest for at least 2 hours before the thread passes, so that the residual deformations “subside”.

Vice and carpentry for a locksmith

The vise on the locksmith's workbench is installed in the corner (see inset in the figure), so that as much of the dynamic loads as possible during metal processing fall vertically on corner post. The location of the cross beams and intermediate vertical racks of a workbench with a stationary vice is desirable to be made a little asymmetrical, placing them at smaller intervals towards the corner with a vice. The installation of the vice is also carried out starting from the corner:

• A collet anchor is driven into the wooden corner post under the mounting bolt, and a high nut or threaded sleeve is welded into the metal post (attachment point 1 at the bottom left in the figure);
• If the fastener is welded, thread with taps, as in a homemade carpenter's vice nut, see above;
• Put a vice temporarily on 1 bolt and mark holes for fixing points 2, 3 and 4 in place;
• The vise is removed and drilled through holes 2, 3 and 4;
• Put a vise on the bolts 1, 2 and 3;
• For mounting on bolt 4, put under the cover (tabletop) a strut U from wooden beam from 60x60 or professional pipes from 40x40. It is not necessary to fix the jib, but it should rest from under the bottom against the upper frame (strap) of the bed, but not against the table top!
• Attach the vise finally to the bolt 4.

Note: stationary power tools are also fixed in the same way, for example. emery.

Under the carpentry

A locksmith's workbench can also be adapted for carpentry work if you drill 2-4 pairs of holes in the tabletop for fixing the carpentry stop (on the right and in the center in the figure). In this case, round bosses are screwed to the bottom surface of the stop with self-tapping screws; plugs fit well plastic bottles, they withstand tight landings many times.

Garage workbench

A workbench in the garage cannot be made optimal in terms of ergonomics of the width of the workplace - the dimensions of a standard box 4x7 m with a car standing in it do not allow. For a long time already, through trial and error, the width of the garage workbench was determined at 510 mm: it is quite convenient to turn between it and the hood, and you can more or less work. A narrow workbench under a heavy load (for example, a motor taken out for bulkhead) is unstable, so it is made attached to the wall. Often - angular, this increases stability, but any wall-mounted workbench "responds" stronger than a workbench-table of the same design

The scheme of the device of one section of the garage workbench is given in fig. In this design, an ingenious method of additional damping of vibrations is used: cells of the frames of the cover and the lower shelf of the edge farthest from the corner different sizes. The accuracy of the installation of the crossbars is +/- 1 cm. For the same purpose, the cover and the lower shelf are made of chipboard 32 mm thick and covered with linoleum instead of steel. For garage work its durability is sufficient; replaced without difficulty.

Fastening to the walls - self-tapping screws from 8 mm or bolts from M8 with a pitch of 250-350 mm. Deepening into a stone wall 70-80 mm; in wooden 120-130 mm. Propylene dowels are placed under the screws in the stone wall; for bolts - collet anchors.

More for the garage

Another version of the garage workbench is already on the wall, and on the wall, on the left in fig. It can only be mounted on stone walls. Bench board folding 2-layer; each layer of plywood 10-12mm. Opening under the machine with a stepped inner edge. In this case, a “milling cutter” means a mini-drilling machine with a movable rotary table and a workpiece clamp. The design is convenient in that the chips fall immediately onto the floor.

If your car is something like a Daewoo or Chery with a 3-cylinder engine, and the garage is very small, then you can put a folding mini workbench with a lifting table top in it, on the right in the figure; it will also fit into the house for fine work (electronics, precision mechanics). The tabletop is suspended on a piano hinge, the legs are on card hinges. For folding, the legs are tucked under the tabletop (it would be useful to tie them with a leg), and the tabletop is lowered.

Note: for a cramped garage with an ordinary city car, a folding workbench-box may be optimal, see the video below.

Video: folding workbench box

Home station wagon

At home, they are engaged in smaller, but painstaking technical creativity: soldering, modeling, watchmaking, artistic sawing plywood, etc. For fine fine work, a universal workbench is suitable, the drawings of which and its accessories are given in fig. Fortitude working surface and its vibration absorption in this case is not as important as evenness, smoothness and some adhesion (“stickiness” of parts), so the tabletop is covered with linoleum. Locksmith vices for this workbench need small, with screw clamping.

More about plywood

In fact, it is undesirable to work with metal “roughly” on plywood, because. she calls back well. If, however, the pillow of the board of the locksmith's workbench is nevertheless made of plywood, then a frame (frame) must also be glued to its bottom on the PVA, also made of plywood, see fig. Then it is desirable to cover the upper (working side) first with unlined linoleum, and then lay steel on it.

To the rising shift

Another case where making a workbench out of plywood is justified is a student's workbench for a child. Pedagogical considerations play a role here: let him learn to feel the material and not to beat for nothing, but to work carefully. For the same purpose, the masters of the past deliberately gave students a bad instrument.

Workbenches in the country

When country house or other light wooden structure is still being built, there is no time for bench wisdom, at least something is needed on which simple carpentry work can be done. For such a case, you can quickly put together a carpentry workbench for giving from improvised materials, on the left in fig. The design is remarkable in that it clearly and fully embodies the principle: we do good things with bad equipment.

For subsequent work on the arrangement of the dacha, a mini-workbench is useful, on the right in fig. With a minimum consumption of material and an extremely simple design, it is stable enough for ordinary carpentry work in all respects, because. the middle of the workbench is supported by a pair of struts. If you put them on bolts, the workbench will turn out to be collapsible and stand in the pantry from weekend to weekend. For disassembly, after releasing the struts, the spacer is removed with them, and the legs are tucked under the board. Finally, for a summer residence, inhabited permanently or all summer, with a master owner, by the way, you will have a more complex, but fully functional folding workbench, see the video below.